The Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) was formulated by Zimbabwe's Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management (DNPWLM) in 1986. Two rural districts (Guruve and Nyaminyami) were initially identified as suitable for the program and activities in them began in 1988. Following that start many other Zimbabwean rural districts joined the program and by 1996, 27 districts were actively engaged in it. The projects are run by the rural district councils involved, with advice from DNPWLM and technical expertise provided by various national and international NGOs, including WWF.