WEBVTT

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mhm. Hi. Hello. You can lift it

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up. Thank you. Studies program here. The

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kind of directing the comfort. Oh Mm. Mhm

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in charge. And I want to welcome you again

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to the 2014 Gender Bodies and Technology Conference. Human

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. You should know that we have over 100 people

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here visiting for Spoke to the United Kingdom, Canada

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, Austria. And we had you find it Little

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summer. Uh huh. Um, and of course

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, folks call from all over the United since our

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first conference in 2010. And I want to show

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you some of our archives Our pro 10 2012.

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And after a couple first listen. And we have

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an active Facebook following and Twitter following. And of

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course, our blog is underway. Thanks to you

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all for making the trip here and sharing your expertise

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, making it an amazing experience. Today I attended

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a workshop about were symmetries. I listened to a

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paper about gender documentary, the Spanish Civil War.

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Watch your performance outside where the performative and the technological

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boundaries were challenged by body and the multiple disciplinary perspectives

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represented here illustrate I gave the important for a moment

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I'd like to stop and recognize Dr Barbara Allen Smith

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, who's sitting here. Oh would like to recognize

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her being our former director studies and also a key

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our Gender Bodies Technology Initiative. The initiative began in

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2000 and seven with a group of women's and gender

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studies faculty representing several disciplines from across our campus,

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including computer science, science and technology and society,

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theater, visual arts, English, sociology and education

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. And we were interested in exporting relationships between technology

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and gender and class and identity, among other things

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, with particular attention paid to five as a site

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where these relationships can be investigated. Seven years,

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three visiting faculty at three international conferences later. This

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initiative is stronger than ever, and these are exciting

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intersections across disciplines, and we're thrilled it's happening here

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at Virginia Tech. Thank you are forgetting it all

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started. I'm sorry I'm repeating myself here, but

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I I do want to thank our Conference Planning Committee

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, the Continuing education program, and our faculty and

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student volunteers are making this conference possible. I would

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also like to especially say when we're driving the airport

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several times. Where are you? That kind of

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special for you and and again by the Doctor Husky

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, co director of the 2014 g b t conference

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. Hopefully director of the 2016 g b t conference

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. Of course, our gender technology faculty member.

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With her work in the body and culture, biomedicine

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, gender variance and sexual difference, she's leading us

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towards new ways of understanding the body and the ways

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that technology, gender and notions the body intersect.

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Magic Christine Mhm A conference The Department of Sociology,

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the Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention. The

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College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences. Women in

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Leadership and Philanthropy Fund and the Provost Women and Minority

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Artists and Scholars Lecture Series. We're honored that Dr

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Martin is here with us tonight are provost and physical

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chemist, and he's able to join us today to

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say a few words. And we thank you,

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sir, for being reporting from its inception. Very

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special present. Yeah. Hey, what? We

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have a purple robot especially made here at Virginia Tech

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on one of our three d printer. The whole

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thing. Thank you. A pleasure to welcome all

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of you to this supposed these kinds of events.

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Very exciting for me because one of the things Frank

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promote my 13 years. Virginia Tech, yes,

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is the concept of interdisciplinary research and education. Yeah

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, advantages. Encouraging factor members, students, your

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administrators to work across the traditional boundaries and to see

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how interesting problems, interesting issues and bring to bear

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on that talents that we find so many of our

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different disciplines. We can't. It's exciting for family

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members. And in fact, I think new factory

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numbers to the junior factory members expect the world's worked

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out. Really, we would not like it if

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they're locked into certain very region series you can't escape

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from. And programs like this research, information and

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outreach to mention that really make university more interesting place

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. I think I can make a contribution to how

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society Before he we've been trying to watch things here

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, too. Promoting this way, for example,

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we have an institute for creativity Hearts. Mm mm

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. We're very excited about this way. Encourage creative

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creativity in all of this, but to take advantage

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of contributions that parts can make, technology can make

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and you think different kinds of things that are Parkinson

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. We started to do with that. Yes.

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And this community of technology, body gender, the

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musical new experience. I'm not sure exactly what I

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would expect. Maybe you don't know what to expect

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. Yes. So connected to the Internet and all

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the visuals that we have to deal with. Um

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, he's very refineria robots taking over. Yeah.

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We have to understand what this all needs premier person

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. When I think about bodies. Gender, I

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actually don't think Yeah, but But I've heard personal

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experience this week. My under starter baby, this

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week. Oh, yeah. Realizes what a magical

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process that is women experienced. And then do not

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the physiological changes take place. If you didn't mention

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pretty amazing hope. I know that some people,

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sure friends of to it makes me realize how different

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we can be but how important they are to each

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other. So, so much more sensitized to difficult

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. Different how special we are. Yeah, hold

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on. Learn how to celebrate. Yeah, skip

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genders. It looked for what's unique and special at

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the same time. Also, we're all humans,

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and hopefully we can incorporate using technology into the technology

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. The special features that into this discussion. So

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anyway, welcome you your project. You may have

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noticed there's an absolutely gorgeous day outside, so I'm

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sorry. History. I hope you get Walk away

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this while you get to experience some of the pleasures

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we get day in and day out of being etcetera

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special. Yeah, I hope that we can set

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a standard for good work. High quality, Exciting

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to my free stipulate these that help you advance your

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own radiation. Normal agendas. They will come back

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many times, so thank you. Welcome. Yeah

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, all right. Hi. So I'm not gonna

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say much. I'm just going to introduce Tarquino.

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We're all really anxious to hear what she has to

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say. We do have a few little activities to

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engage in after her talking after her Q and A

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. So please stick around. If you can find

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out to use your tickets to quickly take around here

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. I just want to say again. I'm thrilled

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to see you all here. I think the only

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thing that mitigates my enthusiasm is that be at every

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single one of your papers. This morning I tried

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pop into every room and see what was going on

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. I read all of your abstracts I personally attached

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to them all. I put you in little panels

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and arranged you lovingly and sometimes frustrating. So um

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, so just so grateful that you made a haul

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out to Blacksburg against I hope we're going to have

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some great conversations tonight and tomorrow. I think a

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lot of great ones have already had. So without

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further ado, I'm going to introduce Tarquino and tell

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you that five years ago, while I was waiting

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for a ride in a coffee shop in Dallas,

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I have read an article in The New Yorker about

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empathic robots, robots that were being designed primarily in

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the United States for use in healthcare and in rehabilitative

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settings. Robots that might not only substitute for a

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health care worker, family member or other companions.

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But they might also enhance the rehabilitative or even personalized

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attention that any of these human actors might be able

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to bestow on. A sick or injured person was

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so captivated by the article for all kinds of reasons

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, maybe we'll have conversations about later, and by

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the idea that I might feel to Sunday conduct fieldwork

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with either the designers of the consumers of these beings

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that I Googled immediately went home and Googled anthropologist robots

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and so I can find out speaking these issues,

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I think, for reasons that are about to become

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very clear. It was Dr Jennifer Robertson's name that

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my early searches most consistently returned. Dr. Robinson

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, who's a professor of anthropology and history of art

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Michigan, has been researching the social, political and

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gender context of humanoid robots in Japan for well over

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a decade, with scholarly articles about this work appearing

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in such journalist body of society, critical Asian studies

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and theory, culture and society. This is in

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addition to numerous book chapters and various other forms of

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print and electronic media podcast their views. Those several

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of these titles highlight the beliefs and processes through.

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Can our gender, often female and you'll hear more

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about shortly? It's important to note that Dr Robinson's

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analyses elegantly demonstrate the intersectional nature of gender identities the

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ways that gender is always implicated within existing and emerging

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hierarchies and systems of meaning. In the case of

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Japan, as you will make clear, expectations related

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to the labor and leisure of domestic life, are

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always entangled with ideas, composition, public and private

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spheres. Importantly, Dr Robinson's insights about social and

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humanoid robots are based on over three decades worth of

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ethnographic research in Japan. Indeed, her work on

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robots is just one dimension. We even have body

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over 30 patient area. She's the author or editor

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of at Least five account, literally doesn't the Journal

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article chapters and she get as many prestigious fellowships and

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grants, most recently John Assignment behind Memorial Foundation Fellowship

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in 2000 12 and necessary See a fellowship in 20

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. This larger body of work extends far beyond robots

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and beyond technology studies proper. Dr Robinson has studied

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and written about topics ranging from the 17th century to

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the president, including nativists and social rectification movements.

