WEBVTT 1 00:00:06.070 --> 00:00:10.019 A:middle L:90% Welcome to our women and gender development discussion series. 2 00:00:10.029 --> 00:00:14.050 A:middle L:90% My Name is Maria Elisa Christie. I'm director of 3 00:00:14.050 --> 00:00:17.100 A:middle L:90% women and gender in international development at the Center for 4 00:00:17.100 --> 00:00:20.679 A:middle L:90% International Research, Education and Development. Welcome to 5 00:00:20.679 --> 00:00:23.570 A:middle L:90% our Special Women's Month event. We have the discussion 6 00:00:23.570 --> 00:00:25.350 A:middle L:90% Series monthly, but this is a special one. 7 00:00:25.839 --> 00:00:29.760 A:middle L:90% It's part of the 2017-2018 women and minority artists 8 00:00:29.769 --> 00:00:33.560 A:middle L:90% and scholars lecture series and the Principles of Community Week 9 00:00:33.560 --> 00:00:35.369 A:middle L:90% , which were celebrating this week at Virginia Tech. 10 00:00:36.740 --> 00:00:39.500 A:middle L:90% We're happy you all could join us, including those of 11 00:00:39.500 --> 00:00:42.250 A:middle L:90% you [inaudible]. So I'd like to start 12 00:00:42.250 --> 00:00:46.210 A:middle L:90% by thanking our sponsors for bringing our special guests today 13 00:00:46.219 --> 00:00:48.460 A:middle L:90% in outreach and international affairs, the 14 00:00:48.460 --> 00:00:51.729 A:middle L:90% Department of Geography, Women and Gender Studies. And 15 00:00:51.729 --> 00:00:54.109 A:middle L:90% again, the women of minority artists and scholars lecture 16 00:00:54.109 --> 00:00:57.179 A:middle L:90% series. So I'd like to begin today by acknowledging 17 00:00:57.179 --> 00:00:59.450 A:middle L:90% that this event is being held on the traditional lands 18 00:00:59.450 --> 00:01:02.659 A:middle L:90% of the Tutelo/Monacan people who are the original custodians 19 00:01:03.439 --> 00:01:06.670 A:middle L:90% of the land where Virginia Tech is built. 20 00:01:07.939 --> 00:01:10.030 A:middle L:90% We have a sign up sheet on two clipboards is 21 00:01:10.030 --> 00:01:11.670 A:middle L:90% going around or will be going around. Please do 22 00:01:11.670 --> 00:01:14.510 A:middle L:90% sign up, and also you have a place there 23 00:01:14.510 --> 00:01:15.640 A:middle L:90% to let us know if you wanna be on the 24 00:01:15.640 --> 00:01:18.140 A:middle L:90% listserv, where you will receive the announcements of 25 00:01:18.140 --> 00:01:22.590 A:middle L:90% future discussion series. The full calendar and any updates 26 00:01:22.590 --> 00:01:25.159 A:middle L:90% is on our website, which 27 00:01:25.159 --> 00:01:26.650 A:middle L:90% Though I'm not gonna read out the 28 00:01:26.650 --> 00:01:30.329 A:middle L:90% website. This discussion or this presentation will last approximately 29 00:01:30.329 --> 00:01:33.430 A:middle L:90% 40 minutes, and then we'll have plenty of time 30 00:01:33.439 --> 00:01:34.879 A:middle L:90% for discussion and questions and answers, which we really 31 00:01:34.890 --> 00:01:38.239 A:middle L:90% encourage you to participate in. So now let me 32 00:01:38.239 --> 00:01:40.750 A:middle L:90% introduce our speaker. Dr Basundhara Bhattarai. 33 00:01:41.540 --> 00:01:45.950 A:middle L:90% She's an internationally recognized specialist on gender and development 34 00:01:46.340 --> 00:01:49.430 A:middle L:90% She considers gender justice across a range of international 35 00:01:49.430 --> 00:01:53.780 A:middle L:90% development sectors. What you get when you turn the 36 00:01:53.790 --> 00:01:57.239 A:middle L:90% microphone on. All right, 37 00:01:57.250 --> 00:02:00.599 A:middle L:90% so across various international development sectors, including natural resource 38 00:02:00.599 --> 00:02:05.849 A:middle L:90% management, rural livelihood, urban poverty, agriculture 39 00:02:05.859 --> 00:02:08.449 A:middle L:90% and food security, disaster risk reduction, water security, 40 00:02:10.840 --> 00:02:15.460 A:middle L:90% resilience building, smaller community based 41 00:02:15.460 --> 00:02:19.819 A:middle L:90% enterprises, infrastructure development and health and develop her gender 42 00:02:19.819 --> 00:02:23.650 A:middle L:90% work spans, research, development, practice, training 43 00:02:23.139 --> 00:02:28.960 A:middle L:90% program monitoring and evaluation, policy analysis and women's 44 00:02:28.960 --> 00:02:31.289 A:middle L:90% empowerment. She served as a specialist 45 00:02:31.289 --> 00:02:35.919 A:middle L:90% and consultant for a number of international organizations and national 46 00:02:35.919 --> 00:02:39.210 A:middle L:90% organizations in Australia for various projects on climate change, 47 00:02:39.219 --> 00:02:44.469 A:middle L:90% urbanization and water security in India and Nepal. Dr. 48 00:02:44.939 --> 00:02:46.379 A:middle L:90% Basundhara Bhattarai is a senior gender development 49 00:02:46.379 --> 00:02:51.030 A:middle L:90% consultant at the Institute for Studies and Development Worldwide, 50 00:02:51.039 --> 00:02:53.680 A:middle L:90% based in Sydney, Australia. She actively is contributing 51 00:02:53.689 --> 00:02:58.819 A:middle L:90% to the University of Queensland Professional training 52 00:02:58.819 --> 00:03:04.099 A:middle L:90% program on gender development and humanitarian assistance. In addition 53 00:03:04.099 --> 00:03:06.580 A:middle L:90% , she coordinates the Himalayan Field School on Environment, 54 00:03:06.590 --> 00:03:08.360 A:middle L:90% Culture and Society, which I encourage you all to 55 00:03:08.360 --> 00:03:10.939 A:middle L:90% go spend three weeks in Nepal this summer, school 56 00:03:10.949 --> 00:03:15.719 A:middle L:90% students in particular, while she serves as a gender specialist 57 00:03:15.719 --> 00:03:17.439 A:middle L:90% at ICIMOD, the International Center for Integrated Mountain 58 00:03:17.439 --> 00:03:22.419 A:middle L:90% Development. She recently completed a major assignment for the 59 00:03:22.430 --> 00:03:24.780 A:middle L:90% Food and Agriculture Organization at the United Nations on a 60 00:03:24.789 --> 00:03:28.800 A:middle L:90% global review of the forestry sectors, using the lens 61 00:03:28.800 --> 00:03:30.729 A:middle L:90% of two different sustainable development goals. Fifth one on 62 00:03:30.729 --> 00:03:34.520 A:middle L:90% gender and the second one on food security. And 63 00:03:34.520 --> 00:03:36.889 A:middle L:90% she's very sought after as a counselor on gender based 64 00:03:36.889 --> 00:03:42.729 A:middle L:90% domestic violence amongst Asian spread diaspora communities in 65 00:03:42.729 --> 00:03:46.699 A:middle L:90% Australia. Please welcome Dr Basundhara Bhattarai. Thank you 66 00:03:46.699 --> 00:03:53.250 A:middle L:90% so much. Thank you so much, Maria Elisa 67 00:03:54.039 --> 00:04:01.370 A:middle L:90% , for your very nice introduction. 68 00:04:01.370 --> 00:04:03.930 A:middle L:90% Yeah, I feel so honored to be 69 00:04:03.930 --> 00:04:09.719 A:middle L:90% here in front, of you in such a setting 70 00:04:09.729 --> 00:04:13.400 A:middle L:90% on I'm so proud To, stand in front of 71 00:04:13.409 --> 00:04:17.449 A:middle L:90% you. Like I think I can't see 72 00:04:17.459 --> 00:04:21.139 A:middle L:90% any chair empty. That's very encouraging. You have 73 00:04:21.149 --> 00:04:25.120 A:middle L:90% given me right from the beginning. Thank you so 74 00:04:25.120 --> 00:04:29.350 A:middle L:90% much. I would like to thank everyone here in 75 00:04:29.360 --> 00:04:35.360 A:middle L:90% the university. Maria Elisas department, everyone on And 76 00:04:35.360 --> 00:04:40.189 A:middle L:90% also my like in the police colleagues. We had 77 00:04:40.189 --> 00:04:43.129 A:middle L:90% a very good meeting last night and everyone have I'm 78 00:04:43.139 --> 00:04:45.449 A:middle L:90% having very special meeting. I think that is very 79 00:04:45.449 --> 00:04:47.959 A:middle L:90% special for me on. 80 00:04:48.639 --> 00:04:53.800 A:middle L:90% Okay. Without being delayed. Um, I would 81 00:04:53.800 --> 00:04:57.939 A:middle L:90% like to start. If you can't hear me, 82 00:04:58.120 --> 00:05:00.610 A:middle L:90% just please do not hesitate to raise and high. 83 00:05:00.860 --> 00:05:04.360 A:middle L:90% I can't hear then yes, I want to be 84 00:05:04.360 --> 00:05:09.350 A:middle L:90% loud as possible. Can you hear in the background 85 00:05:10.040 --> 00:05:15.310 A:middle L:90% ? Okay, good. So I think you all 86 00:05:15.310 --> 00:05:18.060 A:middle L:90% are familiar with the title. In the next 40 87 00:05:18.060 --> 00:05:21.959 A:middle L:90% minutes, I'm going to talk about, bring you in 88 00:05:21.959 --> 00:05:27.449 A:middle L:90% the Nepal Himalayas. I'll be talking stories on all 89 00:05:28.040 --> 00:05:30.910 A:middle L:90% yes, good practices and practices to improve because I'm 90 00:05:30.920 --> 00:05:34.750 A:middle L:90% talking about gender. So I'll be talking on that 91 00:05:34.750 --> 00:05:38.500 A:middle L:90% aspect, I think, And then we'll have plenty 92 00:05:38.500 --> 00:05:40.459 A:middle L:90% of time to discuss because, as you see, 93 00:05:40.459 --> 00:05:42.800 A:middle L:90% this is a discussion series. And I want to 94 00:05:42.810 --> 00:05:47.860 A:middle L:90% have more time to interact with you later. Um 95 00:05:48.240 --> 00:05:51.970 A:middle L:90% , so these are the questions I tried to address 96 00:05:53.129 --> 00:05:57.509 A:middle L:90% in this, uh, presentation today. So I 97 00:05:57.509 --> 00:06:00.949 A:middle L:90% think more than anything, I myself, how I've 98 00:06:00.959 --> 00:06:04.129 A:middle L:90% grown up, what motivated me to this result is 99 00:06:04.129 --> 00:06:10.220 A:middle L:90% so important. Yes. I 100 00:06:10.220 --> 00:06:13.240 A:middle L:90% would like to bring you to the context social context 101 00:06:13.240 --> 00:06:15.420 A:middle L:90% in Nepali context. I think that it's a much 102 00:06:15.420 --> 00:06:19.439 A:middle L:90% more similar with some other countries contracts in Asia on 103 00:06:19.449 --> 00:06:25.529 A:middle L:90% how generation is changing. Um, yes. Maybe 104 00:06:25.529 --> 00:06:28.189 A:middle L:90% later on you can ask why we need to talk 105 00:06:28.189 --> 00:06:30.269 A:middle L:90% about gender as well. That's a very important one. 106 00:06:30.639 --> 00:06:34.939 A:middle L:90% Then, what theoretical and methodological strategies I'm 107 00:06:34.939 --> 00:06:39.029 A:middle L:90% using? Yes. In terms of theory, maybe 108 00:06:39.029 --> 00:06:42.230 A:middle L:90% I will keep place. But I would like to 109 00:06:42.240 --> 00:06:46.490 A:middle L:90% talk more on these stories because I see the diversity 110 00:06:46.500 --> 00:06:48.329 A:middle L:90% in the audience. So, yes, everything on 111 00:06:48.339 --> 00:06:53.350 A:middle L:90% political might be harder for some. Then, um 112 00:06:53.939 --> 00:06:57.889 A:middle L:90% , what are the most important finding I'm bringing in 113 00:06:57.899 --> 00:07:02.389 A:middle L:90% on, then talking about climate, talking about every biodiversity 114 00:07:02.399 --> 00:07:05.930 A:middle L:90% on gender based power relation. Just, uh, 115 00:07:05.939 --> 00:07:12.220 A:middle L:90% make it easier for you. Three main keywords 116 00:07:12.220 --> 00:07:15.360 A:middle L:90% like I will be talking about climate and adaptation processes 117 00:07:15.689 --> 00:07:20.360 A:middle L:90% . Then talking about gender equality. I'm agro biodiversity 118 00:07:20.370 --> 00:07:24.850 A:middle L:90% . Okay, then. Yes. What message 119 00:07:24.850 --> 00:07:28.699 A:middle L:90% can bring to the policy members and to the larger 120 00:07:28.699 --> 00:07:33.699 A:middle L:90% audience. So what drives me for this results? 