Survival of the Enveloped Virus Phi6 in Droplets as a Function of Relative Humidity, Absolute Humidity, and Temperature

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dc.contributor.authorPrussin, Aaron J. IIen
dc.contributor.authorSchwake, David Ottoen
dc.contributor.authorLin, Kaisenen
dc.contributor.authorGallagher, Daniel L.en
dc.contributor.authorButtling, Lauren G.en
dc.contributor.authorMarr, Linsey C.en
dc.contributor.departmentCivil and Environmental Engineeringen
dc.date.accessioned2018-08-16T18:26:01Zen
dc.date.available2018-08-16T18:26:01Zen
dc.date.issued2018-04-06en
dc.description.abstractInfectious diseases caused by enveloped viruses, such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), cause thousands of deaths and billions of dollars of economic losses per year. Studies have found a relationship among temperature, humidity, and influenza virus incidence, transmission, or survival; however, there are contradictory claims about whether absolute humidity (AH) or relative humidity (RH) is most important in mediating virus infectivity. Using the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6, which has been suggested as a surrogate for influenza viruses and coronaviruses, we designed a study to discern whether AH, RH, or temperature is a better predictor of virus survival in droplets. Our results show that Phi6 survived best at high (>85%) and low (<60%) RHs, with a significant decrease in infectivity at mid-range RHs (~60 to 85%). At an AH of less than 22 g · m⁻³, the loss in infectivity was less than 2 orders of magnitude; however, when the AH was greater than 22 g · m⁻³, the loss in infectivity was typically greater than 6 orders of magnitude. At a fixed RH of 75%, infectivity was very sensitive to temperature, decreasing two orders of magnitude between 19°C and 25°C. We used random forest modeling to identify the best environmental predictors for modulating virus infectivity. The model explained 83% of variation in Phi6 infectivity and suggested that RH is the most important factor in controlling virus infectivity in droplets. This research provides novel information about the complex interplay between temperature, humidity, and the survival of viruses in droplets.en
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Institutes of Healthen
dc.description.sponsorshipNIH: 1-DP2-A1112243en
dc.description.sponsorshipInstitute for Critical Technology and Applied Scienceen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00551-18en
dc.identifier.issue12en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/84846en
dc.identifier.volume84en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherAmerican Society for Microbiologyen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectInfluenzaen
dc.subjectCoronavirusen
dc.subjectSARSen
dc.subjectMERSen
dc.subjectHumidityen
dc.titleSurvival of the Enveloped Virus Phi6 in Droplets as a Function of Relative Humidity, Absolute Humidity, and Temperatureen
dc.title.serialApplied and Environmental Microbiologyen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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Scholarly Works, Civil and Environmental Engineering
Destination Area: Global Systems Science (GSS)