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Agrarian is, um, sex and gender systems and

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ideologies. Massive popular culture, nostalgia, internationalization,

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urban place of Japan and anthropology, sexuality and suicide

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. Theater and performance voted. Are you really eugenics

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? Bioethics? Jennifer is also the originator and general

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editor of the journal Colonialism. Her work has been

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translated into five languages, including Hebrew, Japanese and

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Finish, and she teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in

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anthropology on non Western colonialism, bio art, image

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defeat and politics practices. Yeah, cultures, jeans

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, genealogies and identities, ethnic diversity in Japan,

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sex, gender and sexuality and jack insurance. But

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we didn't meet in person until last evening. I

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think I can also say that it's a wonderfully warm

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, engaged in generous scholar. Her talk, robo

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sexism and retro robotics invites us all to consider the

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roles played by gender and nationalism as well as cultural

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ideas about the family in the design and production of

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humanoid and artificially intelligent companion. I'm thrilled that she

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agreed to join us here. GPT and I invite

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you all to join me. Mhm. Uh huh

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. Mhm. Uh huh. I'm going to be

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singing today. Sorry. Mhm. Okay, Uh

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, thank you very much, Professor Lebowski. Uh

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, and thank you very much for your overly generous

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introduction and also for inviting me to present this talk

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today and to be part of this ambitious, interdisciplinary

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and thoroughly enlightening conference. I don't think I've ever

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been to a conference quite like this. Uh,

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and there are many other individuals to thank, but

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a big thank you as well to miss Colleen Barton

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, the program coordinator for her expert logistical help in

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arranging my visit. And I'm meeting so many other

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people to think, but I'll do that later.

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I've been doing research on Japanese service and personal robots

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for about eight years or so and the changes in

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the capabilities and appearance of these real robots over those

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eight years are truly amazing, Of course, compared

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to what robots and science fiction and novels and films

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can do, Real tangible robots seem somewhat clumsy,

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slow and even underwhelming. But that's another story I've

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been mainly interested in looking critically at two aspects of

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robot research and development in Japan. One concerns the

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type of society in which robots and humans are imagined

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to coexist, and the other concerns the types of

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robots with which humans will share their living and working

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places. As you may have already gathered from my

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title Robot Sexism and Retro Robotics, I'm going to

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be arguing that the most advanced robotic technology is being

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deployed by a repertory of agents and agencies to reproduce

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and to reinforce a pernicious Lee conservative on progressive and

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chauvinist status quo. Uh, and I think my

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comments, in general argument augment papers I've heard today

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that emphasize how technology cannot be libera torrey or cannot

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be assumed to be. Laboratory technology, of course

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, can free, but it can also enslave technology

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, including robotics, are not value neutral and are

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infused with particular values that transcend issues of usefulness and

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convenience. And in the case of robotics, we're

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dealing with very, very sophisticated and expensive machines.

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And so what I'm going to be showing you today

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are images of machines that are extraordinarily costly. And

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this is why there is so much government and corporate

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funding involved. And this explains part of the reason

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for this recapitulation and reinforcement of the status quo.

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So what I'm going to be doing, in a

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sense, is telling the unofficial story of the official

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story of robots in Japan the sort of the back

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story that's part of the official story. I'd like

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to begin by showing you this image. It's the

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cover of the January 2000 and 14 issue of the

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Japanese Society of Artificial Intelligence. It's a watercolor illustration

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of a female female robot with a cable connected to

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her back. And when I first saw this,

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I couldn't but help to think, of course,

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of the cyborg female in the 1995 Ghost in the

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Shell, which I'm sure many of you have seen

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now. Her face, and especially her big eyes

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resemble Japanese manga or cartoons. She's wearing a light

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orange shirt dress white socks and green slippers, and

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she's holding a book in her right hand and a

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broom in her left. The housewife robot is in

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a sunny book line room, standing between an open

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window and a wicker veranda chair that one imagines is

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occupied by a scholar, Perhaps an older man.

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Something or someone has interrupted her reading. But why

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is she a robot perusing a book in the first

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place instead of sweeping the room? Now, before

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reporting on responses to the cover, let me say

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a few words about the Japanese Society of Artificial Intelligence

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. Founded in 1986 the Js ai has a membership

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of about 3000 people. The vast majority are men

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. The editorial board felt that a change of cover

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and you can see the previous issue here and all

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previous issues actually had this very text txt sort of

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appearance. They thought that a new cover might boost

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membership, and so the J. S. A

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. I posted an online call for cover illustrations.

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100 entries were submitted, the winner was a female

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illustrator and her image of a housewife robot was the

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top choice of the 30 member Jessa editorial board,

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which includes three women now. A note in the

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January issue explaining the new cover design said that the

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illustration represents a concept of quote artificial intelligence in everyday

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life and carries a message that quote cleaning robots are

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no exception to the integration of artificial intelligence in daily

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life. While criticism was swift and there was a

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spoof that was done of the cover, one critic

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, God created this spoof cover male Robot to underscore

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the sexism of the original. Now, by conflating

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cleaning robots with housewives, the J. S.

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A. I was rebuked for effectively reinforcing the status

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quo, a sexual division of labor in which females

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occupy domestic space and males public space. Moreover,

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the illustration, regardless of the illustrators actual intentions,

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also equates femaleness with housework and implies that book learning

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is a counterproductive distraction for women. Well, days

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later, the chief editor published an apology on behalf

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of the editorial board on the Js Ai website,

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J s website. He wrote. The front cover

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design is not intended to discriminate against women. The

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design gave room for the interpretation that women should clean

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, but we deeply regret that as a public academic

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group, we deeply regret that this matter was not

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more carefully considered. End quote. Apparently, the

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cover of the next issue, March 2014 reflected the

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editorial boards. Careful consideration. Now the viewer is

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positioned to occupy the housewife robots cybernetic gaze. We

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see that she is reading Hagel's phenomenology of mind in

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German, and we see the source of her distraction

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. Her robotic eyes are focused on a young boy

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, also a robot or the child she's babysitting.

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Why died? He appears to be shouting and waving

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to get her attention so absorbed as she with Hagel's

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theory of self consciousness. In another part of his

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apology for the January cover, the editor speaking for

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the J. S. A editorial board, rationalized

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that artificial intelligence is not an easy thing to depict

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as it has no physical form and that the quote

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appearance of any future robot that uses artificial intelligence to

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perform everyday tasks is a difficult issue. And I

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couldn't find the mayor issue it. It hasn't been

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released yet. For some reason, I find his

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justification for the cover totally facetious, for two main

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reasons. First, there are plenty of robots equipped

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with artificial intelligence currently in use including H R.

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P. Four c who can dance and sing.

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But you can't read Hagel yet. I have more

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to say about her later on and in fact I'm

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going to show you that j s A is covers

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reflect and reinforce the taken for granted nature of sexual

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and gender spatial division of human and robotic labour in

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Japanese society have inside outside. Second, contrary to

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the editors claims, artificial intelligence does indeed have physical

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form. Japanese roboticists helped to pioneer the principle of

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embodied intelligence or embodied cognition. Roboticists also point out

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that intelligence cannot merely exist in the form of an

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abstract algorithm but requires a physical form, a material

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body and specifically a body that, like humans,

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can be actively and continually in touch with its surroundings

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. In human babies, cognitive processes originated motor sensory

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experiences and are shaped as babies navigate their environment by

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looking at touching, tasting, smelling, hearing and

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listening to everything around them. Roboticists worked closely with

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child development specialists and studying how dynamic interactions between a

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robot and its environment can generate emergent autonomous behavior.

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And here you see, he touches me, you

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navigating a new office space, and they just equip

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the robot with more software so that it can understand

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it's environment better than before. Now there is considerable

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debate among roboticists as to what embodiment entails. Should

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robots be bipedal or quadra pedals or move about on

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wheels? How should their bodies be proportioned? How

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human like how female like or mail like should humanoid

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robots be? There's also no consensus on which machines

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qualify as robots. But generally speaking, a robot

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is an autonomous or semi autonomous device that performs its

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task according to direct human control to partial control with

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human supervision or completely autonomously. A robot, then

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, is an aggregation of different technologies such as sensors

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, software, telecommunications tools, motors and batteries,

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all of which make it capable of interacting with its

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environment. Mm. I now want to turn to

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the gender ring of real, tangible humanoid robots designed

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to coexist and interact with human beings in the home

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and workplace. And although I spelled this out in

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other publications, I'm only going to gloss over right

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now the fact that in Japan, robots are perceived

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as living things and also as friendly and unthreatening.

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This is in part to do with the animistic belief

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system. It's a non monotheistic, non Abrahamic monotheistic

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society, so there are no religious constraints on creating

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robots. Roboticists are not accused of playing God,

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as they often are in this country. In fact

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, I'd like to say about Japan. There's no

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God to play. Um, the Japanese do believe

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that there's a vital essence or a vital force in

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all things organic and inorganic. So robots are very

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much part of the living universe. Now, the

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majority of Japanese roboticists designing humanoids that will interact with

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humans and everyday living in working environments proceed with an

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idea of the gender of their creation in mind.

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The cover of the Js ai journal that I showed

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at the outset alludes to this most. That is

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to say, 99% of Japanese roboticists are male,

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but their sex per se is less relevant than the

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fact that they are products of their upbringing and socialization

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. And like the average person roboticists remain unconscious of

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and take for granted their habitual everyday behavior, which

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is quite resistant to change, and thus they reproduce

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in their robots, stereotypic forms and activities that they

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perceive in men and women in their environment. roboticists

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may perceive female and male bodies as specific forms of

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livability in the world, but they do not interrogate

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them, as feminist scholars especially have done. Rather

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, as I'm going to be discussing for their on

408
00:27:10.150 --> 00:27:14.250 A:middle L:90%
, they tend to uncritically reproduce and reinforce dominant stereotypes

409
00:27:14.250 --> 00:27:18.529 A:middle L:90%
or archetypes attached to male and female bodies. And

410
00:27:18.529 --> 00:27:22.619 A:middle L:90%
an anecdote from my field work is illustrative now.