121 00:07:33.709 --> 00:07:35.519 A:middle L:90% Why did I do that? Why didn't I 122 00:07:35.519 --> 00:07:40.430 A:middle L:90% do different topics? I think the question 123 00:07:40.430 --> 00:07:43.860 A:middle L:90% here is I was not a fresh graduate when I 124 00:07:43.860 --> 00:07:46.480 A:middle L:90% was carrying out these results. I had more than 125 00:07:46.490 --> 00:07:49.850 A:middle L:90% 10 years experience in this area. So when I 126 00:07:49.850 --> 00:07:56.769 A:middle L:90% had a continuous type of like issues, I'm coming 127 00:07:56.769 --> 00:07:59.379 A:middle L:90% up, I'm confronting. And then I asked myself 128 00:07:59.379 --> 00:08:01.920 A:middle L:90% So I have done a lot of working in the 129 00:08:01.920 --> 00:08:05.379 A:middle L:90% field in gender equality in agro biodiversity. Today I'm 130 00:08:05.389 --> 00:08:09.110 A:middle L:90% talking more on agro biodiversity. But I'm working on 131 00:08:09.120 --> 00:08:13.759 A:middle L:90% diversity as as Maria Eliza mentioned. Then I 132 00:08:13.759 --> 00:08:16.889 A:middle L:90% say so. Why it is continuing. Why some 133 00:08:16.889 --> 00:08:22.480 A:middle L:90% of the practices reinforcing gender inequality? And then 134 00:08:22.490 --> 00:08:28.740 A:middle L:90% myself. I'm grown up in Nepal in the mountain 135 00:08:28.910 --> 00:08:31.419 A:middle L:90% , in a remote area. So I know what 136 00:08:31.419 --> 00:08:33.850 A:middle L:90% it means and then. 137 00:08:35.440 --> 00:08:37.399 A:middle L:90% Then I feel some of them when I become a 138 00:08:37.399 --> 00:08:41.000 A:middle L:90% resourcer. Now I'm not that disempowered. I'm much more 139 00:08:41.000 --> 00:08:46.690 A:middle L:90% empowered. But I can see the back link, my 140 00:08:46.700 --> 00:08:52.269 A:middle L:90% things and the similar scenarios When I talked back 141 00:08:54.149 --> 00:08:58.539 A:middle L:90% And then when I was trying to choose this 142 00:08:58.549 --> 00:09:01.789 A:middle L:90% area of research, Then I see I found very 143 00:09:01.789 --> 00:09:05.559 A:middle L:90% little of them. They talk about in this area 144 00:09:05.570 --> 00:09:09.830 A:middle L:90% . They really see the link between the inequality climate 145 00:09:09.830 --> 00:09:16.450 A:middle L:90% adaptation and agro biodiversity. So to 146 00:09:16.220 --> 00:09:20.419 A:middle L:90% make you a bit easier. Agrobiodiversity. 147 00:09:20.419 --> 00:09:26.190 A:middle L:90% Agrobiodiversity is not only the agricultural diversity I'm 148 00:09:26.190 --> 00:09:37.070 A:middle L:90% bringing here - now, much better? - from a systems thinking approach 149 00:09:37.600 --> 00:09:39.750 A:middle L:90% I want to see the system. If you 150 00:09:39.750 --> 00:09:43.570 A:middle L:90% go to the Nepal Himalayas or similar locations agriculture 151 00:09:45.039 --> 00:09:48.370 A:middle L:90% , growing crops. It has so many connections to 152 00:09:48.370 --> 00:09:50.600 A:middle L:90% other aspect, like forestry, livestock, market and 153 00:09:50.610 --> 00:09:56.519 A:middle L:90% everything. So when I talk about agrobiodiversity, 154 00:09:56.529 --> 00:09:58.399 A:middle L:90% agricultural cropping system, I know then that has a 155 00:09:58.409 --> 00:10:01.950 A:middle L:90% big connection, that has a very intrinsic connection with 156 00:10:01.950 --> 00:10:07.350 A:middle L:90% other aspects, like forestry. So I 157 00:10:09.240 --> 00:10:13.100 A:middle L:90% took my my approach in that way so I 158 00:10:13.100 --> 00:10:16.019 A:middle L:90% could cover a little bit larger thing. And then 159 00:10:16.019 --> 00:10:18.559 A:middle L:90% I think I don't want to talk, what is 160 00:10:18.570 --> 00:10:22.899 A:middle L:90% gender? I think you all know. Then what 161 00:10:22.899 --> 00:10:28.730 A:middle L:90% is Adaptation? I'm taking this from social science perspective 162 00:10:28.740 --> 00:10:31.690 A:middle L:90% . I know what is adaptation in natural science 163 00:10:31.690 --> 00:10:35.850 A:middle L:90% and physical science. But if you think about like 164 00:10:35.860 --> 00:10:39.220 A:middle L:90% social science, then I think it is, uh 165 00:10:39.230 --> 00:10:41.340 A:middle L:90% , the policies and practices how they are sending us 166 00:10:41.340 --> 00:10:45.460 A:middle L:90% for the changes in climate. Are we talking more 167 00:10:45.460 --> 00:10:48.639 A:middle L:90% about other changes as well later. And then 168 00:10:48.649 --> 00:10:52.000 A:middle L:90% Adaptive capacity. There is a lot more theoretical 169 00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:54.179 A:middle L:90% literature about this. 170 00:10:54.190 --> 00:10:58.690 A:middle L:90% . Uh, the important thing they tell us is 171 00:10:58.700 --> 00:11:05.320 A:middle L:90% if - adaptive capacity - if you have a good adaptive 172 00:11:05.320 --> 00:11:09.509 A:middle L:90% capacity, then your system is going to be more 173 00:11:09.509 --> 00:11:11.940 A:middle L:90% resilient. I think I will just turn this up 174 00:11:11.940 --> 00:11:18.100 A:middle L:90% to here. Okay. In the beginning, 175 00:11:18.110 --> 00:11:22.549 A:middle L:90% I say something about climate and then now 176 00:11:24.100 --> 00:11:28.799 A:middle L:90% I'm talking about socioeconomic conditions, context. 177 00:11:28.809 --> 00:11:31.759 A:middle L:90% What is the context in which I carried out my 178 00:11:31.759 --> 00:11:35.149 A:middle L:90% research? You can clearly see here, I think 179 00:11:35.539 --> 00:11:39.389 A:middle L:90% , like in many other developing countries, increased feminization 180 00:11:39.389 --> 00:11:43.720 A:middle L:90% Of agriculture and agrobiodiversity is really becoming 181 00:11:43.720 --> 00:11:48.190 A:middle L:90% a common practice, a common phenomenon. If 182 00:11:48.190 --> 00:11:54.639 A:middle L:90% you see here, because of that, or not before that.. 183 00:11:54.649 --> 00:11:58.840 A:middle L:90% What did it mean? Feminization of bioagrodiversity, 184 00:11:58.840 --> 00:12:01.710 A:middle L:90% a lot of men, they're out migrated. 185 00:12:01.799 --> 00:12:03.950 A:middle L:90% You can see here more than 60% of the 186 00:12:03.950 --> 00:12:11.970 A:middle L:90% women they are engaged in agriculture, and then every year 187 00:12:13.539 --> 00:12:16.110 A:middle L:90% Nepal has more women headed households. That 188 00:12:16.110 --> 00:12:20.559 A:middle L:90% is an increasing trend. And then yes, I already 189 00:12:20.570 --> 00:12:22.799 A:middle L:90% just mentioned there is a high rate of men's out 190 00:12:22.809 --> 00:12:28.019 A:middle L:90% migration and in return, nearly one third of the 191 00:12:28.019 --> 00:12:31.120 A:middle L:90% GDP comes from remittance in Nepal. I 192 00:12:31.120 --> 00:12:33.059 A:middle L:90% think you can have a good sense of 193 00:12:33.070 --> 00:12:35.399 A:middle L:90% that. Another, I'd say 194 00:12:35.409 --> 00:12:39.289 A:middle L:90% frustration before I started my research. so there are 195 00:12:39.289 --> 00:12:45.399 A:middle L:90% very really good policies in place, and then good organizations, 196 00:12:45.399 --> 00:12:48.259 A:middle L:90% development organizations that are working on it. But it's 197 00:12:48.259 --> 00:12:52.769 A:middle L:90% still, gender equality is an issue. It's a problem, 198 00:12:52.769 --> 00:12:54.600 A:middle L:90% has been a problem you can see in terms of 199 00:12:54.610 --> 00:13:00.620 A:middle L:90% policy on in every state policies, Nepal has to 200 00:13:00.620 --> 00:13:03.820 A:middle L:90% have 30% women in all political and other decision making 201 00:13:03.830 --> 00:13:07.629 A:middle L:90% processes. And then, if you go down to 202 00:13:07.629 --> 00:13:11.419 A:middle L:90% the community in forestry and agricultural groups, community groups 203 00:13:11.429 --> 00:13:15.379 A:middle L:90% , they have to have 50% women, including in 204 00:13:15.379 --> 00:13:18.940 A:middle L:90% leadership positions, so I know it is difficult to 205 00:13:18.940 --> 00:13:22.179 A:middle L:90% attend and it is very achieve. Very difficult, 206 00:13:22.190 --> 00:13:28.750 A:middle L:90% To measure because they're more qualitative. If 207 00:13:28.750 --> 00:13:31.820 A:middle L:90% you see the number only than, um, 208 00:13:31.830 --> 00:13:33.899 A:middle L:90% it's very hard to judge whether we're having kind of, 209 00:13:33.909 --> 00:13:39.870 A:middle L:90% genuine, kind of participation or involvement. So, yes 210 00:13:39.879 --> 00:13:43.649 A:middle L:90% , one of the big criticisms, is 211 00:13:45.639 --> 00:13:48.529 A:middle L:90% our development interventions, our policy interventions, 212 00:13:48.529 --> 00:13:52.190 A:middle L:90% they have focused on numbers. Okay, If we have 50% 213 00:13:52.190 --> 00:13:54.299 A:middle L:90% women in the committee, then okay, we are 214 00:13:54.309 --> 00:13:56.179 A:middle L:90% done. That is not the case. That is 215 00:13:56.179 --> 00:13:58.279 A:middle L:90% a precondition. Yeah, someone has to be there 216 00:13:58.289 --> 00:14:03.549 A:middle L:90% to influence. But that is not the last thing 217 00:14:05.940 --> 00:14:11.460 A:middle L:90% . Okay? Even more. Just for 20 years 218 00:14:11.539 --> 00:14:18.700 A:middle L:90% , we're having unstable political condition. Just last year 219 00:14:18.710 --> 00:14:20.570 A:middle L:90% , we have a local election, local government election, 220 00:14:20.940 --> 00:14:24.330 A:middle L:90% In 20 years. You can imagine how unstable 221 00:14:24.330 --> 00:14:28.820 A:middle L:90% it was there. Then all together, almost two thirds 222 00:14:28.830 --> 00:14:31.019 A:middle L:90% of the labor force, they're engaged in agriculture. 