Registration of ‘Vision 50’ Wheat

‘Vision 50’ (Reg. No. CV-1152, PI 679953), a hard red winter (HRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, was derived from the cross ‘Jagalene’/‘Provinciale’ using a modified bulk breeding method. Vision 50 was tested as VA09HRW-64 in replicated yield trials in Virginia (2011–2017) and in the USDAARS Uniform Bread Wheat Trials (2012–2017) and released by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station in 2016. Vision 50 is a widely adapted, high-yielding, awned, semidwarf (unknown Rht gene) HRW wheat having midto late-season spike emergence, strong straw strength, and resistance or moderate resistance to diseases prevalent in the mid-Atlantic region. In the Virginia Bread Wheat Elite Test from 2014 to 2017, Vision 50 produced a mean yield of 5067 kg ha−1 that was similar to the highest-yielding (5757 kg ha−1) cultivar Shirley, a soft red winter wheat check. Vision 50 has acceptable end-use quality on the basis of comparisons with the HRW wheat check cultivar Jagger for wheat protein (11.3 vs. 12.2 g 100 g−1), flour yield (72.7 vs. 66.4 g 100 g−1), flour water absorption (59.5 vs. 62.3 g 100 g−1), dough mixing tolerance (2.7 vs. 3.0), pup-loaf volume (815 vs. 822 cm3), and crumb grain scores (4.2 vs. 3.8).


Parentage, Breeding History, and Line Selection
Vision 50 was derived as an F 5 headrow from a cross of 'Jagalene' (PI 631376)/'Provinciale'. The French bread wheat cultivar Provinciale was derived from a cross between 'Barodeur'/'Genesis' and developed by the Serasem Company in Premesques, France. The cross from which Vision 50 originated was made in spring 2003, and the F 1 generation was grown in the field as a single 1.2-m headrow in 2004 to produce F 2 seed. The population was advanced from the F 2 to F 4 generation using a modified bulk breeding method. Wheat spikes (100-200 spikes produce seed around 100-150 g) were selected from the population in each segregating generation (F 2 -F 3 ) on the basis of absence of obvious disease, early maturity, short straw, and desirable head shape and size. Selected spikes were threshed in bulk, and the seed was planted in 20.9-m 2 blocks at Blacksburg and/or Warsaw, VA, in the fall of each year. Spikes selected from the F 4 bulk were threshed individually and planted in separate 1.2-m headrows. Vision 50 was derived as a bulk of one of these F 4:5 headrows selected in 2008. The line was tested as entry 64 in nonreplicated observation yield tests at Blacksburg and Warsaw in 2009 and was designated VA09HRW-64. Subsequently it was tested in Virginia Tech bread wheat yield tests from 2010 to 2015 and in the USDA-ARS UBWT from 2012 to 2015 before its release in 2016. After its release, Vision 50 was included as a HRW wheat check in both Virginia Tech bread wheat variety trials and the UBWT.