411
00:27:22.619 --> 00:27:26.440 A:middle L:90%
Given the highly formalized, mind numbing and often robotic

412
00:27:26.440 --> 00:27:30.329 A:middle L:90%
nature of women's jobs such as Elevator Girl, it

413
00:27:30.329 --> 00:27:33.420 A:middle L:90%
would seem that robots could take their places. Yet

414
00:27:33.420 --> 00:27:37.480 A:middle L:90%
when I asked male roboticists why they did not urge

415
00:27:37.480 --> 00:27:41.130 A:middle L:90%
the replacement of elevator girls with humanoid robots, the

416
00:27:41.130 --> 00:27:45.220 A:middle L:90%
answer I received from Professor Takashi Lionel on the occasion

417
00:27:45.220 --> 00:27:48.619 A:middle L:90%
of my visit to his laboratory at Keio University was

418
00:27:48.619 --> 00:27:51.880 A:middle L:90%
typical. With a bemused look, he dismissed my

419
00:27:51.890 --> 00:27:56.339 A:middle L:90%
Western idea, noting that flesh and blood women supplied

420
00:27:56.339 --> 00:28:00.980 A:middle L:90%
an authentic aura of hospitality so crucial to ensuring customer

421
00:28:00.980 --> 00:28:06.259 A:middle L:90%
satisfaction. Now, I also need to note that

422
00:28:06.269 --> 00:28:11.950 A:middle L:90%
my nose, um, reference to Western on my

423
00:28:11.950 --> 00:28:18.170 A:middle L:90%
part in my experience over decades, working with Japanese

424
00:28:18.170 --> 00:28:22.240 A:middle L:90%
scholars is not an uncommon uh, is a not

425
00:28:22.250 --> 00:28:26.299 A:middle L:90%
uncommon, and it's a reactive way of avoiding uncomfortable

426
00:28:26.299 --> 00:28:30.440 A:middle L:90%
subjects. So using the same logic, one could

427
00:28:30.440 --> 00:28:33.319 A:middle L:90%
also dismiss science and robotics as Western and therefore somehow

428
00:28:33.319 --> 00:28:37.960 A:middle L:90%
not legitimate in Japan, and Japanese feminists have had

429
00:28:37.960 --> 00:28:40.950 A:middle L:90%
to refute similar charges for well over a century.

430
00:28:41.940 --> 00:28:44.660 A:middle L:90%
So let me shift gears at this juncture and put

431
00:28:44.660 --> 00:28:47.839 A:middle L:90%
gender robots and the gender ring of robots into a

432
00:28:47.839 --> 00:28:52.789 A:middle L:90%
broader social historical framework. Japan is home to over

433
00:28:52.789 --> 00:28:56.569 A:middle L:90%
half of the global share of the one million industrial

434
00:28:56.569 --> 00:29:00.619 A:middle L:90%
robots, and it leads in the creation and acceptance

435
00:29:00.839 --> 00:29:03.759 A:middle L:90%
of household robots that are being developed to care for

436
00:29:03.759 --> 00:29:07.349 A:middle L:90%
Children you see here and the growing number of senior

437
00:29:07.349 --> 00:29:11.269 A:middle L:90%
citizens. They are also being developed to provide companionship

438
00:29:11.279 --> 00:29:17.019 A:middle L:90%
and to perform domestic tasks by 2016, 2 years

439
00:29:17.019 --> 00:29:19.210 A:middle L:90%
from now, by which time each household is predicted

440
00:29:19.210 --> 00:29:22.789 A:middle L:90%
to own at least one robot the size of the

441
00:29:22.789 --> 00:29:25.829 A:middle L:90%
household robot market in Japan is expected to top nearly

442
00:29:25.829 --> 00:29:29.950 A:middle L:90%
20 million units. Why robots? Why now?

443
00:29:30.740 --> 00:29:33.579 A:middle L:90%
Faced with a rapidly aging and shrinking population and workforce

444
00:29:33.619 --> 00:29:38.490 A:middle L:90%
, Japanese politicians are continuing the Postwar precedent of pursuing

445
00:29:38.490 --> 00:29:44.380 A:middle L:90%
automation over replacement migration. Women are also being disregarded

446
00:29:44.380 --> 00:29:47.170 A:middle L:90%
as a talented and vital labor force, although the

447
00:29:47.170 --> 00:29:51.210 A:middle L:90%
prime minister claims he wants to change that. The

448
00:29:51.210 --> 00:29:55.029 A:middle L:90%
birth rate presently stands at about 1.3 Children per married

449
00:29:55.029 --> 00:29:59.529 A:middle L:90%
women and over 24% of the population of nearly 127

450
00:29:59.529 --> 00:30:03.849 A:middle L:90%
million people, which includes about 200 million legal foreign

451
00:30:03.849 --> 00:30:08.210 A:middle L:90%
residents, is over 65 years of age. As

452
00:30:08.210 --> 00:30:11.130 A:middle L:90%
I show in this picture, this is what the

453
00:30:11.140 --> 00:30:14.869 A:middle L:90%
government would love to see. But the demographic trends

454
00:30:14.869 --> 00:30:19.150 A:middle L:90%
of the opposite of this picture, the percentage of

455
00:30:19.150 --> 00:30:22.410 A:middle L:90%
elderly in Japan is expected to grow to over 40%

456
00:30:22.420 --> 00:30:27.339 A:middle L:90%
by 2050 and the latest estimates produced by the Health

457
00:30:27.339 --> 00:30:32.269 A:middle L:90%
Ministry, um, predicts that the population will shrink

458
00:30:32.279 --> 00:30:36.599 A:middle L:90%
to less than 111 million in 2035 into less than

459
00:30:36.599 --> 00:30:40.970 A:middle L:90%
90 million in 2000 and 55 now. Briefly,

460
00:30:41.019 --> 00:30:44.140 A:middle L:90%
women and men in Japan are postponing marriage until their

461
00:30:44.140 --> 00:30:48.039 A:middle L:90%
late twenties and even into their early thirties, and

462
00:30:48.039 --> 00:30:52.069 A:middle L:90%
some are issuing marriage altogether. And even married couples

463
00:30:52.079 --> 00:30:55.980 A:middle L:90%
are opting not to have Children. So the Japanese

464
00:30:55.980 --> 00:31:00.170 A:middle L:90%
government has been constantly revising, revising its demographic predictions

465
00:31:00.940 --> 00:31:04.420 A:middle L:90%
. Roboticists have been encouraged by the government and corporate

466
00:31:04.420 --> 00:31:08.170 A:middle L:90%
sector to address the three part problem of low birth

467
00:31:08.170 --> 00:31:12.700 A:middle L:90%
rate, aging society and diminishing labor force. But

468
00:31:12.700 --> 00:31:18.690 A:middle L:90%
where they are all calling for technological solutions robot caretakers

469
00:31:18.690 --> 00:31:22.890 A:middle L:90%
, robot babysitters, robot housekeepers, other groups are

470
00:31:22.890 --> 00:31:26.809 A:middle L:90%
calling for social and political solutions. For example,

471
00:31:26.809 --> 00:31:30.500 A:middle L:90%
the New Japan Women's Association has identified the nexus of

472
00:31:30.500 --> 00:31:33.799 A:middle L:90%
factors responsible for the low birthrate, and they've identified

473
00:31:33.799 --> 00:31:38.309 A:middle L:90%
that these factors have remained intact and unresolved things like

474
00:31:38.329 --> 00:31:41.059 A:middle L:90%
the shrinking family budget, the high cost of educating

475
00:31:41.059 --> 00:31:45.289 A:middle L:90%
Children, the dearth of public childcare facilities and after

476
00:31:45.289 --> 00:31:48.609 A:middle L:90%
school programs and, of course, excessively long working

477
00:31:48.609 --> 00:31:53.309 A:middle L:90%
hours and unpaid overtime work. Others have also noted

478
00:31:53.309 --> 00:31:56.690 A:middle L:90%
that Japanese women's refusal to marry or to marry very

479
00:31:56.690 --> 00:32:00.750 A:middle L:90%
late and the reluctance to have Children constitutes a form

480
00:32:00.750 --> 00:32:05.750 A:middle L:90%
of resistance or protest against the social system that continues

481
00:32:05.750 --> 00:32:08.500 A:middle L:90%
to regard women as second class citizens. And Japanese

482
00:32:08.500 --> 00:32:14.480 A:middle L:90%
men say that they postpone marriage because financially they can't

483
00:32:14.490 --> 00:32:17.759 A:middle L:90%
afford a family. Now, the premium, replaced

484
00:32:17.769 --> 00:32:22.920 A:middle L:90%
by the government on robotics as a techno utopian solution

485
00:32:22.920 --> 00:32:25.990 A:middle L:90%
to problems facing Japanese society today is clearly evident in