223 00:14:31.029 --> 00:14:35.250 A:middle L:90% But GDP is only one third. You can imagine 224 00:14:35.250 --> 00:14:39.220 A:middle L:90% it here. And then, majority of the farmers, 225 00:14:39.330 --> 00:14:43.720 A:middle L:90% they're very small. They have an average, 226 00:14:43.720 --> 00:14:46.279 A:middle L:90% I think, seven hectares or something less than 227 00:14:46.279 --> 00:14:50.639 A:middle L:90% 7 hectares. Such a small land. And 228 00:14:50.639 --> 00:14:54.649 A:middle L:90% in terms of gender, division off labor is very 229 00:14:54.649 --> 00:14:58.320 A:middle L:90% distinct. You can distinguish right away. Not 230 00:14:58.320 --> 00:15:03.019 A:middle L:90% only that, in terms off payment, there is also, 231 00:15:03.019 --> 00:15:07.500 A:middle L:90% I would say, not distinct discrimination because women got 232 00:15:07.509 --> 00:15:15.399 A:middle L:90% low payment. And, beyond gender, beyond yes, women 233 00:15:15.399 --> 00:15:16.970 A:middle L:90% and men, there are a lot more other social 234 00:15:16.970 --> 00:15:20.679 A:middle L:90% hierarchy based on caste. Yeah, of course. 235 00:15:20.679 --> 00:15:26.730 A:middle L:90% The economic thing comes in and then ethnicity. I 236 00:15:26.730 --> 00:15:31.580 A:middle L:90% think it's important to talk with you 237 00:15:31.590 --> 00:15:35.559 A:middle L:90% here. So what kind of socio-economic livelihood system 238 00:15:35.559 --> 00:15:39.899 A:middle L:90% does Nepal have? You can see here other elements, 239 00:15:39.899 --> 00:15:43.240 A:middle L:90% and agriculture is so much connected with other elements 240 00:15:43.250 --> 00:15:48.320 A:middle L:90% you can see here if there is one 241 00:15:48.320 --> 00:15:52.980 A:middle L:90% farmer and then it has a connection relation with, 242 00:15:52.990 --> 00:15:56.529 A:middle L:90% Of course, the remittance thing, and the market, 243 00:15:56.700 --> 00:16:00.009 A:middle L:90% and more importantly and traditionally, livestock is 244 00:16:00.009 --> 00:16:03.220 A:middle L:90% a major component not only for income also for family 245 00:16:03.220 --> 00:16:07.029 A:middle L:90% diet, and many things on, more importantly to 246 00:16:07.039 --> 00:16:11.259 A:middle L:90% agriculture in the form of farm menu. So if 247 00:16:11.269 --> 00:16:12.450 A:middle L:90% you don't have livestock, then it's very hard 248 00:16:12.460 --> 00:16:17.610 A:middle L:90% to get farm manure and yeah on, then to 249 00:16:17.620 --> 00:16:21.639 A:middle L:90% grow your crops. And then forest grazing land because 250 00:16:21.639 --> 00:16:23.990 A:middle L:90% from forest, you get fuel load. It's a 251 00:16:23.990 --> 00:16:27.509 A:middle L:90% primary cooking energy. Even today in Nepal, many 252 00:16:27.509 --> 00:16:32.309 A:middle L:90% of the villages. And then foods and medicine is still 253 00:16:32.350 --> 00:16:37.009 A:middle L:90% People are using so many medicinal hops 254 00:16:37.019 --> 00:16:40.190 A:middle L:90% in their everyday life. And then for leaf 255 00:16:40.190 --> 00:16:44.029 A:middle L:90% litter and so many other things. I'll leave this 256 00:16:44.029 --> 00:16:45.899 A:middle L:90% thing here maybe. Okay, let me talk a 257 00:16:45.909 --> 00:16:51.250 A:middle L:90% little bit about climatic conditions. So as you see 258 00:16:51.250 --> 00:16:55.240 A:middle L:90% Himalaya, it's a very fragile, um kind of 259 00:16:55.250 --> 00:17:00.129 A:middle L:90% condition, geographical condition. And, when I analyze 260 00:17:00.139 --> 00:17:03.009 A:middle L:90% some of the data, I think some 20 years, 261 00:17:03.019 --> 00:17:04.759 A:middle L:90% for some 20 years, yes, you can see 262 00:17:04.759 --> 00:17:07.809 A:middle L:90% the change. You don't have like static line, 263 00:17:07.819 --> 00:17:11.980 A:middle L:90% straight line. You have variations in rainfall 264 00:17:11.980 --> 00:17:15.170 A:middle L:90% patterns. And why I'm bringing in the rainfall thing is, 265 00:17:15.170 --> 00:17:19.420 A:middle L:90% here rainfall is so important in Nepali context for 266 00:17:19.420 --> 00:17:22.650 A:middle L:90% the irrigation of land and everything. If you don't 267 00:17:22.660 --> 00:17:25.829 A:middle L:90% have rainfall, if you don't have, um, rainfall 268 00:17:25.829 --> 00:17:29.269 A:middle L:90% in time...yeah, it makes a big difference. 269 00:17:30.440 --> 00:17:33.839 A:middle L:90% Um, yes. And then another important thing 270 00:17:33.839 --> 00:17:37.009 A:middle L:90% is only 28% of the arable land in Nepal 271 00:17:37.019 --> 00:17:41.039 A:middle L:90% has irrigation facility and all others they have to 272 00:17:41.039 --> 00:17:48.490 A:middle L:90% rely on, monsoons. Yes, and 273 00:17:48.490 --> 00:17:52.319 A:middle L:90% then I'll be talking a little bit on theoretical 274 00:17:52.630 --> 00:17:56.099 A:middle L:90% thing. Yes, I would like to display both 275 00:17:56.099 --> 00:17:59.640 A:middle L:90% of them here. In this results, I combined 276 00:17:59.640 --> 00:18:04.369 A:middle L:90% both social-ecological systems and feminist political ecology. 277 00:18:04.740 --> 00:18:10.470 A:middle L:90% Just to be in brief - there are 278 00:18:10.470 --> 00:18:12.829 A:middle L:90% some theoretical assumptions I just want to spell out. 279 00:18:12.839 --> 00:18:18.279 A:middle L:90% Enhanced ecological diversity. So that enhanced social resilience means 280 00:18:18.289 --> 00:18:22.130 A:middle L:90% gender equality here. And then there is always a 281 00:18:22.309 --> 00:18:29.200 A:middle L:90% cross scale interactions between the elements, so that makes 282 00:18:29.210 --> 00:18:32.000 A:middle L:90% the system more resilient. Then if you talk 283 00:18:32.000 --> 00:18:36.990 A:middle L:90% about diminished political ecology, okay, If there is 284 00:18:36.990 --> 00:18:41.849 A:middle L:90% increased access to knowledge, increase access to and 285 00:18:41.859 --> 00:18:45.869 A:middle L:90% control over resources and voice, then you can assume 286 00:18:45.880 --> 00:18:51.950 A:middle L:90% there's some level of gender equality. Okay, just 287 00:18:52.440 --> 00:18:55.140 A:middle L:90% for the overview, this is a tiny map 288 00:18:55.140 --> 00:18:57.759 A:middle L:90% off Nepal on the bottom, and then we can 289 00:18:57.759 --> 00:19:02.069 A:middle L:90% see the highlighted red area is my research site. 290 00:19:03.940 --> 00:19:08.259 A:middle L:90% I think these results is not only, um, okay, 291 00:19:08.259 --> 00:19:11.640 A:middle L:90% I went to the field and collected data and 292 00:19:11.640 --> 00:19:15.130 A:middle L:90% Ran a focus group discussion and all, 293 00:19:15.140 --> 00:19:19.299 A:middle L:90% but it is also the consolidation off my long years 294 00:19:19.299 --> 00:19:23.450 A:middle L:90% of work in research and other development practices that has 295 00:19:23.450 --> 00:19:27.160 A:middle L:90% really given me the crux of the things I'm going 296 00:19:27.170 --> 00:19:32.819 A:middle L:90% to talk about today. So just to summarize, I 297 00:19:32.819 --> 00:19:34.660 A:middle L:90% think most of them I have already told you, 298 00:19:34.670 --> 00:19:37.640 A:middle L:90% and in terms off sampling strategy, I just 299 00:19:37.650 --> 00:19:42.710 A:middle L:90% use, um, purposive and snowballing. That 300 00:19:42.710 --> 00:19:51.069 A:middle L:90% way I could select the right category of participants. 301 00:19:51.079 --> 00:19:52.430 A:middle L:90% Otherwise, if I go to the village, and 302 00:19:52.440 --> 00:19:56.150 A:middle L:90% talk to someone, okay, just there, like 303 00:19:56.160 --> 00:20:00.720 A:middle L:90% , available every time on, then it's easy for 304 00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:03.730 A:middle L:90% me to go and approach. That's not - I'm taking 305 00:20:03.730 --> 00:20:07.259 A:middle L:90% it a little bit differently. Another important 306 00:20:07.259 --> 00:20:12.059 A:middle L:90% aspect, Um, I just tried to take into 307 00:20:12.059 --> 00:20:17.529 A:middle L:90% account is observe, as most as possible, the 308 00:20:17.539 --> 00:20:21.829 A:middle L:90% informal places. So if you visit the informal places 309 00:20:21.829 --> 00:20:25.059 A:middle L:90% and talk to the people there, then you'll find 310 00:20:25.069 --> 00:20:27.140 A:middle L:90% yes, complete, sometimes completely different information than you 311 00:20:27.140 --> 00:20:30.809 A:middle L:90% have got in the formal setting. I think that's 312 00:20:30.819 --> 00:20:33.950 A:middle L:90% much more important. I would emphasize that. And them 313 00:20:36.440 --> 00:20:41.130 A:middle L:90% , um, So how did I select my resource 314 00:20:41.130 --> 00:20:45.329 A:middle L:90% respondents? I think it's you may ask -your 315 00:20:45.329 --> 00:20:47.609 A:middle L:90% study is about gender. Then why do you need to 316 00:20:47.619 --> 00:20:49.799 A:middle L:90% bother to have all these categories. I think there 317 00:20:49.799 --> 00:20:52.029 A:middle L:90% is a whole logic behind. Yes, of course 318 00:20:52.029 --> 00:20:55.299 A:middle L:90% it is gender. on. And the society 319 00:20:55.299 --> 00:20:57.220 A:middle L:90% is differentiated by different class groups, caste s 320 00:20:57.220 --> 00:21:02.039 A:middle L:90% and ethnicity, very much. And then household income on 321 00:21:02.039 --> 00:21:04.549 A:middle L:90% land holding size. Because why is that important is 322 00:21:04.740 --> 00:21:11.099 A:middle L:90% based on this category agricultural management or agrobiodiversity 323 00:21:11.099 --> 00:21:15.450 A:middle L:90% management reforms. So I need to capture all those aspects. 