Evaluation in Replicated Yield Trials
Vision 50, previously designated and tested as VA09HRW-64, has been evaluated in Virginia Tech yield tests since 2010 and in the UBWT since 2012. The UBWT were conducted using randomized complete block designs with two to four replications, standard variety testing protocols, and recommended management practices that vary slightly from state to state (USDA-ARS, 2019). Plant traits assessed visually (e.g., winter kill, straw strength, and disease resistance) were rated using an ordinal scale from 0 (no visible symptoms) to 9 (severe symptoms) based on intensity and severity of the affected plant area.
All replicated yield tests in Virginia were conducted according to small grain production and management protocols recommended by Brann et al. (2000) with late season nitrogen applied to tests at Warsaw, VA according to Thomason et al. (2007). Conventional till yield plots were planted at 22 seeds per 0.304 m of row with a harvest area of 4.2 m 2 . At Painter, VA, plots were composed of six rows with 17.8 cm between rows; at Warsaw and Blacksburg, VA, plots consisted of seven 15.2-cm rows. Assessment of reaction to Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), was conducted in replicated inoculated and mist-irrigated nurseries according to the procedures described by Chen et al. (2006).
Grain samples (1000 g) from Warsaw were supplied to the USDA Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory in Manhattan, KS, for grain, flour, and milling and baking quality analysis. Single kernel wheat characteristics were determined using the single kernel characterization system (American Association of Cereal Chemists [AACC] Method 55-31;AACC, 2000). Wheat and flour protein (%N × 5.7) were determined via AACC Method 46-30 using a nitrogen determinator (Leco Corp.). Moisture and ash contents were determined by AACC Methods 08-01 and 44-15A, respectively. Wheat samples, tempered to constant moisture (16%), were milled on a Quadrumat Senior experimental mill (C.W. Brabender Co.) according to AACC Methods 26-10A and 26-50. Flour yield was determined as percentage of straight grade flour. A mixogram for each flour sample (10 g on a 14% moisture basis) was obtained using a 10-g mixograph (National Mfg. Co.) with optimum water adsorption (Finney and Shogren, 1972). Dough mixing time was visually determined from the mixogram. Mixing time to peak dough development and mixing tolerance were also determined from the mixogram (AACC Method 54-40). Corrected mixograph mixing time was adjusted based on protein content of the flour. A straight-dough, 100-g pup-loaf bake test method was used to measure breadmaking properties, loaf volume, and crumb grain score (AACC Method 10-10B). Crumb grain of representative bread slices were graded from poor open grain (0) to outstanding closed grain (6).
Analysis of variance was conducted on data from individual locations and years and across locations and years in Virginia Tech tests using R 3.2.4 (R Core Team, 2016), and statistical analyses of data from the UBWT were performed using Agrobase Generation II SQL version 36.5.1 (Agronomix Software, 2004). Means and standard deviations for grain, milling, and baking data were obtained with Microsoft Excel 2010(Microsoft, 2013. Mean comparisons of traits between genotypes were based on Fisher's unprotected LSD (P = 0.05) test (Saville, 1990;Piepho, 2004).

Seed Purification and Increase
During fall 2012, 348 F 8:9 headrows of Vision 50 were planted in an isolation block and evaluated for purity and trueness of type. Among the 348 breeder seed headrows, 35 rows were removed before harvest and discarded on the basis of variability and lack of trueness to cultivar type. The remaining 177 centermost rows that were similar in phenotype and visually homogenous were harvested in bulk. This initial breeder seed of Vision 50 was planted by the Virginia Crop Improvement Association in a 0.22-ha block at their Foundation Seed Farm during fall 2013 and produced 60 units (22.7 kg unit -1 ) of seed in 2014. This seed was used to plant 5.2 ha in fall 2014 from which 1035 units of seed was harvested in 2015. Of this seed, 65 units were planted on 10 ha in 2015, and this increase produced about 1800 units of foundation seed for distribution to seed producers in fall 2016.

Botanical and Agronomic Characteristics
Vision 50 is a widely adapted, full-season, medium-height HRW wheat with high yield potential and good end-use quality. At the boot stage, plants of Vision 50 are yellow-green in color and have flag leaves that are erect, twisted, and waxy. Stems are hollow and waxy, lack anthocyanin, and have four internodes; peduncles are erect; auricles are hairless and lack anthocyanin; and terminal rachis internodes are hairless. Anthers of Vision 50 are yellow in color. Spikes of Vision 50 are awned, inclined, middense, tapering in shape, and white in color at maturity. Straw is yellow in color and lacks anthocyanin at physiological maturity. Glumes are white, lack pubescence, and are long in length and medium in width with acuminate beaks, and elevated shoulders of narrow width. The hard red kernels of Vision 50 are ovate in shape with rounded cheeks, narrow-width and deep creases, large germs, and medium noncollared brushes. The phenol test color of seed is fawn.

Field Performance
In the Virginia Bread Wheat Elite Test from 2014 to 2017 (Table 1), Vision 50 produced a mean grain yield of 5067 kg ha -1 . The mean yield of Vision 50 was similar to the HRW wheat cultivar Vision 45 (5368 kg ha -1 ) but lower than those of the highest-yielding SRW wheat check cultivar Shirley (5757 kg ha -1 ) (PI 656753, Griffey et al., 2010). Average test weight of Vision 50 (73.1 kg hL -1 ) was slightly higher than that of Shirley (72.7 kg hL -1 ) but 2.3 kg hL -1 lower than that of Vision 45 in Virginia.