486
00:32:27.000 --> 00:32:31.390 A:middle L:90%
Innovation. 25 the central government's visionary blueprint for revitalizing

487
00:32:31.390 --> 00:32:38.250 A:middle L:90%
Japanese society and especially the household by 2025 revitalization is

488
00:32:38.250 --> 00:32:42.559 A:middle L:90%
glossed. Here is the robot ization of the household

489
00:32:42.559 --> 00:32:45.480 A:middle L:90%
in society. In February 2000 and seven, then

490
00:32:45.480 --> 00:32:53.160 A:middle L:90%
Minister Shinzo Abe unveiled Innovation 25 mm. The proposal

491
00:32:53.170 --> 00:32:57.490 A:middle L:90%
is accessible on the prime minister's website and a lot

492
00:32:57.490 --> 00:32:59.559 A:middle L:90%
of the images I'm showing you come from that website

493
00:33:00.140 --> 00:33:02.710 A:middle L:90%
. A newly coughed Abe looks a little like Ronald

494
00:33:02.710 --> 00:33:06.690 A:middle L:90%
Reagan here. I think was re elected prime minister

495
00:33:06.690 --> 00:33:09.339 A:middle L:90%
in December 2000 and 12 after serving as prime minister

496
00:33:09.339 --> 00:33:12.980 A:middle L:90%
for less than a year in his first attempt and

497
00:33:12.980 --> 00:33:14.980 A:middle L:90%
his plan to robot ties, Japan is back on

498
00:33:14.980 --> 00:33:19.579 A:middle L:90%
the fast track, although a succession of interim prime

499
00:33:19.579 --> 00:33:22.980 A:middle L:90%
ministers all supported innovation 25 it remained on the prime

500
00:33:22.980 --> 00:33:28.049 A:middle L:90%
minister's website in fact, maybe announced earlier this year

501
00:33:28.049 --> 00:33:31.710 A:middle L:90%
that his administration is prioritizing and bankrolling the development of

502
00:33:31.710 --> 00:33:37.789 A:middle L:90%
nursing and elder caregiving robots Nationwide. Surveys suggest that

503
00:33:37.789 --> 00:33:42.450 A:middle L:90%
Japanese citizens are more comfortable sharing working and living environments

504
00:33:42.450 --> 00:33:47.420 A:middle L:90%
with robots than with foreign helpers and caregivers and migrant

505
00:33:47.420 --> 00:33:51.799 A:middle L:90%
workers. Many seniors in particular, worry about the

506
00:33:51.799 --> 00:33:54.710 A:middle L:90%
stress of dealing with linguistic and cultural differences. Robots

507
00:33:54.710 --> 00:33:58.990 A:middle L:90%
are also imagined in animation 25 as the key to

508
00:33:58.990 --> 00:34:02.509 A:middle L:90%
resolving the trend among career minded Japanese women of delaying

509
00:34:02.519 --> 00:34:07.089 A:middle L:90%
or even entirely for going for going marriage and even

510
00:34:07.089 --> 00:34:09.500 A:middle L:90%
procreation. And how exactly are robots going to solve

511
00:34:09.500 --> 00:34:15.519 A:middle L:90%
these problems? Here you see robots leading exercises that

512
00:34:15.519 --> 00:34:19.269 A:middle L:90%
a senior citizens home, um stretching exercises and limbering

513
00:34:19.269 --> 00:34:23.769 A:middle L:90%
exercises now is illustrated Innovation 25. Prime Minister Abe

514
00:34:23.769 --> 00:34:28.800 A:middle L:90%
and his advisers believe that robot babysitters, housekeepers and

515
00:34:28.800 --> 00:34:31.949 A:middle L:90%
caregivers will relieve women from household chores and responsibilities,

516
00:34:32.150 --> 00:34:35.500 A:middle L:90%
making them more willing to get married and to have

517
00:34:35.500 --> 00:34:38.369 A:middle L:90%
more than 1.3 Children. And this is an image

518
00:34:38.380 --> 00:34:44.389 A:middle L:90%
from Innovation 25. You can see this multitasking pink

519
00:34:44.389 --> 00:34:47.719 A:middle L:90%
robot who's, um, giving a geometry lesson to

520
00:34:47.719 --> 00:34:52.260 A:middle L:90%
a child, nursing another child and doing the laundry

521
00:34:52.639 --> 00:34:55.329 A:middle L:90%
. And immediately after Innovation 25 was published, Toyota

522
00:34:55.329 --> 00:34:59.110 A:middle L:90%
, the motor company basically, which is also into

523
00:34:59.110 --> 00:35:04.389 A:middle L:90%
robotics, brought out a prototypical housewife robot who can

524
00:35:04.389 --> 00:35:07.539 A:middle L:90%
push a broom and put clothes in the washing machine

525
00:35:07.539 --> 00:35:14.800 A:middle L:90%
and carry dishes to the sink. Now, of

526
00:35:14.800 --> 00:35:15.809 A:middle L:90%
course, as you can see in this illustration from

527
00:35:15.809 --> 00:35:22.670 A:middle L:90%
innovation, 25 robot housewives may do all the work

528
00:35:22.039 --> 00:35:24.349 A:middle L:90%
, but married women are still wedded to the home

529
00:35:24.900 --> 00:35:28.750 A:middle L:90%
. Instead of going to an office like their husbands

530
00:35:29.940 --> 00:35:31.340 A:middle L:90%
, where they can socialize in person with their human

531
00:35:31.340 --> 00:35:36.059 A:middle L:90%
colleagues. The future women of Japan will telecommute to

532
00:35:36.059 --> 00:35:38.250 A:middle L:90%
work. And these images, by the way,

533
00:35:38.250 --> 00:35:45.199 A:middle L:90%
are from a fictional ethnography of the future Innovation family

534
00:35:45.199 --> 00:35:50.389 A:middle L:90%
in 2025. It's a fictional ethnography that is included

535
00:35:50.389 --> 00:35:53.409 A:middle L:90%
in the government's proposal for a robot ized society.

536
00:35:53.420 --> 00:36:00.590 A:middle L:90%
Fascinating reading and the fabricated last name of this particular

537
00:36:00.590 --> 00:36:05.480 A:middle L:90%
family is gonna be from the Japanese pronunciation of innovation

538
00:36:05.489 --> 00:36:07.190 A:middle L:90%
innovation. So, you know, by the end

539
00:36:07.190 --> 00:36:09.619 A:middle L:90%
of a family now, robots, in short,

540
00:36:09.630 --> 00:36:14.030 A:middle L:90%
reinforce the sexual and gender division of labor. In

541
00:36:14.030 --> 00:36:17.429 A:middle L:90%
space, Males occupy the public domains I've mentioned in

542
00:36:17.429 --> 00:36:22.179 A:middle L:90%
females the private or domestic domain. So gender complementarity

543
00:36:22.190 --> 00:36:25.739 A:middle L:90%
and not sexual equality is the retro tech message of

544
00:36:25.739 --> 00:36:30.460 A:middle L:90%
innovation. 25. Many of the robots, especially

545
00:36:30.460 --> 00:36:32.739 A:middle L:90%
humanoids developed in Japan over the past two decades,

546
00:36:32.750 --> 00:36:37.059 A:middle L:90%
are gendered, if somewhat ambiguously, to an untutored

547
00:36:37.070 --> 00:36:40.849 A:middle L:90%
eye rock. Cameroon, for example, is marketed

548
00:36:40.849 --> 00:36:45.650 A:middle L:90%
by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries as a household ballet and babysitter

549
00:36:46.230 --> 00:36:50.130 A:middle L:90%
. It was assigned male gender by its makers,

550
00:36:50.139 --> 00:36:52.980 A:middle L:90%
although at first glance the yellow humanoid seems to be

551
00:36:52.980 --> 00:36:57.030 A:middle L:90%
wearing a petticoat. But this is actually a body

552
00:36:57.030 --> 00:37:00.909 A:middle L:90%
shape modeled after the U Roy or samurai armor and

553
00:37:00.909 --> 00:37:05.050 A:middle L:90%
also the huh comma the pleated skirt worn over a

554
00:37:05.050 --> 00:37:08.329 A:middle L:90%
man's kimono on formal occasions. And in fact,

555
00:37:08.340 --> 00:37:14.269 A:middle L:90%
Wacha Maru is named after the immortalized 12th century samurai

556
00:37:14.329 --> 00:37:17.949 A:middle L:90%
Minamoto No Yoshitsune, whose childhood name was Sushi Wakamatsu

557
00:37:19.429 --> 00:37:22.769 A:middle L:90%
. It's kind of over determined masculinity as I'll show

558
00:37:22.769 --> 00:37:25.590 A:middle L:90%
the agenda. Ring of Robots also draws from assumptions

559
00:37:25.590 --> 00:37:30.500 A:middle L:90%
about professions or tasks. For example, al Socks

560
00:37:30.500 --> 00:37:32.199 A:middle L:90%
Masculine Security Robot, which is one of nine in

561
00:37:32.199 --> 00:37:37.909 A:middle L:90%
operation in Japan today. Shopping malls Robot gender also