324 00:21:15.450 --> 00:21:18.819 A:middle L:90% That's why um yes, I included them and 325 00:21:18.819 --> 00:21:21.250 A:middle L:90% then applied in my research as well, then, 326 00:21:21.259 --> 00:21:22.759 A:middle L:90% in terms of occupation as well. Some off the 327 00:21:22.759 --> 00:21:32.000 A:middle L:90% households are engaged in non-farm activities and then 328 00:21:32.009 --> 00:21:36.869 A:middle L:90% forestry activities on yes, of course, part 329 00:21:36.869 --> 00:21:40.109 A:middle L:90% of the family income is from Remittance. I 330 00:21:40.109 --> 00:21:42.279 A:middle L:90% think there is a whole range of differences. 331 00:21:42.289 --> 00:21:45.440 A:middle L:90% What I would like to emphasize here. Okay. 332 00:21:45.450 --> 00:21:49.000 A:middle L:90% Just going straight away in the community on results. 333 00:21:51.940 --> 00:21:55.740 A:middle L:90% So I know in 40 minutes I may not be 334 00:21:55.740 --> 00:21:59.509 A:middle L:90% able to tell everything I wanted to, so I 335 00:21:59.509 --> 00:22:03.329 A:middle L:90% need to have some kind of, like timing. 336 00:22:03.339 --> 00:22:07.210 A:middle L:90% I'm certain some of them then in terms of results, 337 00:22:07.220 --> 00:22:10.920 A:middle L:90% what I'm going to talk is yes, my 338 00:22:10.930 --> 00:22:12.660 A:middle L:90% research. So is that okay? There are five 339 00:22:12.670 --> 00:22:17.519 A:middle L:90% major drivers of changing agrobiodiversity or 340 00:22:17.529 --> 00:22:21.119 A:middle L:90% agrobiodiversity management practices. You can see it 341 00:22:21.119 --> 00:22:23.630 A:middle L:90% comes from climate, I guess. Longer period of 342 00:22:23.640 --> 00:22:27.960 A:middle L:90% dry seasons. People don't have monsoon rains in time 343 00:22:27.970 --> 00:22:30.180 A:middle L:90% all the time. Some year they got it in 344 00:22:30.180 --> 00:22:33.730 A:middle L:90% time. Some years they don't. Then, yes, 345 00:22:33.740 --> 00:22:37.890 A:middle L:90% there is much more uncertainty and then 346 00:22:37.900 --> 00:22:41.099 A:middle L:90% , um then they have to, like, change 347 00:22:41.109 --> 00:22:45.269 A:middle L:90% their timing and patterns of crops. It 348 00:22:45.269 --> 00:22:51.069 A:middle L:90% depends on the patterns of precipitation. And then, 349 00:22:51.539 --> 00:22:55.140 A:middle L:90% yes. I was talking about the Remittance and male 350 00:22:55.140 --> 00:22:59.420 A:middle L:90% out migration here in the farm. So as a 351 00:22:59.420 --> 00:23:02.509 A:middle L:90% result of that they have a shortage of farm labor, 352 00:23:02.519 --> 00:23:04.230 A:middle L:90% they don't have male labor, uh, to work 353 00:23:04.230 --> 00:23:07.359 A:middle L:90% On the farm. I already told you in terms 354 00:23:07.359 --> 00:23:11.519 A:middle L:90% of practice, there is so much distinguished in terms 355 00:23:11.519 --> 00:23:12.180 A:middle L:90% of gender division of labor. There are 356 00:23:12.180 --> 00:23:15.839 A:middle L:90% certain work that only men can do culturally. Some 357 00:23:15.849 --> 00:23:19.670 A:middle L:90% aspect they're assigned to men and some are women. 358 00:23:19.670 --> 00:23:22.769 A:middle L:90% And then why some people that don't want to grow 359 00:23:22.769 --> 00:23:26.920 A:middle L:90% some crops is we're changing our habits. Food habits. 360 00:23:26.920 --> 00:23:29.579 A:middle L:90% I think it is worldwide. Yes, we 361 00:23:29.579 --> 00:23:33.339 A:middle L:90% are slowly going to more ready made food. 362 00:23:33.349 --> 00:23:37.140 A:middle L:90% Maybe someday if we get some small 363 00:23:37.150 --> 00:23:38.470 A:middle L:90% tablets instead of food, then we should not be 364 00:23:38.470 --> 00:23:44.660 A:middle L:90% surprised, I guess. Another one 365 00:23:44.660 --> 00:23:48.720 A:middle L:90% is increased market access because everywhere, even in 366 00:23:48.720 --> 00:23:51.329 A:middle L:90% the remote places, we're having a road network, and 367 00:23:51.339 --> 00:23:52.700 A:middle L:90% that's a very good thing and that is also 368 00:23:52.700 --> 00:23:56.180 A:middle L:90% Changing people's behavior what to eat and what not. 369 00:23:57.940 --> 00:24:03.099 A:middle L:90% Um, Okay, then, in terms of adaptation 370 00:24:03.109 --> 00:24:04.970 A:middle L:90% , our management practices, you can see here. 371 00:24:04.980 --> 00:24:10.470 A:middle L:90% So how they're addressing those kind of changes because I 372 00:24:10.480 --> 00:24:15.069 A:middle L:90% just talked about the drivers and then here. Okay 373 00:24:15.240 --> 00:24:18.470 A:middle L:90% The farmers, once they have, um, 374 00:24:19.740 --> 00:24:23.759 A:middle L:90% rainfall, Monsoon rain then are 375 00:24:25.190 --> 00:24:29.630 A:middle L:90% along with a dry period and then 376 00:24:29.640 --> 00:24:33.599 A:middle L:90% they have to grow some crops that can tolerate drought. 377 00:24:33.799 --> 00:24:37.579 A:middle L:90% We'll talk later on in detail. And then 378 00:24:37.589 --> 00:24:41.599 A:middle L:90% some crops, they stopped cropping. They don't want 379 00:24:41.599 --> 00:24:45.059 A:middle L:90% to crop anymore because there are so many things why 380 00:24:45.069 --> 00:24:48.210 A:middle L:90% they don't want to stop those cropping. And then 381 00:24:48.220 --> 00:24:51.160 A:middle L:90% they have to reduce the number. That is a part 382 00:24:51.160 --> 00:24:55.059 A:middle L:90% of adaptation. And in some way it's a very good 383 00:24:55.059 --> 00:25:00.250 A:middle L:90% thing is that they started to mixed cropping, so 384 00:25:00.250 --> 00:25:04.789 A:middle L:90% that if they have 2 alternate crops at the time 385 00:25:04.799 --> 00:25:10.059 A:middle L:90% growing on the same land, then at least 386 00:25:10.059 --> 00:25:12.069 A:middle L:90% they can have one crop if the other crop fails. 387 00:25:14.740 --> 00:25:17.700 A:middle L:90% And the other one is the forest. I will 388 00:25:17.700 --> 00:25:19.160 A:middle L:90% not be talking much more about the forest, but 389 00:25:19.170 --> 00:25:23.309 A:middle L:90% it has very good link with livestock, so the 390 00:25:23.309 --> 00:25:27.670 A:middle L:90% forest are becoming more denser and denser. And, 391 00:25:27.680 --> 00:25:30.740 A:middle L:90% uh, they can have a little amount of forest 392 00:25:30.750 --> 00:25:33.750 A:middle L:90% so like, yes, they're more focused on timber 393 00:25:33.759 --> 00:25:40.309 A:middle L:90% And focused on carbon forest, I would say. 394 00:25:40.319 --> 00:25:41.829 A:middle L:90% So, yes. I'm going to elaborate 395 00:25:41.839 --> 00:25:45.309 A:middle L:90% the first point I mentioned that. Um, yes, 396 00:25:45.319 --> 00:25:52.250 A:middle L:90% farmers. They have got, um, improved 397 00:25:52.250 --> 00:25:53.880 A:middle L:90% variety of rice. And they have got knowledge, 398 00:25:53.880 --> 00:25:59.400 A:middle L:90% everything. And they can have more in. For instance 399 00:25:59.400 --> 00:26:00.029 A:middle L:90% ,if they used to get, like, 400 00:26:00.039 --> 00:26:02.960 A:middle L:90% 50kg, now, they can get 100 kgs. 401 00:26:02.970 --> 00:26:06.839 A:middle L:90% So it's a bigger amount of grain. 402 00:26:06.849 --> 00:26:11.220 A:middle L:90% When these 403 00:26:11.220 --> 00:26:18.940 A:middle L:90% varieties were introduced, the rice straw 404 00:26:18.940 --> 00:26:21.769 A:middle L:90% is much more shorter than the traditional one. The 405 00:26:21.769 --> 00:26:26.230 A:middle L:90% implication here is the rice straw used to be 406 00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:29.259 A:middle L:90% livestock feed, important livestock feed in dry season 407 00:26:29.269 --> 00:26:32.660 A:middle L:90% And now they have a little, only a little bit. 408 00:26:33.240 --> 00:26:34.970 A:middle L:90% They have more rice, more grain for food, 409 00:26:34.970 --> 00:26:40.150 A:middle L:90% human food. But for the livestock, yes, it's 410 00:26:40.150 --> 00:26:44.119 A:middle L:90% substantial reduction I would say. And 411 00:26:44.119 --> 00:26:47.769 A:middle L:90% then in this case, if I relate this with 412 00:26:47.779 --> 00:26:51.950 A:middle L:90% gender division of labor, gender roles, then women 413 00:26:51.950 --> 00:26:55.539 A:middle L:90% have hard time to grow, to raise more livestock if 414 00:26:55.539 --> 00:26:56.500 A:middle L:90% they want. And they have to go further, 415 00:26:56.640 --> 00:26:59.970 A:middle L:90% like many more hours they have to work. 416 00:27:00.339 --> 00:27:04.809 A:middle L:90% That's the implication. Um, this one is very 417 00:27:04.819 --> 00:27:11.250 A:middle L:90% , very good. Uh, like analysis. I 418 00:27:11.250 --> 00:27:15.630 A:middle L:90% would say. As I mentioned some of the crops, 419 00:27:15.950 --> 00:27:18.630 A:middle L:90% they are already gone. Yes. You don't find in 420 00:27:18.630 --> 00:27:22.539 A:middle L:90% the village anymore. They already stopped growing. So 421 00:27:22.539 --> 00:27:26.160 A:middle L:90% the reason behind - yes, you can teach so many. 422 00:27:27.339 --> 00:27:32.410 A:middle L:90% So, this loss of Ghalya and Kauno. They are, 423 00:27:32.420 --> 00:27:36.869 A:middle L:90% like one is, uh, upland rice variety and 424 00:27:36.880 --> 00:27:42.180 A:middle L:90% the next one is one variety of millet. So 425 00:27:42.180 --> 00:27:45.980 A:middle L:90% now you can't see these in the community, in 426 00:27:45.980 --> 00:27:52.019 A:middle L:90% the village anymore. So why is this? You 427 00:27:52.019 --> 00:27:55.819 A:middle L:90% can see that the green one is the yield is 428 00:27:55.819 --> 00:27:59.470 A:middle L:90% becoming declining and declining. Yes, 429 00:27:59.480 --> 00:28:03.509 A:middle L:90% if you see all kind of connections because you have 430 00:28:03.509 --> 00:28:07.339 A:middle L:90% a problem of level labor and you have a problem 431 00:28:07.339 --> 00:28:12.079 A:middle L:90% of livestock. Because if you are 432 00:28:12.079 --> 00:28:15.500 A:middle L:90% reducing number of livestock, then you can't grow more 433 00:28:15.509 --> 00:28:18.599 A:middle L:90% food because you don't have other options of fertilizer. 