Intensive commercial vegetable production under monoculture systems is not sustainable. However, integration of trees compatible with vegetable crops offers potential for enhanced sustainability. Our objective is to integrate trees on intensive vegetable systems or incorporate vegetables into tree-based systems. Specifically, our objective is to evaluate and improve production of commercial and indigenous vegetables under tree-based systems. Assessments and experiments with vegetable agro-forestry systems (VAF) were conducted in the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Vietnam using cashew, timber, and fruit trees in combination with commercial and indigenous vegetable species. Farmer perceptions and experiences, light transmission, tree growth, crop growth and yield were collected to determine productivity, adaptability, competition, complementarity, and profitability.