562
00:37:37.909 --> 00:37:40.110 A:middle L:90%
draws. Uh, professions are test, so the

563
00:37:40.119 --> 00:37:45.119 A:middle L:90%
security robot is masculine. Here it is, uh

564
00:37:45.130 --> 00:37:49.360 A:middle L:90%
, surveying a shopping mall in Tokyo. Robot gender

565
00:37:49.360 --> 00:37:52.039 A:middle L:90%
also draws on impressions informed by shape, scale,

566
00:37:52.630 --> 00:37:57.849 A:middle L:90%
color, function and even social linguistic conventions. The

567
00:37:57.849 --> 00:38:00.949 A:middle L:90%
all stock robot is big, bulky and dark blue

568
00:38:00.420 --> 00:38:04.269 A:middle L:90%
and, uh, Wacha Maru is referred on the

569
00:38:04.269 --> 00:38:07.559 A:middle L:90%
maker's website as well. Cameroon kun and kun is

570
00:38:07.559 --> 00:38:12.929 A:middle L:90%
a masculine izing suffix. Now let's look at some

571
00:38:12.929 --> 00:38:15.840 A:middle L:90%
other robot bodies by way of human bodies. There

572
00:38:15.840 --> 00:38:19.420 A:middle L:90%
are at least two kinds of human bodies the female

573
00:38:19.420 --> 00:38:21.940 A:middle L:90%
body and the male body. But that said,

574
00:38:22.179 --> 00:38:24.420 A:middle L:90%
female bodies and male bodies themselves are distinguished by a

575
00:38:24.420 --> 00:38:29.789 A:middle L:90%
great deal of biological variability, from outward appearance to

576
00:38:29.789 --> 00:38:34.940 A:middle L:90%
biochemical constitution to physical capabilities. But gender is not

577
00:38:34.940 --> 00:38:37.880 A:middle L:90%
simply a natural feature or characteristic of a given female

578
00:38:37.880 --> 00:38:42.320 A:middle L:90%
body or given male body the relationship between sex.

579
00:38:42.320 --> 00:38:44.230 A:middle L:90%
And I know that almost all of you here No

580
00:38:44.230 --> 00:38:46.679 A:middle L:90%
, this, uh, female male and gender femininity

581
00:38:46.679 --> 00:38:51.989 A:middle L:90%
. Masculinity is socially and culturally determined, standardized and

582
00:38:51.989 --> 00:38:54.469 A:middle L:90%
mediated. In Japan, past and present, the

583
00:38:54.469 --> 00:38:59.860 A:middle L:90%
relationship between sex and gender has been and remains quite

584
00:38:59.860 --> 00:39:04.539 A:middle L:90%
slippery. For example, femininity and masculinity have been

585
00:39:04.539 --> 00:39:08.380 A:middle L:90%
performed by both female and male bodies as epitomised by

586
00:39:08.380 --> 00:39:13.500 A:middle L:90%
the 400 year old Kabuki, all male Kabuki theater

587
00:39:13.550 --> 00:39:17.440 A:middle L:90%
and the all female Takarazuka Revue, founded in 1913

588
00:39:19.420 --> 00:39:21.900 A:middle L:90%
and both are mainstream theaters. These are not sort

589
00:39:21.900 --> 00:39:25.420 A:middle L:90%
of off the beaten track kinds of performances. Nevertheless

590
00:39:25.420 --> 00:39:30.019 A:middle L:90%
, both theaters continue to reproduce on stage not alternative

591
00:39:30.130 --> 00:39:35.159 A:middle L:90%
, much less subversive but dominant stereotypes of femininity and

592
00:39:35.159 --> 00:39:38.619 A:middle L:90%
masculinity, even if ideal femininity is performed by a

593
00:39:38.619 --> 00:39:43.880 A:middle L:90%
male in Kabuki and ideal masculinity by a female in

594
00:39:43.880 --> 00:39:46.780 A:middle L:90%
the Takarazuka Revue. In other words, the artifice

595
00:39:46.789 --> 00:39:51.110 A:middle L:90%
of the unity or coherence of sex and gender is

596
00:39:51.110 --> 00:39:55.090 A:middle L:90%
highlighted in both theaters, even as the actor's performances

597
00:39:55.219 --> 00:40:00.630 A:middle L:90%
reinforced on stage at least heteronormative itty and offstage as

598
00:40:00.630 --> 00:40:06.840 A:middle L:90%
I've written in several articles. Both theaters have contributed

599
00:40:06.840 --> 00:40:10.760 A:middle L:90%
to the formation of sexual subcultures. You have Kabuki

600
00:40:10.760 --> 00:40:14.489 A:middle L:90%
actors who performed as women on stage, living off

601
00:40:14.489 --> 00:40:17.630 A:middle L:90%
stage as women, in which case their gender identity

602
00:40:17.809 --> 00:40:22.440 A:middle L:90%
superseded there. Anatomical bodies. And in the case

603
00:40:22.440 --> 00:40:25.980 A:middle L:90%
of the Takarazuka Review, as I've written, uh

604
00:40:25.989 --> 00:40:30.329 A:middle L:90%
, there was spawned in the early 20th century,

605
00:40:30.329 --> 00:40:35.579 A:middle L:90%
a butch femme lesbian subcultural style in Japan. Now

606
00:40:35.579 --> 00:40:39.000 A:middle L:90%
, robot bodies are purposefully designed to fit a particular

607
00:40:39.000 --> 00:40:43.440 A:middle L:90%
task or role in society. And since these roles

608
00:40:43.440 --> 00:40:45.480 A:middle L:90%
are often gendered, a given robots body is equipped

609
00:40:45.489 --> 00:40:52.000 A:middle L:90%
with what I call cultural genitals. And this is

610
00:40:52.000 --> 00:40:54.869 A:middle L:90%
a term from Suzanne Kessler and Wendy McKenna's Um uh

611
00:40:54.869 --> 00:41:00.530 A:middle L:90%
huh, a book, The ethno methodology of gender

612
00:41:00.809 --> 00:41:04.550 A:middle L:90%
. Now, in contrast, human babies are separated

613
00:41:04.550 --> 00:41:07.179 A:middle L:90%
at birth into two categories. Female and male,

614
00:41:07.179 --> 00:41:08.570 A:middle L:90%
based on the appearance of their genitals. And if

615
00:41:08.570 --> 00:41:13.070 A:middle L:90%
that appearances indeterminant and intersects, the infant is often

616
00:41:13.070 --> 00:41:15.480 A:middle L:90%
surgically altered to fit neatly into a pink or blue

617
00:41:15.480 --> 00:41:17.900 A:middle L:90%
category. Of course, even the practice of determining

618
00:41:17.900 --> 00:41:21.860 A:middle L:90%
the proper female or male appearance of a given baby's

619
00:41:21.860 --> 00:41:25.360 A:middle L:90%
genitals is informed by gender ideology. But even if

620
00:41:25.360 --> 00:41:29.400 A:middle L:90%
you give an infant is surgically made to fit normative

621
00:41:29.400 --> 00:41:32.909 A:middle L:90%
definitions of corporeal femaleness or male nous. The madness

622
00:41:32.920 --> 00:41:37.110 A:middle L:90%
of a robot is arguably different, and this is

623
00:41:37.110 --> 00:41:40.199 A:middle L:90%
because a robot is a body type constructed from the

624
00:41:40.199 --> 00:41:45.780 A:middle L:90%
drawing board stage as a necessary condition of its gendered

625
00:41:45.780 --> 00:41:47.300 A:middle L:90%
social role. So I want to look at some

626
00:41:47.300 --> 00:41:53.409 A:middle L:90%
more robots to make this point clearer. Tom Otaka

627
00:41:53.420 --> 00:41:58.360 A:middle L:90%
Takahashi, leading robot designer and founder of Robo Garage

628
00:41:58.610 --> 00:42:00.940 A:middle L:90%
, predicts that over half of all future humanoids will

629
00:42:00.940 --> 00:42:05.030 A:middle L:90%
be female. In April 2000 and six, Takahashi

630
00:42:05.039 --> 00:42:09.219 A:middle L:90%
unveiled the bipedal ft for female type, his first

631
00:42:09.230 --> 00:42:13.130 A:middle L:90%
them. But up until that time, he explained

632
00:42:13.139 --> 00:42:15.539 A:middle L:90%
. And I quote, the great majority of robots

633
00:42:15.539 --> 00:42:17.909 A:middle L:90%
were either machine like male like or childlike for the

634
00:42:17.909 --> 00:42:22.130 A:middle L:90%
reasons that they are not only not only for the

635
00:42:22.130 --> 00:42:25.119 A:middle L:90%
reasons that not only are virtually all roboticist mail,

636
00:42:25.199 --> 00:42:30.639 A:middle L:90%
but also that fembots posed greater technical difficulties. Not

637
00:42:30.639 --> 00:42:32.389 A:middle L:90%
only did the servo motor and platform have to be

638
00:42:32.400 --> 00:42:37.070 A:middle L:90%
interior arised, but the body of the fembot needed