434 00:28:18.609 --> 00:28:22.089 A:middle L:90% So in that case, okay, the income is 435 00:28:22.089 --> 00:28:25.400 A:middle L:90% very limited, production is very low on. And then 436 00:28:25.400 --> 00:28:32.079 A:middle L:90% you can see because of like low rainfall and untimely 437 00:28:32.079 --> 00:28:34.089 A:middle L:90% rainfall. Sometimes, if it comes, 438 00:28:34.089 --> 00:28:37.730 A:middle L:90% like for a month and it's certain, like 439 00:28:37.740 --> 00:28:41.180 A:middle L:90% everything it comes within a week. Then you 440 00:28:41.180 --> 00:28:45.970 A:middle L:90% can see the this yellow color is all because of 441 00:28:45.440 --> 00:28:51.450 A:middle L:90% socio economic conditions. You see, I just 442 00:28:51.450 --> 00:28:53.390 A:middle L:90% talked about. Okay, there is a increase supply of 443 00:28:53.390 --> 00:28:56.130 A:middle L:90% food products from the market. They can substitute because 444 00:28:56.140 --> 00:28:59.140 A:middle L:90% if it is not going to be a profitable, 445 00:28:59.150 --> 00:29:02.619 A:middle L:90% then they can substitute it, then the level of scarcity. 446 00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:06.170 A:middle L:90% Another important thing I came up with okay, 447 00:29:07.539 --> 00:29:10.119 A:middle L:90% sending girls to their school. It's a very good 448 00:29:10.119 --> 00:29:11.299 A:middle L:90% thing. We all want that. But here they 449 00:29:11.299 --> 00:29:14.430 A:middle L:90% said, okay, all our girls, they have 450 00:29:14.440 --> 00:29:15.950 A:middle L:90% gone to school, so we don't have any farm 451 00:29:15.950 --> 00:29:18.490 A:middle L:90% labor in to work. So it means they used 452 00:29:18.490 --> 00:29:22.750 A:middle L:90% to be their right hand for the parents to work 453 00:29:22.750 --> 00:29:23.849 A:middle L:90% in the field, and on the farm. 454 00:29:25.140 --> 00:29:27.279 A:middle L:90% I think there are a whole lot of connections. 455 00:29:27.289 --> 00:29:30.000 A:middle L:90% If you work on those kind of things and you 456 00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:33.450 A:middle L:90% will see, I think you will be convinced why 457 00:29:33.450 --> 00:29:38.450 A:middle L:90% they are doing so. Okay. I would like 458 00:29:38.450 --> 00:29:41.420 A:middle L:90% to do a little bit more on why the livestock 459 00:29:41.420 --> 00:29:45.849 A:middle L:90% number that farmers are reducing. So I already 460 00:29:45.849 --> 00:29:49.089 A:middle L:90% mentioned the decline in crop residue. They don't have 461 00:29:49.099 --> 00:29:52.420 A:middle L:90% more rice straw. That was the main, um 462 00:29:52.430 --> 00:29:57.670 A:middle L:90% , source of livestock feeding during, um, dry 463 00:29:57.670 --> 00:30:03.009 A:middle L:90% times. Then you can see the forest. 464 00:30:03.269 --> 00:30:06.279 A:middle L:90% The forest are more denser. It's very hard to 465 00:30:06.279 --> 00:30:10.660 A:middle L:90% find understory crops, fodder and other grasses. For 466 00:30:10.660 --> 00:30:12.309 A:middle L:90% the poor households. It's so hard to get fodder 467 00:30:12.309 --> 00:30:17.039 A:middle L:90% from those land because they don't have more private land 468 00:30:17.039 --> 00:30:18.470 A:middle L:90% so that they can gather from private land. And 469 00:30:18.470 --> 00:30:23.269 A:middle L:90% maybe if you talk about like large landholders, 470 00:30:23.289 --> 00:30:26.670 A:middle L:90% these men are the problem because they have their 471 00:30:26.670 --> 00:30:29.140 A:middle L:90% own in private land. So if you see the 472 00:30:29.150 --> 00:30:32.279 A:middle L:90% differences and why you need to talk 473 00:30:32.279 --> 00:30:37.049 A:middle L:90% with small holders and large holders. Then weed species. 474 00:30:37.440 --> 00:30:38.619 A:middle L:90% It might be because of climate change or other 475 00:30:38.619 --> 00:30:41.450 A:middle L:90% biological things, they are having much more even in 476 00:30:41.450 --> 00:30:45.069 A:middle L:90% the forest, on both articles of land. And in 477 00:30:45.079 --> 00:30:47.809 A:middle L:90% every concentration, they said they have to 478 00:30:47.809 --> 00:30:52.910 A:middle L:90% have like 20% - 25% more time 479 00:30:52.920 --> 00:30:55.990 A:middle L:90% they have to spend to weed their crops because 480 00:30:55.990 --> 00:30:59.450 A:middle L:90% of this kind of weeds. They might be good 481 00:30:59.450 --> 00:31:03.619 A:middle L:90% in future, they don't know, but this time they 482 00:31:03.619 --> 00:31:07.410 A:middle L:90% are weeds for them because they're not helpful. And 483 00:31:07.410 --> 00:31:08.660 A:middle L:90% then, of course, the shortage of farm labor. 484 00:31:10.839 --> 00:31:11.869 A:middle L:90% here I would like to just show this is the 485 00:31:11.880 --> 00:31:15.859 A:middle L:90% millet and soybean they're cropping together. 486 00:31:15.869 --> 00:31:18.779 A:middle L:90% The whole idea behind it is, as I 487 00:31:18.789 --> 00:31:22.200 A:middle L:90% mentioned earlier, they want to have at least one 488 00:31:22.200 --> 00:31:25.890 A:middle L:90% crop if something happened. Climate, you got anything 489 00:31:25.890 --> 00:31:27.779 A:middle L:90% Some happen then if one crops is destroyed 490 00:31:27.789 --> 00:31:30.220 A:middle L:90% they can have another one, that's the idea of 491 00:31:30.230 --> 00:31:33.279 A:middle L:90% mixed cropping. And by doing so, they 492 00:31:33.279 --> 00:31:41.160 A:middle L:90% can also save soil moisture. Um, and the 493 00:31:41.160 --> 00:31:44.410 A:middle L:90% Other important, like, I would say, 494 00:31:44.420 --> 00:31:48.859 A:middle L:90% kind of silo approach. The development organizations are doing 495 00:31:48.339 --> 00:31:56.089 A:middle L:90% on in some point, and they know farming system is 496 00:31:56.089 --> 00:31:59.849 A:middle L:90% very much dependent on livestock, but when they work, 497 00:32:00.190 --> 00:32:01.269 A:middle L:90% they don't see the link. For instance, 498 00:32:01.940 --> 00:32:06.630 A:middle L:90% yes, they have raising their forest in a way, 499 00:32:06.640 --> 00:32:08.720 A:middle L:90% ,they just want to have timber as a primary product, 500 00:32:08.730 --> 00:32:13.259 A:middle L:90% but not for other kind of products. But 501 00:32:13.259 --> 00:32:15.299 A:middle L:90% if you see there today lives of the Nepalese people 502 00:32:15.299 --> 00:32:19.230 A:middle L:90% in the village, then there are so many things 503 00:32:19.240 --> 00:32:22.789 A:middle L:90% other than timber, and the timber is just one. 504 00:32:22.799 --> 00:32:24.519 A:middle L:90% In many cases, they just need like in 505 00:32:24.519 --> 00:32:28.000 A:middle L:90% some couple of years, not every day, but 506 00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:32.190 A:middle L:90% others they need every day. They have, government 507 00:32:32.190 --> 00:32:37.450 A:middle L:90% and other organizations, they have promoted bio-gas. 508 00:32:37.940 --> 00:32:43.670 A:middle L:90% But how can the farmers fix, install bio-gas 509 00:32:43.670 --> 00:32:46.680 A:middle L:90% Land, because they don't have fodder to raise livestock? 510 00:32:46.690 --> 00:32:50.470 A:middle L:90% And their articles of land is shrinking 511 00:32:50.470 --> 00:32:53.849 A:middle L:90% in terms of fodder and grasses because they're having, 512 00:32:54.240 --> 00:32:58.559 A:middle L:90% um, weeds in their land. So I think 513 00:32:58.559 --> 00:33:05.559 A:middle L:90% they are not link. I've been talking a little 514 00:33:05.559 --> 00:33:08.130 A:middle L:90% bit on these four dimensions. I would like to 515 00:33:08.130 --> 00:33:14.940 A:middle L:90% relate those findings, results from these dimensions based on I 516 00:33:14.950 --> 00:33:21.559 A:middle L:90% draw them from my theoretical orientation. Technical ideas. 517 00:33:21.599 --> 00:33:23.680 A:middle L:90% One I would be talking about knowledge, and then 518 00:33:23.690 --> 00:33:28.569 A:middle L:90% access to resources, state of agrobiodiversity 519 00:33:28.569 --> 00:33:34.009 A:middle L:90% and cross scale interaction. Then I can relate 520 00:33:34.009 --> 00:33:39.950 A:middle L:90% you. Yes, I briefly mentioned, um 521 00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:45.380 A:middle L:90% increase access to scientific knowledge that can enhance gender equity 522 00:33:45.420 --> 00:33:49.500 A:middle L:90% everywhere in everybody, every city, and everywhere. 523 00:33:49.500 --> 00:33:54.569 A:middle L:90% But here, you see, so planting improve variety of rice. 524 00:33:54.720 --> 00:33:59.279 A:middle L:90% Everyone has equal access to get that knowledge. 525 00:33:59.289 --> 00:34:01.660 A:middle L:90% Everyone know how to grow the crops, but at the 526 00:34:01.660 --> 00:34:06.509 A:middle L:90% End they have a lot of these implications, negative 527 00:34:06.519 --> 00:34:10.550 A:middle L:90% implication on their livelihoods and their roles. 528 00:34:10.559 --> 00:34:15.010 A:middle L:90% I already mentioned the forests are much more timber focus 529 00:34:15.019 --> 00:34:19.050 A:middle L:90% then women can't find fodder and other things. 530 00:34:19.820 --> 00:34:22.250 A:middle L:90% Then I'll talk about improved rice variety on the 531 00:34:22.260 --> 00:34:25.940 A:middle L:90% flow of rice straw is reducing. Yeah, 532 00:34:25.940 --> 00:34:29.570 A:middle L:90% I think yes, you see the implication. And it's 533 00:34:29.579 --> 00:34:40.369 A:middle L:90% very, very big. And then, um yeah 534 00:34:42.639 --> 00:34:44.949 A:middle L:90% , um, yes, there is a statement. 535 00:34:44.949 --> 00:34:47.849 A:middle L:90% I brought this from feminist political ecology literature. 