Disease and Insect Resistance
Reaction of Vision 50 to diseases (0 = highly resistant to 9 = very susceptible) was evaluated in diverse environments in Virginia and in multiple states and locations (Tables 1-3). Vision 50 is resistant (0.9-1.0) to leaf rust and moderately resistant (0.1-2.7) to powdery mildew. Vision 50 is moderately resistant (1.6-3.0) to stripe rust on the basis of average infection type (Line and Qayoum, 1992) ratings (0-9) in field trials and a disease nursery (Tables 1-3   to stem rust, with disease severity (0-100%) ratings from trace to 50% in field tests conducted using a composite of races including QFCSC, QTHJC, RCRSC, RKQQC, and TPMKC at St. Paul from 2012 to 2017. Adult plants of Vision 50 were susceptible (50% severity) to race TTKSK (Ug99) in a field trial of entries in the 2016 UBWT evaluated in Kenya (Table 3). Molecular marker analyses indicates that Vision 50 has the Sr24/Lr24 gene complex. Vision 50 is also moderately resistant (0.4-1.7) to Barley yellow dwarf virus (Tables 1-3) and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (0-5.0, data not presented). Vision 50 was susceptible (7.0) to bacterial leaf streak, caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. Undulosa, at one test site in the 2015 UBWT (Table 2). Vision 50 has expressed moderate resistance to moderate susceptibility to glume blotch (3.0-6.5) and leaf blotch (3.5-5.7) both caused by Stagonospora nodorum (Tables  2 and 3). Under natural field infection by Fusarium graminearum, reaction of Vision 50 varied from moderately resistant (3.5) (

End-Use Quality
Grain characteristics and milling and baking quality of Vision 50 in Virginia Tech tests have been evaluated by the USDA-ARS Hard Wheat Quality Laboratory in Manhattan, KS, since 2010; and 3 yr of data from 2014 to 2016 are presented in Table 4. Data from the single kernel characterization system indicate that kernels of Vision 50 are hard in  # late frozen damage (late-winter rating leaf damage): 0 = no injury to 9 = complete kill. † † 1 = highly resistant; 9 = highly susceptible. ‡ ‡ 0 = highly resistant; 9 = highly susceptible. § § Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level based on Fisher's unprotected LSD pairwise comparison. ¶ ¶ Soft red winter wheat check.
texture, with an average index value of 48.3 (0 = very soft; 100 = very hard), which was most similar to that of Soissons (48.8). Flour yields of Vision 50 ranged from 71.8 to 74.2 g 100 g -1 with an average of 72.7 g 100 g -1 , which was most similar to that of Soissons (72.6 g 100 g -1 ), a high flour yield check. Grain and flour protein contents of Vision 50 (11.3 and 9.8 g 100 g -1 ) were most similar to those of Soissons and LCS Wizard (11.4 and 10.0 g 100 g -1 ). Vision 50 has acceptable mixograph water absorption (59.5 g 100 g -1), and is similar to Vision 45 (59.2 g 100 g -1), LCS Wizard (59.6 g 100 g -1), and Soissons (59.3 g 100 g -1) but is slightly lower than Jagger (62.3 g 100 g -1 ). Dough mixing time (3.06 min) of Vision 50 was most similar to Vision 45 (3.30 min). Mean dough mixing tolerance of Vision 50 (2.7) was the same as 'Karl 92' (PI 56425, Sears et al., 1997a). Average 100-g pup loaf volume of Vision 50 (815 cm 3 ) was similar to Jagger (822 cm 3 ). Average crumb grain score (0 = open to 6 = dense) of Vision 50 (4.2) was slightly higher than the other hard wheat checks except for Soissons (4.3).

Availability
The Virginia Crop Improvement Association provided foundation seed of Vision 50 to seed producers during fall 2016. Vision 50 will be marketed by the Mennel Milling Company based in Fostoria, OH, and seed will be produced and distributed by Virginia Identity Preserved Grains, LLC, West Point, VA. An application for Plant Variety Protection of Vision 50 is currently under review by the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service Science & Technology Plant Variety Protection Office. A seed sample of Vision 50 has been deposited with the USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, where it will be available for distribution after expiration of its US Plant Variety Protection. Small amounts of seed for research purposes may be obtained from the corresponding author for at least five years after the date of this publication.

Acknowledgments
Vision 50 was developed with financial support from the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, the Virginia Small Grains Board, the Virginia Agricultural Council, the  Virginia Crop Improvement Association, and the Mennel Milling Company. This work is/was supported by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station (Blacksburg) and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture (Washington, DC).