639
00:42:37.070 --> 00:42:42.369 A:middle L:90%
to be slender, which is very difficult undertaking,

640
00:42:42.519 --> 00:42:46.550 A:middle L:90%
and I end quote So technical difficulties aside, Takahashi

641
00:42:46.550 --> 00:42:50.980 A:middle L:90%
and my research suggests that he is quite representative of

642
00:42:50.980 --> 00:42:54.949 A:middle L:90%
Japanese robot Assistant General Takahashi invokes in no uncertain terms

643
00:42:54.960 --> 00:42:59.230 A:middle L:90%
, his common sense view that an attribution of female

644
00:42:59.230 --> 00:43:02.639 A:middle L:90%
gender requires an interior arised, slender body and male

645
00:43:02.639 --> 00:43:07.820 A:middle L:90%
gender and exterior arised, stocky body. In order

646
00:43:07.820 --> 00:43:12.730 A:middle L:90%
to feminized FT over and beyond her interior arised body

647
00:43:13.099 --> 00:43:15.590 A:middle L:90%
, Takahashi consulted with a number of professional fashion models

648
00:43:15.840 --> 00:43:21.800 A:middle L:90%
in developing an algorithm in enabling the 33 centimeter diva

649
00:43:21.800 --> 00:43:24.199 A:middle L:90%
but to perform a graceful catwalk with all the twists

650
00:43:24.199 --> 00:43:29.579 A:middle L:90%
and turns imposes of a supermodel. And she's even

651
00:43:29.579 --> 00:43:32.050 A:middle L:90%
wearing high heels and has her hands that are found

652
00:43:32.050 --> 00:43:36.219 A:middle L:90%
out to the side. Now, several years before

653
00:43:36.230 --> 00:43:40.119 A:middle L:90%
Ft's debut, Tatsuya Matsui, the founder of Flour

654
00:43:40.119 --> 00:43:45.530 A:middle L:90%
Robotics, created Posey and Pino, two humanoids that

655
00:43:45.530 --> 00:43:47.369 A:middle L:90%
typify the common sense, attributes. A female and

656
00:43:47.369 --> 00:43:52.619 A:middle L:90%
male gender of interiority and exterior authority, slender nous

657
00:43:52.809 --> 00:43:58.139 A:middle L:90%
and stock Penis. The bipedal Pino, who's pointy

658
00:43:58.139 --> 00:44:01.420 A:middle L:90%
nose recapitulates that of Pinocchio. His Italian namesake was

659
00:44:01.420 --> 00:44:04.630 A:middle L:90%
scaled to the size of a one year old child

660
00:44:04.630 --> 00:44:07.139 A:middle L:90%
, taking his first steps. It's about 75 centimeters

661
00:44:07.139 --> 00:44:10.449 A:middle L:90%
tall, According to Matsui, the scale of a

662
00:44:10.449 --> 00:44:15.949 A:middle L:90%
fully grown adult piano would really be a threatening presence

663
00:44:15.960 --> 00:44:20.699 A:middle L:90%
and would cause a lot of unease. In addition

664
00:44:20.699 --> 00:44:25.969 A:middle L:90%
to being cumbersome and overpowering, Pinots masculinity is suggested

665
00:44:25.969 --> 00:44:30.679 A:middle L:90%
through the incorporation of conventional ized masculinity markers such as

666
00:44:30.679 --> 00:44:35.840 A:middle L:90%
a squarish head and angular jaw, firm chin,

667
00:44:35.849 --> 00:44:39.739 A:middle L:90%
sturdy neck and straight shoulders. His visor changes colors

668
00:44:39.750 --> 00:44:44.630 A:middle L:90%
depending on his mood. Matsu claims that Pinos segmented

669
00:44:44.630 --> 00:44:47.519 A:middle L:90%
body was inspired by the life masculinity, a life

670
00:44:47.530 --> 00:44:52.849 A:middle L:90%
muscularity of male ballet dancers and echoing Takahashi's notion of

671
00:44:52.860 --> 00:44:58.849 A:middle L:90%
exterior arised masculinity. He left the boy bots internal

672
00:44:58.849 --> 00:45:04.219 A:middle L:90%
machinery visible to underscore his anatomy. Unlike piano,

673
00:45:04.789 --> 00:45:08.800 A:middle L:90%
who's segmented body is incomplete or unfinished Americans and Japanese

674
00:45:09.190 --> 00:45:14.440 A:middle L:90%
, Posey's veiled body imparts a sense of modesty and

675
00:45:14.449 --> 00:45:17.940 A:middle L:90%
innocence. Although he modeled Posey after a flower girl

676
00:45:17.949 --> 00:45:22.250 A:middle L:90%
at a church wedding, Matsui imagines her working in

677
00:45:22.250 --> 00:45:28.010 A:middle L:90%
the future as a receptionist. Posey's poses to almond

678
00:45:28.489 --> 00:45:32.769 A:middle L:90%
shaped and feminine eyes represent a technological breakthrough. Most

679
00:45:32.769 --> 00:45:38.159 A:middle L:90%
humanoids have visors or large eyes that accommodate a digital

680
00:45:38.159 --> 00:45:42.840 A:middle L:90%
camera within the head. Posey, symmetrical, human

681
00:45:42.840 --> 00:45:45.820 A:middle L:90%
like eyes required that to separate conjoined cameras had to

682
00:45:45.820 --> 00:45:50.619 A:middle L:90%
be installed like Hello, Kitty Posey lacks a mouth

683
00:45:50.630 --> 00:45:52.619 A:middle L:90%
, as does Pino. Her head, in the

684
00:45:52.619 --> 00:45:54.929 A:middle L:90%
form of a page boy haircut, sits atop her

685
00:45:54.929 --> 00:45:59.070 A:middle L:90%
willingly neck, and her puffy cheeks conjure the image

686
00:45:59.070 --> 00:46:02.010 A:middle L:90%
of a cherubic young girl, a sleeveless gossamer dress

687
00:46:02.010 --> 00:46:07.809 A:middle L:90%
simultaneously gives Posey and angelic appearance highlights her smooth,

688
00:46:07.820 --> 00:46:12.530 A:middle L:90%
anthropomorphic arms and hands and covers or interior rises,

689
00:46:12.769 --> 00:46:16.000 A:middle L:90%
the unfeminine network of wires and metal plates forming her

690
00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:21.449 A:middle L:90%
body. One of the newest humanoid robots is H

691
00:46:21.460 --> 00:46:24.769 A:middle L:90%
R P. Four c nickname meme. She was

692
00:46:24.769 --> 00:46:28.449 A:middle L:90%
unveiled in the spring of 2000 and nine by the

693
00:46:28.449 --> 00:46:31.150 A:middle L:90%
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. The

694
00:46:31.150 --> 00:46:36.789 A:middle L:90%
Japanese mitt, her shape and proportions are those of

695
00:46:36.789 --> 00:46:40.239 A:middle L:90%
the average Japanese human female. She's 100 and 58

696
00:46:40.250 --> 00:46:45.730 A:middle L:90%
centimeters tall about my height and weighs 43 kg,

697
00:46:45.730 --> 00:46:47.269 A:middle L:90%
including the battery. And she's actually 10 kg lighter

698
00:46:47.269 --> 00:46:52.239 A:middle L:90%
than the average Japanese woman. Her silicon face was

699
00:46:52.239 --> 00:46:58.400 A:middle L:90%
fashioned from a composite photograph of the five secretaries working

700
00:46:58.400 --> 00:47:02.489 A:middle L:90%
at Iced Uh huh. Her hands are also covered

701
00:47:02.769 --> 00:47:06.340 A:middle L:90%
in a silicon skin, but the rest of her

702
00:47:06.340 --> 00:47:10.599 A:middle L:90%
body consists of silver and black plastic molded to resemble

703
00:47:10.610 --> 00:47:14.019 A:middle L:90%
. And the state's me. To be honest,

704
00:47:14.159 --> 00:47:17.820 A:middle L:90%
Jane Fonda's Barbarella like costumes, which accents accentuates her

705
00:47:17.820 --> 00:47:22.489 A:middle L:90%
ample breasts and shapely, naturalistic buttocks. And I

706
00:47:22.489 --> 00:47:25.969 A:middle L:90%
have not yet received a good answer from roboticists as

707
00:47:25.969 --> 00:47:29.849 A:middle L:90%
to why, on earth a robot needs breasts and

708
00:47:29.860 --> 00:47:37.400 A:middle L:90%
a lifelike push, frankly not clear now H R

709
00:47:37.400 --> 00:47:42.090 A:middle L:90%
P Foresee or memes movements were part of an algorithm

710
00:47:42.579 --> 00:47:45.389 A:middle L:90%
developed by motion, capturing those of human females and

711
00:47:45.389 --> 00:47:47.929 A:middle L:90%
then mimicking them. Equipped with artificial intelligence. Her

712
00:47:47.929 --> 00:47:52.639 A:middle L:90%
interactions with humans have been abled have been enabled through

713
00:47:52.639 --> 00:48:00.099 A:middle L:90%
speech and gesture recognition. Mm debuted at a fashion

714
00:48:00.099 --> 00:48:04.570 A:middle L:90%
show held during the eighth Japanese Fashion Week in Tokyo

715
00:48:04.679 --> 00:48:06.659 A:middle L:90%
. This opened in 2000 and nine, and she's

716
00:48:06.659 --> 00:48:08.579 A:middle L:90%
modeling a wedding dress. So here the robot is

717
00:48:08.579 --> 00:48:13.050 A:middle L:90%
being used, somewhat ironically, to promote weddings for

718
00:48:13.050 --> 00:48:15.710 A:middle L:90%
marriage. Shy females. She's been recently shown to

719
00:48:15.710 --> 00:48:20.300 A:middle L:90%
cost play as the leading Japanese vocal, Lloyd Hudson

720
00:48:20.300 --> 00:48:24.300 A:middle L:90%
, a MCU and she also sidelines as a singer

721
00:48:24.300 --> 00:48:27.860 A:middle L:90%
dancer. And I'd like to show you a YouTube

722
00:48:27.860 --> 00:48:35.159 A:middle L:90%
clip at this point. Mm. And my slides

723
00:48:35.159 --> 00:48:37.590 A:middle L:90%
have not been advancing over here. Just one sick

724
00:48:51.670 --> 00:48:52.699 A:middle L:90%
. Do we have the technician in the room?