536 00:34:50.539 --> 00:34:53.880 A:middle L:90% So, limited access to financial resources. I mean 537 00:34:53.889 --> 00:35:00.199 A:middle L:90% gender equitable access to financial resources. Sometimes it's 538 00:35:00.199 --> 00:35:05.010 A:middle L:90% very hard. If you have that goal, you 539 00:35:05.010 --> 00:35:07.179 A:middle L:90% are thinking you can do it. But if you 540 00:35:07.179 --> 00:35:09.059 A:middle L:90% have some service providers, they are not oriented on 541 00:35:09.059 --> 00:35:12.670 A:middle L:90% that. Then it's very hard. They're just continuing 542 00:35:12.679 --> 00:35:15.130 A:middle L:90% . So in my resource case, so they continue 543 00:35:15.130 --> 00:35:20.059 A:middle L:90% to provide support to male farmers in case of agricultural 544 00:35:20.059 --> 00:35:22.500 A:middle L:90% crops. And then men are engaged in cash crops and 545 00:35:22.500 --> 00:35:25.989 A:middle L:90% women are in more kind of subsistence crops. So 546 00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:30.329 A:middle L:90% you can see the divide because if they are always 547 00:35:30.329 --> 00:35:34.590 A:middle L:90% in subsistence crop and they don't have access to the 548 00:35:34.590 --> 00:35:37.159 A:middle L:90% cash income. That is still happening. Still, 549 00:35:37.159 --> 00:35:38.409 A:middle L:90% you have a focus. You said, government policy and 550 00:35:38.409 --> 00:35:40.690 A:middle L:90% everything, said, okay. You have a focus 551 00:35:40.699 --> 00:35:45.349 A:middle L:90% on women because they're more much more marginalized 552 00:35:45.539 --> 00:35:46.369 A:middle L:90% on. If you go to the village, then 553 00:35:46.380 --> 00:35:49.449 A:middle L:90% you see a lot of women. They're the ones 554 00:35:49.460 --> 00:35:52.130 A:middle L:90% who carry all the agricultural tax, 555 00:35:52.130 --> 00:35:54.059 A:middle L:90% almost all the agricultural tax. In that case, 556 00:35:54.070 --> 00:35:59.420 A:middle L:90% it's very hard. Um even if you talk about 557 00:35:59.420 --> 00:36:01.269 A:middle L:90% inequality, but in practice, you don't have. 558 00:36:01.280 --> 00:36:05.760 A:middle L:90% Then what I would like to emphasize here, working with 559 00:36:05.760 --> 00:36:08.400 A:middle L:90% the community groups alone, is not enough. 560 00:36:08.409 --> 00:36:13.159 A:middle L:90% You need to have support organizations 561 00:36:13.159 --> 00:36:17.039 A:middle L:90% and government whole mechanism also be sensitive on that aspect. 562 00:36:22.329 --> 00:36:25.440 A:middle L:90% I think another important aspect 563 00:36:25.440 --> 00:36:30.659 A:middle L:90% is to increase ecological resilience. It means ecological resilience 564 00:36:30.659 --> 00:36:35.039 A:middle L:90% and increased level of agrobiodiversity is not 565 00:36:35.039 --> 00:36:39.000 A:middle L:90% always helpful to addressing inequality. Just that's my research 566 00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:45.829 A:middle L:90% finding here because I see your social system and ecological 567 00:36:45.829 --> 00:36:49.519 A:middle L:90% system. They may not go together. Sometimes they 568 00:36:49.530 --> 00:36:52.110 A:middle L:90% may go together. That would be good if it 569 00:36:52.110 --> 00:36:54.530 A:middle L:90% is, but not all the time they go to 570 00:36:54.539 --> 00:36:58.960 A:middle L:90% they can go together. So in this case, 571 00:37:00.329 --> 00:37:05.099 A:middle L:90% if women they continue to grow the Rwandan rice variety 572 00:37:05.110 --> 00:37:07.579 A:middle L:90% and millet variety on they will have a much more 573 00:37:07.590 --> 00:37:10.469 A:middle L:90% , um, more amount of time. They have 574 00:37:10.480 --> 00:37:14.170 A:middle L:90% to spend it, um, in terms of their 575 00:37:14.179 --> 00:37:16.320 A:middle L:90% labor, because the labor is is very much scarce 576 00:37:16.320 --> 00:37:19.769 A:middle L:90% thing in village, so you can't do it, 577 00:37:19.780 --> 00:37:21.809 A:middle L:90% you can't do it anymore. So in that 578 00:37:21.820 --> 00:37:28.309 A:middle L:90% case, they had to stop cropping those crops 579 00:37:28.320 --> 00:37:32.449 A:middle L:90% anyway. I think, yeah, I think we 580 00:37:32.460 --> 00:37:37.070 A:middle L:90% , um all sort of understand. Yes. Uh 581 00:37:37.079 --> 00:37:39.750 A:middle L:90% , emphasize their social system is so complex you can't 582 00:37:39.750 --> 00:37:42.760 A:middle L:90% , like, have a straight relationship. 583 00:37:42.760 --> 00:37:45.500 A:middle L:90% If this thing happened, then this one, you don't see 584 00:37:45.510 --> 00:37:50.030 A:middle L:90% , you can't see as a linear. Um, 585 00:37:50.039 --> 00:37:54.530 A:middle L:90% yes. Again. Social system is so much 586 00:37:54.539 --> 00:38:00.219 A:middle L:90% differentiated by so much the different kind of variables 587 00:38:00.230 --> 00:38:02.719 A:middle L:90% you have to look at when you are carrying 588 00:38:02.719 --> 00:38:07.019 A:middle L:90% out research or any development practices. 589 00:38:07.030 --> 00:38:09.889 A:middle L:90% Having good bioiversity is good thing, but 590 00:38:09.889 --> 00:38:13.139 A:middle L:90% you can't do all the time. It's very hard 591 00:38:13.150 --> 00:38:16.460 A:middle L:90% in this case, having good biodiversity and women can't 592 00:38:16.460 --> 00:38:22.349 A:middle L:90% maintain biodiversity for the sake of biodiversity, if 593 00:38:22.360 --> 00:38:28.730 A:middle L:90% they can't do it anymore. 594 00:38:28.730 --> 00:38:31.260 A:middle L:90% Another one, I've talk bits and 595 00:38:31.260 --> 00:38:35.380 A:middle L:90% pieces about these things. How important is, uh, 596 00:38:35.389 --> 00:38:38.559 A:middle L:90% cross scale interaction. So in some point you need 597 00:38:38.559 --> 00:38:42.650 A:middle L:90% to focus to some community. That's all right. 598 00:38:42.920 --> 00:38:45.650 A:middle L:90% But if you don't have a focus, you don't 599 00:38:45.659 --> 00:38:47.630 A:middle L:90% ,you are not giving more attention to other levels 600 00:38:47.639 --> 00:38:52.769 A:middle L:90% of management, for instance, support providers in mid 601 00:38:52.769 --> 00:38:57.550 A:middle L:90% level, district level, regional level and national level. 602 00:38:57.750 --> 00:39:00.219 A:middle L:90% Then yes, it may not work. It 603 00:39:00.219 --> 00:39:04.750 A:middle L:90% may not be institutionalized, I would say. I'm 604 00:39:05.219 --> 00:39:08.539 A:middle L:90% I'm very unfortunate. Thing is, I'm learning How 605 00:39:08.539 --> 00:39:12.619 A:middle L:90% is the case in other countries as well in many 606 00:39:12.619 --> 00:39:15.840 A:middle L:90% parts of the countries, including in Nepal - Um 607 00:39:16.420 --> 00:39:21.260 A:middle L:90% , all development sector, they are very much compartmentalized 608 00:39:22.119 --> 00:39:23.230 A:middle L:90% . I can, I can tell you if you 609 00:39:23.230 --> 00:39:25.860 A:middle L:90% go to the village, talk to the farmers. 610 00:39:25.869 --> 00:39:30.380 A:middle L:90% For the farmers, it is a whole system like 611 00:39:30.539 --> 00:39:34.940 A:middle L:90% agriculture, crops, livestock, forest, everything come 612 00:39:34.940 --> 00:39:37.570 A:middle L:90% together. But here you can see we have Forest 613 00:39:37.570 --> 00:39:42.360 A:middle L:90% Ministry. We have Agriculture Ministry, Livestock Ministry on 614 00:39:42.360 --> 00:39:45.659 A:middle L:90% holdings of ministry. They are very much compartmentalized and 615 00:39:45.219 --> 00:39:49.820 A:middle L:90% they work on on their working approaching so much in 616 00:39:49.820 --> 00:39:52.150 A:middle L:90% kind of silo. So it's very hard just 617 00:39:52.150 --> 00:39:55.590 A:middle L:90% you working one ministry on one aspect and you want 618 00:39:55.590 --> 00:40:00.579 A:middle L:90% to gain such a big goal like poverty reduction, 619 00:40:00.590 --> 00:40:02.510 A:middle L:90% general equality and social equity and social justice so many 620 00:40:02.510 --> 00:40:07.909 A:middle L:90% things here. I think it applies everywhere. Um 621 00:40:07.920 --> 00:40:09.849 A:middle L:90% , I think there's the one. Yes. Now 622 00:40:09.860 --> 00:40:16.280 A:middle L:90% and the conclusion. More importantly, yes, I 623 00:40:16.289 --> 00:40:22.199 A:middle L:90% mentioned throughout. So I think we need to 624 00:40:22.199 --> 00:40:23.280 A:middle L:90% work with the institution. We need to have a 625 00:40:23.280 --> 00:40:28.119 A:middle L:90% right balance to the institutions, and practices, knowledge. 626 00:40:28.119 --> 00:40:30.010 A:middle L:90% Other than this what I wanted to highlight, 627 00:40:30.019 --> 00:40:35.590 A:middle L:90% which I couldn't earlier. So it doesn't matter 628 00:40:35.599 --> 00:40:37.510 A:middle L:90% if you give equal access to knowledge - if you teach 629 00:40:37.519 --> 00:40:42.519 A:middle L:90% , uh, every same thing to everyone, if 630 00:40:42.550 --> 00:40:46.250 A:middle L:90% that knowledge generative somewhere is already not vested in 631 00:40:46.250 --> 00:40:50.670 A:middle L:90% everyone's need. In the case of rice variety. So 632 00:40:50.670 --> 00:40:53.380 A:middle L:90% each addresses food need of many of the households who 633 00:40:53.380 --> 00:40:58.480 A:middle L:90% Are large landholders. But for the small holders is 634 00:40:58.480 --> 00:41:02.880 A:middle L:90% very hard. They can't rely only on those things 635 00:41:02.880 --> 00:41:06.989 A:middle L:90% and they have to rely on livestock and other things 636 00:41:06.989 --> 00:41:08.840 A:middle L:90% for their everyday family diet. 637 00:41:08.849 --> 00:41:12.469 A:middle L:90% I think that's important aspect, and then I 638 00:41:12.480 --> 00:41:15.769 A:middle L:90% mentioned okay, social resilience, and ecological resilience 639 00:41:15.769 --> 00:41:17.670 A:middle L:90% so much different thing. Sometimes they can go 640 00:41:17.670 --> 00:41:22.250 A:middle L:90% together sometimes not. Why I'm emphasizing here is because 641 00:41:22.260 --> 00:41:27.300 A:middle L:90% I'm working more on like ecology and all these things 642 00:41:27.300 --> 00:41:30.639 A:middle L:90% because social ecology grew from social ecological systems theory. 643 00:41:30.650 --> 00:41:32.940 A:middle L:90% It comes from ecological science. It says if there 644 00:41:32.940 --> 00:41:36.719 A:middle L:90% is a ecological resistance, there has to be 645 00:41:36.719 --> 00:41:37.750 A:middle L:90% social resilience as well, but it is not. 646 00:41:37.760 --> 00:41:42.340 A:middle L:90% Yes, I proved this in my research. 647 00:41:44.309 --> 00:41:49.389 A:middle L:90% And then certainly it is very helpful to explain 648 00:41:49.389 --> 00:41:53.079 A:middle L:90% these relations and combining these two kind of theoretical apparatus 649 00:41:53.090 --> 00:41:59.230 A:middle L:90% Is very helpful to explain these relationships, I 650 00:41:59.230 --> 00:42:02.329 A:middle L:90% would say. And then yes, as I mentioned 651 00:42:02.329 --> 00:42:08.489 A:middle L:90% earlier, not only the vertical level and also 652 00:42:08.489 --> 00:42:15.349 A:middle L:90% the horizontal integration or collaboration is so important. 653 00:42:15.349 --> 00:42:16.789 A:middle L:90% So what I mean here in a practical 654 00:42:16.789 --> 00:42:20.219 A:middle L:90% sense, okay, in terms off villages, if 655 00:42:20.219 --> 00:42:22.969 A:middle L:90% someone want to work in the villages, all development 656 00:42:22.980 --> 00:42:27.139 A:middle L:90% agencies, they are compartmentalized elsewhere. But when they 657 00:42:27.139 --> 00:42:29.440 A:middle L:90% come to the village they have to come in a 658 00:42:29.449 --> 00:42:32.070 A:middle L:90% kind of integrated away. Otherwise, the livelihood management 659 00:42:32.070 --> 00:42:37.010 A:middle L:90% system of the village will be fragmented and it 660 00:42:37.019 --> 00:42:39.829 A:middle L:90% won't be any helpful for their livelihood and then 661 00:42:40.099 --> 00:42:43.460 A:middle L:90% they will be in trouble made much more 662 00:42:43.460 --> 00:42:49.940 A:middle L:90% vulnerable, instead of making good. I 663 00:42:49.949 --> 00:42:52.420 A:middle L:90% think I have covered so many things earlier on. 664 00:42:52.429 --> 00:42:57.210 A:middle L:90% Then one more last thing I would like to 665 00:42:57.219 --> 00:43:00.500 A:middle L:90% emphasize in front of you is: so how can 666 00:43:00.500 --> 00:43:04.889 A:middle L:90% we change? How can you go forward? Do 667 00:43:04.889 --> 00:43:08.659 A:middle L:90% you have any idea? So I think that is 668 00:43:08.670 --> 00:43:12.429 A:middle L:90% much more important. One aspect. 669 00:43:12.440 --> 00:43:15.570 A:middle L:90% We really need to have critical ourness among the 670 00:43:15.570 --> 00:43:20.300 A:middle L:90% stakeholders. Not only the community. So having community 671 00:43:20.309 --> 00:43:22.289 A:middle L:90% , having 100% participation of interest 672 00:43:22.289 --> 00:43:25.989 A:middle L:90% groups, including women, it's not enough. We 673 00:43:25.989 --> 00:43:30.619 A:middle L:90% need to have all support systems and everything has to 674 00:43:30.619 --> 00:43:34.099 A:middle L:90% be changed. Policymakers, everything has to be changed 675 00:43:34.110 --> 00:43:37.710 A:middle L:90% because policymakers are there. They're making good policies and 676 00:43:37.710 --> 00:43:39.110 A:middle L:90% they have to go back and get the feedback from 677 00:43:39.110 --> 00:43:42.449 A:middle L:90% the community whether it is working or not. I 678 00:43:42.449 --> 00:43:46.699 A:middle L:90% think that is a much more important thing. 679 00:43:46.710 --> 00:43:50.289 A:middle L:90% I'm done for now. Thank you so much 680 00:43:50.300 --> 00:43:58.139 A:middle L:90% for your attention. So I'm good in 681 00:43:58.139 --> 00:44:00.730 A:middle L:90% time. Yeah. I don't know 682 00:44:00.730 --> 00:44:04.179 A:middle L:90% if this thing work. Let me just see this 683 00:44:04.179 --> 00:44:07.510 A:middle L:90% one everywhere. No. So I think I'm gonna 684 00:44:07.510 --> 00:44:09.050 A:middle L:90% let you address the questions. I don't need to 685 00:44:09.059 --> 00:44:10.820 A:middle L:90% be a facilitator. Raise your hand if you 686 00:44:10.820 --> 00:44:13.710 A:middle L:90% have questions, or have comments. I'd ask you 687 00:44:13.710 --> 00:44:15.599 A:middle L:90% to please keep them short. We have 10 minutes 688 00:44:15.599 --> 00:44:17.380 A:middle L:90% left, and there's over 100 people here, So 689 00:44:17.389 --> 00:44:21.039 A:middle L:90% I wanna hear. And then we do have a 690 00:44:21.039 --> 00:44:22.449 A:middle L:90% few minutes after the time. If you want to 691 00:44:22.449 --> 00:44:23.929 A:middle L:90% come up and speak with her individually. Yes, 692 00:44:23.929 --> 00:44:27.739 A:middle L:90% please. Yeah. And just speak loud. I'm 693 00:44:27.739 --> 00:44:30.280 A:middle L:90% gonna turn this off. This doesn't work. Just speak loud 694 00:44:30.289 --> 00:44:32.809 A:middle L:90% when you speak loud. Walk. No, there's 695 00:44:32.809 --> 00:44:37.369 A:middle L:90% no. Okay. Okay. Yes, I can 696 00:44:37.369 --> 00:44:38.989 A:middle L:90% Speak loud, please. So one question here 697 00:44:38.989 --> 00:44:43.579 A:middle L:90% , please say loudly so others hear. There 698 00:44:43.579 --> 00:44:45.469 A:middle L:90% were actually two questions. 699 00:44:45.480 --> 00:44:50.989 A:middle L:90% One is: Are there programs in place 700 00:44:50.989 --> 00:44:55.039 A:middle L:90% that are actually addressing the, uh, atomized 701 00:44:55.050 --> 00:44:59.289 A:middle L:90% different agencies who are working in separate ways? 702 00:44:59.300 --> 00:45:01.840 A:middle L:90% Is there some program that actually tries to educate them 703 00:45:01.840 --> 00:45:05.809 A:middle L:90% about these connections you have made over here? My 704 00:45:05.820 --> 00:45:08.409 A:middle L:90% other questions related to a what interests me, 705 00:45:08.590 --> 00:45:13.230 A:middle L:90% is that you're talking about more kids in school because 706 00:45:13.239 --> 00:45:16.099 A:middle L:90% the farm situation is changing. What percentage 707 00:45:16.590 --> 00:45:21.059 A:middle L:90% of the students? Are you talking primary level, or 708 00:45:21.070 --> 00:45:23.840 A:middle L:90% girls? Oh, you know. So okay, 709 00:45:23.849 --> 00:45:30.000 A:middle L:90% let me respond. The last one. Oh, 710 00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:35.190 A:middle L:90% sorry. The question is, um, the percentage 711 00:45:35.190 --> 00:45:39.269 A:middle L:90% of children going to school, whether it is 712 00:45:39.269 --> 00:45:45.000 A:middle L:90% from primary school or high school. 713 00:45:45.690 --> 00:45:47.130 A:middle L:90% Yes, now, more number of kids they're in 714 00:45:47.139 --> 00:45:50.710 A:middle L:90% high school on this is very more thing we want 715 00:45:50.710 --> 00:45:52.420 A:middle L:90% . Oh, yeah, by gender and mostly the 716 00:45:52.429 --> 00:45:54.309 A:middle L:90% girls. Yeah, they didn't have a chance to 717 00:45:54.320 --> 00:45:57.429 A:middle L:90% go. But now they are going. So I 718 00:45:57.429 --> 00:46:00.300 A:middle L:90% think. Is that clear? Okay, so in 719 00:46:00.300 --> 00:46:05.039 A:middle L:90% that case, uh, Nepal government has kind 720 00:46:05.039 --> 00:46:08.849 A:middle L:90% of compulsory asked everyone present their girls and 721 00:46:08.860 --> 00:46:12.510 A:middle L:90% boys to school. Everyone is going, 722 00:46:12.519 --> 00:46:15.949 A:middle L:90% but it's still in primary level they are going. 723 00:46:15.960 --> 00:46:17.590 A:middle L:90% But in the higher level, that drop out ratio 724 00:46:17.590 --> 00:46:22.719 A:middle L:90% is is very, very high in case of girls, 725 00:46:22.730 --> 00:46:24.469 A:middle L:90% yes, in the village. And the 726 00:46:24.469 --> 00:46:27.809 A:middle L:90% other one. I think it's a very good question. 727 00:46:28.179 --> 00:46:30.130 A:middle L:90% It's a very big question as well. So 728 00:46:30.130 --> 00:46:34.449 A:middle L:90% what I would respond is is very hard, because 729 00:46:34.449 --> 00:46:37.570 A:middle L:90% sometimes people talk. But when they come to the 730 00:46:37.570 --> 00:46:39.719 A:middle L:90% practice, they don't follow. So it's not about 731 00:46:39.719 --> 00:46:43.739 A:middle L:90% only agrobiodiversity and other things, but in other 732 00:46:43.739 --> 00:46:45.519 A:middle L:90% sectors, as well. Then in a village you can 733 00:46:45.530 --> 00:46:50.159 A:middle L:90% find so many views working. And the government of 734 00:46:50.159 --> 00:46:53.079 A:middle L:90% course already there. But sometimes it's very 735 00:46:53.079 --> 00:46:55.349 A:middle L:90% hard. They don't have a kind of strict. 736 00:46:55.539 --> 00:46:58.369 A:middle L:90% There is a rule it has to go through 737 00:46:58.369 --> 00:47:02.179 A:middle L:90% the government, or government is to be informed. But 738 00:47:02.190 --> 00:47:05.409 A:middle L:90% most of the time it is not. It's a 739 00:47:05.409 --> 00:47:08.199 A:middle L:90% kind of ongoing, I would say difficulty. Dilemma. 740 00:47:08.210 --> 00:47:13.590 A:middle L:90% Yes. Thank you. Thank you. Yes 741 00:47:13.590 --> 00:47:17.440 A:middle L:90% please. Yes. Maybe. I'm sorry. 742 00:47:17.449 --> 00:47:20.139 A:middle L:90% If you will send up and say the question 743 00:47:20.150 --> 00:47:23.610 A:middle L:90% like, as loud as possible. Thank you for 744 00:47:23.619 --> 00:47:28.050 A:middle L:90% your nice presentation 745 00:47:28.050 --> 00:47:30.519 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 746 00:47:30.530 --> 00:47:36.820 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 747 00:47:36.829 --> 00:47:42.619 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 748 00:47:42.630 --> 00:47:45.409 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 749 00:47:45.780 --> 00:47:51.199 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 750 00:47:51.210 --> 00:47:52.909 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 751 00:47:52.909 --> 00:47:55.929 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 752 00:47:55.929 --> 00:47:59.449 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 753 00:47:59.449 --> 00:48:01.389 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 754 00:48:01.400 --> 00:48:07.130 A:middle L:90% [offscreen speaker, inaudible] 755 00:48:07.329 --> 00:48:08.929 A:middle L:90% I just quickly I think it's a helpful Yes, 756 00:48:08.929 --> 00:48:12.280 A:middle L:90% that's a very good question. Thank you for that 757 00:48:14.170 --> 00:48:17.610 A:middle L:90% So you can see not only the precipitation, 758 00:48:17.619 --> 00:48:22.079 A:middle L:90% there are whole range of things that has affected, 759 00:48:22.570 --> 00:48:27.690 A:middle L:90% um to [unclear], I think, just to 760 00:48:27.699 --> 00:48:31.449 A:middle L:90% like, elaborate. He reminded me of upland 761 00:48:31.449 --> 00:48:35.780 A:middle L:90% rice variety. So maybe in some other parts of 762 00:48:35.780 --> 00:48:37.260 A:middle L:90% Nepal it's still growing. But for example, 763 00:48:37.260 --> 00:48:39.889 A:middle L:90% in the high mountains, if they don't have market 764 00:48:39.900 --> 00:48:45.500 A:middle L:90% access to have a cheaper substitute. But then 765 00:48:45.510 --> 00:48:49.530 A:middle L:90% where you have market access you have cheaper 766 00:48:49.539 --> 00:48:52.019 A:middle L:90% substitute that you can buy in the local market. 