725
00:48:53.269 --> 00:49:02.239 A:middle L:90%
Yeah. Hopefully I can get the video to work

726
00:49:02.239 --> 00:49:16.710 A:middle L:90%
, even though it doesn't. Yeah, the screen

727
00:49:16.710 --> 00:49:24.269 A:middle L:90%
isn't unfortunately not duplicated. Let's see. Yeah,

728
00:49:27.070 --> 00:49:37.389 A:middle L:90%
that's it. Not a problem. Yeah. See

729
00:49:37.389 --> 00:49:40.159 A:middle L:90%
, I'm not getting I'm not getting what's up.

730
00:49:40.159 --> 00:49:43.179 A:middle L:90%
Very. I just realized. And I need to

731
00:49:43.179 --> 00:49:45.449 A:middle L:90%
show the video. Sorry, we can take a

732
00:49:45.449 --> 00:49:47.389 A:middle L:90%
station break. It's got to be duplicate. Okay

733
00:49:49.269 --> 00:49:52.119 A:middle L:90%
, Not so fast. Here we go. And

734
00:49:52.119 --> 00:49:53.619 A:middle L:90%
see that comes in. Yeah. Oh, I

735
00:49:53.619 --> 00:50:00.690 A:middle L:90%
don't want Yeah, this one here. Oh,

736
00:50:01.159 --> 00:50:04.079 A:middle L:90%
I don't want the stuff on the side showing them

737
00:50:04.760 --> 00:50:07.690 A:middle L:90%
. Just click this couple that. Okay, Great

738
00:50:07.699 --> 00:50:09.110 A:middle L:90%
. Okay. Thank you so much. There we

739
00:50:09.110 --> 00:50:35.690 A:middle L:90%
go. Yeah, right. Mhm. Mhm.

740
00:50:37.059 --> 00:50:47.389 A:middle L:90%
Yeah, yeah, They're going to die. So

741
00:50:50.760 --> 00:51:00.929 A:middle L:90%
yeah. Wow. Yeah. Bye. Okay.

742
00:51:00.929 --> 00:51:04.420 A:middle L:90%
Now. Yeah. Okay. Well, you said

743
00:51:04.789 --> 00:51:15.059 A:middle L:90%
it wasn't on deep litter. Oh, yeah.

744
00:51:22.760 --> 00:51:37.690 A:middle L:90%
Mhm. Okay, you get the idea, right

745
00:51:40.460 --> 00:51:43.949 A:middle L:90%
? It's quite amazing that she's not falling over.

746
00:51:43.960 --> 00:51:45.599 A:middle L:90%
I mean, really, she keeps her balance and

747
00:51:45.599 --> 00:51:51.480 A:middle L:90%
keeps time with the music and just phenomenal. And

748
00:51:51.480 --> 00:51:52.010 A:middle L:90%
she's the only robot, by the way up there

749
00:51:52.019 --> 00:51:59.829 A:middle L:90%
. So Okay, now welcome. ARU al sock

750
00:51:59.829 --> 00:52:04.659 A:middle L:90%
The security robot Ft Posey Pinot meme h r p

751
00:52:04.659 --> 00:52:07.409 A:middle L:90%
four c are all gender humanoid robots that approximate or

752
00:52:07.409 --> 00:52:10.260 A:middle L:90%
replicate the shape and proportions of the human body.

753
00:52:12.650 --> 00:52:15.570 A:middle L:90%
I'd like to look at humanoids now that are designed

754
00:52:15.570 --> 00:52:20.289 A:middle L:90%
, specifically designed to pass as actual humans. And

755
00:52:20.300 --> 00:52:22.969 A:middle L:90%
these are more precisely called Androids and guy noise.

756
00:52:22.980 --> 00:52:27.380 A:middle L:90%
And they're made to resemble specific human females or males

757
00:52:28.050 --> 00:52:32.730 A:middle L:90%
, and they're given standardized and stereotypically gendered features Ishiguro

758
00:52:32.739 --> 00:52:37.719 A:middle L:90%
Hiroshi. A robot assist at Osaka University is famous

759
00:52:37.719 --> 00:52:42.210 A:middle L:90%
worldwide for his Androids. Or he uses the term

760
00:52:42.219 --> 00:52:45.360 A:middle L:90%
gem in oId Gemma Noid h i, for his

761
00:52:45.369 --> 00:52:51.090 A:middle L:90%
initials, was created in 2000 and six as his

762
00:52:51.099 --> 00:52:55.889 A:middle L:90%
twin, through which he telepresence is his unique personhood

763
00:52:55.889 --> 00:53:01.639 A:middle L:90%
and authority and briefly distributed or telepresence. Personhood refers

764
00:53:01.639 --> 00:53:07.159 A:middle L:90%
to the ability of human actors to intentionally relocate some

765
00:53:07.159 --> 00:53:09.449 A:middle L:90%
of their agency and authority into things beyond the body

766
00:53:09.449 --> 00:53:14.280 A:middle L:90%
boundary. Uh, he hopes to use, uh

767
00:53:14.289 --> 00:53:15.809 A:middle L:90%
, gem annoyed H one, um, as a

768
00:53:15.809 --> 00:53:20.219 A:middle L:90%
substitute lecture so he can stay home and teaches lectures

769
00:53:20.230 --> 00:53:22.579 A:middle L:90%
. Uh, actually, I sent my gem annoyed

770
00:53:22.590 --> 00:53:28.250 A:middle L:90%
today. I'm busy in in Michigan right now.

771
00:53:28.250 --> 00:53:30.780 A:middle L:90%
Gem in oId H eyes, Silicon and steel body

772
00:53:30.780 --> 00:53:35.869 A:middle L:90%
was made from casts taken from Ishiguro's body, and

773
00:53:35.880 --> 00:53:38.530 A:middle L:90%
its hair was transplanted from Ishiguro's own head. The

774
00:53:38.530 --> 00:53:45.679 A:middle L:90%
android wears his makers unfashionable beige, uh, wow

775
00:53:45.250 --> 00:53:50.829 A:middle L:90%
shirt, dark trousers and black windbreaker jacket controlled by

776
00:53:50.840 --> 00:53:53.329 A:middle L:90%
a motion capture interface. Gem annoyed H. I

777
00:53:53.329 --> 00:53:58.789 A:middle L:90%
can imitate Ishiguro's singularly distinctive and subtle body and facial

778
00:53:58.789 --> 00:54:01.769 A:middle L:90%
movements, and it can reproduce Ishiguro's voice in synchronization

779
00:54:01.909 --> 00:54:07.099 A:middle L:90%
with its posture with his posture and movements. Now

780
00:54:07.099 --> 00:54:10.570 A:middle L:90%
, although Ishiguro has created only one android. He

781
00:54:10.570 --> 00:54:14.809 A:middle L:90%
has created several guy noise, beginning with his own

782
00:54:14.809 --> 00:54:20.550 A:middle L:90%
daughter here, which freaked her out, followed by

783
00:54:20.550 --> 00:54:24.300 A:middle L:90%
a double of newscaster Iacopo Fuji and then a series

784
00:54:24.309 --> 00:54:29.940 A:middle L:90%
of AC Troy aids. His latest guy, Noid

785
00:54:29.949 --> 00:54:31.139 A:middle L:90%
, is Gemma Noid F. F. S for

786
00:54:31.139 --> 00:54:36.230 A:middle L:90%
female. The the Human Models identity has been kept

787
00:54:36.239 --> 00:54:37.239 A:middle L:90%
confidential, but every time I look at the slide

788
00:54:37.239 --> 00:54:38.789 A:middle L:90%
, I think he looks like one of my students

789
00:54:38.789 --> 00:54:44.980 A:middle L:90%
actually at, um um, but G gem annoyed