767 00:48:52.019 --> 00:48:55.000 A:middle L:90% You don't need to go long distance. So in 768 00:48:55.000 --> 00:49:00.980 A:middle L:90% that case they stop, uh, for many reasons. 769 00:49:00.989 --> 00:49:02.820 A:middle L:90% For many reasons. It's not only the production 770 00:49:02.829 --> 00:49:06.329 A:middle L:90% and it's very, very labor intensive. You have 771 00:49:06.329 --> 00:49:08.389 A:middle L:90% to do all digging manually. It's very labor intensive. 772 00:49:08.400 --> 00:49:10.320 A:middle L:90% Sorry, I don't have photo off that, but 773 00:49:10.320 --> 00:49:14.019 A:middle L:90% it is very, very labor intensive. So because 774 00:49:14.019 --> 00:49:17.570 A:middle L:90% of labor intensity on because of like production, because 775 00:49:17.570 --> 00:49:21.469 A:middle L:90% our stories, our family, so many things it 776 00:49:21.480 --> 00:49:23.619 A:middle L:90% contributed to stop that one. Yes, I'm not 777 00:49:23.619 --> 00:49:28.239 A:middle L:90% saying they have stopped everywhere throughout 778 00:49:28.239 --> 00:49:30.460 A:middle L:90% the Nepal. But in that location, yes, 779 00:49:30.469 --> 00:49:31.820 A:middle L:90% they have done it and they don't have another substitute 780 00:49:31.820 --> 00:49:37.099 A:middle L:90% of crops. They're just either planting crops because maize 781 00:49:37.289 --> 00:49:40.190 A:middle L:90% or just putting fallow land. And if you see the 782 00:49:40.190 --> 00:49:44.690 A:middle L:90% figure of like land fallow of Nepal, 783 00:49:44.690 --> 00:49:47.599 A:middle L:90% nearly 40% of the land is fallow. 784 00:49:49.170 --> 00:49:51.719 A:middle L:90% It's a tiny country. We are food 785 00:49:51.719 --> 00:49:53.639 A:middle L:90% insecure. But our land is fallow. It's so 786 00:49:53.639 --> 00:49:57.019 A:middle L:90% much, much complex thing going on. Thank you 787 00:49:57.019 --> 00:50:00.199 A:middle L:90% for asking this question. Yes, please. 788 00:50:00.199 --> 00:50:06.269 A:middle L:90% How has agrobiodiversity been affected in areas hit by 789 00:50:06.329 --> 00:50:14.510 A:middle L:90% the 2013 earthquake? Um, yes, that is a very 790 00:50:14.510 --> 00:50:17.340 A:middle L:90% good question. Definitely. In some places, we 791 00:50:17.340 --> 00:50:21.969 A:middle L:90% lost all trees and varieties because some of the places 792 00:50:21.980 --> 00:50:25.250 A:middle L:90% they are with settlements. It is very much. 793 00:50:25.320 --> 00:50:29.639 A:middle L:90% It is very much. But I don't have that 794 00:50:29.650 --> 00:50:31.599 A:middle L:90% exact figure. How exactly? But if 795 00:50:31.610 --> 00:50:36.230 A:middle L:90% I say like my knowledge, from that point 796 00:50:36.230 --> 00:50:38.369 A:middle L:90% of view, it is very much yes, because 797 00:50:38.380 --> 00:50:42.329 A:middle L:90% there was also a very big disaster. There are 798 00:50:42.340 --> 00:50:45.800 A:middle L:90% once you have, like, big landslide. It's all 799 00:50:45.809 --> 00:50:51.889 A:middle L:90% gone away. Yes, please do have something. 800 00:50:53.760 --> 00:50:58.050 A:middle L:90% Any questions? Okay. Please. Okay. 801 00:50:58.099 --> 00:51:00.639 A:middle L:90% I may be mistaken but it seemed 802 00:51:00.639 --> 00:51:04.559 A:middle L:90% like you seem to be saying 803 00:51:04.559 --> 00:51:08.079 A:middle L:90% Remittances somehow helping in improving equality. 804 00:51:09.559 --> 00:51:14.329 A:middle L:90% Would you elaborate? 805 00:51:14.329 --> 00:51:19.989 A:middle L:90% The question is whether Remittance is 806 00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:23.199 A:middle L:90% helping to improve gender equality. Yeah, Okay. 807 00:51:24.260 --> 00:51:28.429 A:middle L:90% Um yes, I think I didn't have time to 808 00:51:28.440 --> 00:51:30.630 A:middle L:90% mention everything earlier, but it's 809 00:51:30.630 --> 00:51:35.389 A:middle L:90% good that you asked this question. Yes, 810 00:51:35.389 --> 00:51:37.360 A:middle L:90% Remittance. In a way it is helping 811 00:51:37.360 --> 00:51:43.750 A:middle L:90% a lot. In some ways it's helping to reduce diversity and 812 00:51:43.760 --> 00:51:46.239 A:middle L:90% in terms of household dynamics, gender dynamics. 813 00:51:46.269 --> 00:51:49.320 A:middle L:90% It is helping a lot in some point. For 814 00:51:49.320 --> 00:51:52.889 A:middle L:90% instance, um if household and they have, like 815 00:51:52.889 --> 00:51:55.170 A:middle L:90% nuclear family and husband has gone somewhere else to work 816 00:51:55.170 --> 00:51:58.420 A:middle L:90% and the rest of the family, Children and wife 817 00:51:58.420 --> 00:52:00.869 A:middle L:90% are at home, then in that case, they 818 00:52:00.869 --> 00:52:02.530 A:middle L:90% have invested much more money for the education of the 819 00:52:02.539 --> 00:52:06.429 A:middle L:90% Children. That's very good, and then, because of 820 00:52:06.440 --> 00:52:09.190 A:middle L:90% that, because they're getting some money from Remittance, 821 00:52:09.389 --> 00:52:13.610 A:middle L:90% there is a market access increasing. And 822 00:52:13.610 --> 00:52:17.230 A:middle L:90% so if some crops are very much labor intensive, 823 00:52:17.250 --> 00:52:21.429 A:middle L:90% they have they stopped growing. So in that case, 824 00:52:21.579 --> 00:52:24.269 A:middle L:90% they can save their labor and then do something 825 00:52:24.269 --> 00:52:28.590 A:middle L:90% else. Are there other things? So in that 826 00:52:28.599 --> 00:52:32.920 A:middle L:90% case, yes, I would say in a way 827 00:52:32.920 --> 00:52:35.980 A:middle L:90% , yeah, it has make a little easier for 828 00:52:35.980 --> 00:52:38.150 A:middle L:90% them. Yes, but not not in every aspect 829 00:52:38.159 --> 00:52:40.059 A:middle L:90% . Yeah, There are so many other things to 830 00:52:40.070 --> 00:52:44.869 A:middle L:90% be this past year. Yes. Good, good. 831 00:52:44.880 --> 00:52:51.719 A:middle L:90% Yes, Yes, yes. 2 questions. 832 00:52:51.730 --> 00:52:57.260 A:middle L:90% One was: are women culturally in 833 00:52:57.260 --> 00:52:59.670 A:middle L:90% charge of the livestock for the most part, 834 00:52:59.679 --> 00:53:04.179 A:middle L:90% not men? Did you know? 835 00:53:04.949 --> 00:53:10.389 A:middle L:90% So the question is, whether women are 836 00:53:10.389 --> 00:53:15.269 A:middle L:90% in charge of livestock, or men? Yes, yes. 837 00:53:15.650 --> 00:53:17.650 A:middle L:90% So in that case, what I would say 838 00:53:17.650 --> 00:53:22.389 A:middle L:90% is in a Nepali context, yes, of course, 839 00:53:22.400 --> 00:53:23.380 A:middle L:90% in terms of caring, in terms, 840 00:53:23.380 --> 00:53:28.340 A:middle L:90% of feeding, women are. So in terms of when they 841 00:53:28.340 --> 00:53:30.869 A:middle L:90% sell, then women are not, men are in charge. 842 00:53:30.880 --> 00:53:34.260 A:middle L:90% So when the livestock numbers are 843 00:53:34.269 --> 00:53:37.420 A:middle L:90% decreasing and yes, and the foraging land is decreasing, 844 00:53:37.429 --> 00:53:40.210 A:middle L:90% so then women's access to resources are impacted 845 00:53:40.260 --> 00:53:44.059 A:middle L:90% negatively? 846 00:53:44.070 --> 00:53:46.880 A:middle L:90% In that sense, because collecting fodder is their 847 00:53:46.880 --> 00:53:52.119 A:middle L:90% responsibility. So if they don't find any 848 00:53:52.119 --> 00:53:54.329 A:middle L:90% nearby, then either they have to go farther 849 00:53:54.329 --> 00:53:58.599 A:middle L:90% away and compromise other tasks or they have to 850 00:53:58.599 --> 00:54:00.750 A:middle L:90% stop. Okay, and I have another question. 851 00:54:00.760 --> 00:54:04.929 A:middle L:90% Okay. Ready? Briefly. 852 00:54:04.940 --> 00:54:06.619 A:middle L:90% Because, you know, I have seen in India, 853 00:54:06.630 --> 00:54:09.050 A:middle L:90% for example, big cities women are also migrated 854 00:54:09.059 --> 00:54:14.880 A:middle L:90% out, and often living in slum areas, 855 00:54:14.889 --> 00:54:19.530 A:middle L:90% serving in very low skill level unpaid jobs with 856 00:54:19.539 --> 00:54:23.150 A:middle L:90% many consequences of that out migration, including 857 00:54:23.159 --> 00:54:27.150 A:middle L:90% domestic violence, etcetera. So again, I don't 858 00:54:27.150 --> 00:54:29.730 A:middle L:90% know if you know, gender inequality, I mean 859 00:54:29.739 --> 00:54:31.570 A:middle L:90% , if that is something that maybe you have looked at? 860 00:54:31.570 --> 00:54:36.159 A:middle L:90% Uh, yes, I did not mention 861 00:54:36.159 --> 00:54:40.449 A:middle L:90% clearly because the majority of the migrating people are men. 862 00:54:40.460 --> 00:54:44.300 A:middle L:90% Even in man category, that group 863 00:54:44.300 --> 00:54:45.940 A:middle L:90% is so unique. So, yes, they can 864 00:54:45.949 --> 00:54:49.500 A:middle L:90% only migrate if they are below 40 years, like 865 00:54:49.500 --> 00:54:52.119 A:middle L:90% very productive years, and so, yes, 866 00:54:52.119 --> 00:54:57.050 A:middle L:90% we do have some women migrating at 5%, 6% in, 867 00:54:57.059 --> 00:55:00.159 A:middle L:90% like, national average. Uh, but as you 868 00:55:00.159 --> 00:55:01.489 A:middle L:90% said, Yeah, I think both way. Even 869 00:55:01.489 --> 00:55:04.909 A:middle L:90% men are migrated, there is social tension, and 870 00:55:04.920 --> 00:55:07.590 A:middle L:90% women are migrated, there is a lot more 871 00:55:07.590 --> 00:55:10.030 A:middle L:90% Social tension. A very big idea. 872 00:55:10.030 --> 00:55:14.750 A:middle L:90% Any other questions? 873 00:55:14.760 --> 00:55:19.239 A:middle L:90% Well, it's actually the end of 874 00:55:19.239 --> 00:55:20.050 A:middle L:90% our time, so...