790
00:54:44.989 --> 00:54:50.059 A:middle L:90%
F is his most realistic and sophisticated robot to date

791
00:54:50.440 --> 00:54:52.199 A:middle L:90%
. And as you'll see in the video clip that

792
00:54:52.199 --> 00:54:52.840 A:middle L:90%
I'm going to show you in a minute. Her

793
00:54:52.840 --> 00:54:58.280 A:middle L:90%
subtle, seemingly unconscious movements give gem in oId F

794
00:54:58.280 --> 00:55:01.440 A:middle L:90%
an eerie verisimilitude. You'll see the slight flutter of

795
00:55:01.440 --> 00:55:05.420 A:middle L:90%
her eyelids, the gentle, rising and falling of

796
00:55:05.420 --> 00:55:08.630 A:middle L:90%
her chest, which gives the appearance of breathing and

797
00:55:08.630 --> 00:55:14.260 A:middle L:90%
her constant, nearly imperceptible shifting so familiar to humans

798
00:55:14.840 --> 00:55:16.670 A:middle L:90%
. However, unlike H R. P four c

799
00:55:16.679 --> 00:55:21.449 A:middle L:90%
, she cannot walk. Recently, she's been tested

800
00:55:21.449 --> 00:55:23.699 A:middle L:90%
in hospitals as an intake nurse, and patients have

801
00:55:23.699 --> 00:55:28.820 A:middle L:90%
examined that the gem annoyed FC Natural smiling presence was

802
00:55:28.820 --> 00:55:35.510 A:middle L:90%
most reassuring. In 2010 gem in oId F was

803
00:55:35.510 --> 00:55:37.880 A:middle L:90%
cast in a play written by Hirata Orissa, one

804
00:55:37.880 --> 00:55:42.429 A:middle L:90%
of Japan's leading playwrights, in which he plays a

805
00:55:42.429 --> 00:55:45.400 A:middle L:90%
guy annoyed caregiver looking after the last remaining human on

806
00:55:45.409 --> 00:55:50.530 A:middle L:90%
earth who was suffering from terminal cancer. And Jim

807
00:55:50.530 --> 00:55:55.059 A:middle L:90%
annoyed F basically recites poetry to comfort her human subject

808
00:55:57.639 --> 00:56:00.599 A:middle L:90%
or her human patients. Now, earlier, I

809
00:56:00.599 --> 00:56:04.199 A:middle L:90%
pointed out that robots are designed with a specific gender

810
00:56:04.199 --> 00:56:07.730 A:middle L:90%
and profession or role in mind. But that doesn't

811
00:56:07.730 --> 00:56:10.960 A:middle L:90%
mean that their gender appearance is fixed and unalterable.

812
00:56:12.530 --> 00:56:16.480 A:middle L:90%
Following the example of Kabuki and Takarazuka Revue actors gem

813
00:56:16.480 --> 00:56:19.949 A:middle L:90%
in oId f has been given the opportunity to cross

814
00:56:19.949 --> 00:56:23.000 A:middle L:90%
dress. And I I want to show you a

815
00:56:23.000 --> 00:56:28.880 A:middle L:90%
video, and the roboticists gives a rationale as to

816
00:56:28.880 --> 00:56:34.269 A:middle L:90%
why he allowed her to to occupy a new subject

817
00:56:34.269 --> 00:56:38.869 A:middle L:90%
position. It just goes to show that cosmetics and

818
00:56:38.880 --> 00:56:45.559 A:middle L:90%
costume and style of speech are all, uh,

819
00:56:45.570 --> 00:56:47.690 A:middle L:90%
responsible for creating a gender appearance. So let me

820
00:56:47.690 --> 00:56:53.989 A:middle L:90%
show you it have to turn it up here,

821
00:56:54.000 --> 00:57:21.550 A:middle L:90%
too. Not that loud, is it? Minimize

822
00:57:21.550 --> 00:57:24.690 A:middle L:90%
it and change the what system. Oh, which

823
00:57:24.690 --> 00:57:28.250 A:middle L:90%
would be where I use a max. I'm not

824
00:57:29.230 --> 00:57:30.829 A:middle L:90%
Oh, this thing here. Yeah, thanks.

825
00:57:30.829 --> 00:57:31.269 A:middle L:90%
Yeah, because I turned it down earlier. Okay

826
00:57:31.269 --> 00:57:34.690 A:middle L:90%
, great. Thank you. All right, here

827
00:57:34.690 --> 00:57:40.860 A:middle L:90%
we go. I has developed a mobile version of

828
00:57:40.860 --> 00:57:45.139 A:middle L:90%
its android robot afterward, which was first shown to

829
00:57:45.139 --> 00:57:47.940 A:middle L:90%
the public. Lost you. These human like robots

830
00:57:47.940 --> 00:57:51.710 A:middle L:90%
imitate the movements of the people they are watching and

831
00:57:51.710 --> 00:57:53.639 A:middle L:90%
are currently being placed as observers in hospitals to see

832
00:57:53.639 --> 00:58:00.530 A:middle L:90%
how patients feel in their presence. Personal holiday.

833
00:58:00.599 --> 00:58:05.699 A:middle L:90%
He created that? Yeah. Mhm. You just

834
00:58:05.699 --> 00:58:36.539 A:middle L:90%
going to say this? Yeah. Structure three.

835
00:58:36.550 --> 00:58:43.449 A:middle L:90%
You're not. Can you stop? Actually, it

836
00:58:43.449 --> 00:58:45.449 A:middle L:90%
is a series of robots developed by cholera. These

837
00:58:45.449 --> 00:58:47.889 A:middle L:90%
robots have a very human like appearance and range of

838
00:58:47.889 --> 00:58:52.219 A:middle L:90%
motions, Yet they only have 12 degrees of freedom

839
00:58:52.230 --> 00:58:54.380 A:middle L:90%
, mostly in the face. This feature makes the

840
00:58:54.380 --> 00:58:59.150 A:middle L:90%
actual system much smaller and lighter than ordinary robot systems

841
00:59:00.119 --> 00:59:01.230 A:middle L:90%
. Now, by placing cameras in the redness of

842
00:59:01.230 --> 00:59:05.349 A:middle L:90%
the recoils, I still enabled the reports to direct

843
00:59:05.360 --> 00:59:24.650 A:middle L:90%
line of sight towards the subject. You don't of

844
00:59:24.650 --> 00:59:50.940 A:middle L:90%
course, Must see I can come down. And

845
00:59:54.630 --> 01:00:00.000 A:middle L:90%
many people. Thank you so much. So you

846
01:00:00.219 --> 01:00:05.309 A:middle L:90%
you don't feel any sort of money? Uh,

847
01:00:06.460 --> 01:00:13.469 A:middle L:90%
Just a question. Like, uh uh uh uh

848
01:00:13.920 --> 01:00:37.820 A:middle L:90%
uh uh. Uh huh, Uh huh. From

849
01:00:37.309 --> 01:00:40.150 A:middle L:90%
, as well as continuing the hospital trial, as

850
01:00:40.150 --> 01:00:43.289 A:middle L:90%
would like to see if this weapon could be helpful

851
01:00:43.289 --> 01:00:45.670 A:middle L:90%
in other ways. For example, talking with elderly

852
01:00:45.670 --> 01:00:50.820 A:middle L:90%
people to help prevent mental decline and improving communication skills

853
01:00:50.820 --> 01:00:54.139 A:middle L:90%
among Children with developmental disorders. Digging for news?

854
01:01:00.610 --> 01:01:09.750 A:middle L:90%
Yeah, so I'd like to move now to my

855
01:01:09.760 --> 01:01:14.059 A:middle L:90%
conclusion. It's more like a critical coda, actually

856
01:01:14.070 --> 01:01:15.530 A:middle L:90%
, and I have a blank slide for the minute

857
01:01:16.909 --> 01:01:22.440 A:middle L:90%
. Innovation 25 the Attendant Initiative to Robot Ties.

858
01:01:22.440 --> 01:01:25.820 A:middle L:90%
Everyday life was spurred by demographic problems facing Japanese society

859
01:01:27.309 --> 01:01:30.880 A:middle L:90%
, namely the looming population crisis caused by declining birth

860
01:01:30.880 --> 01:01:34.280 A:middle L:90%
rate, coupled with a rapidly aging society. How

861
01:01:34.280 --> 01:01:38.199 A:middle L:90%
will robots change these disturbing trends? Um, in

862
01:01:38.199 --> 01:01:42.500 A:middle L:90%
part the consequence of Japanese women's reluctance to marry and

863
01:01:42.500 --> 01:01:45.769 A:middle L:90%
to bear Children. As I noted, most roboticists

864
01:01:45.780 --> 01:01:52.309 A:middle L:90%
reinforce in and through their humanoids arguably un progressive notions

865
01:01:52.309 --> 01:01:53.789 A:middle L:90%
of gender dynamics and the sexual division of labor,

866
01:01:53.800 --> 01:01:59.230 A:middle L:90%
along with discriminatory attitudes toward non Japanese migrant workers.

867
01:02:00.400 --> 01:02:05.960 A:middle L:90%
In commentary relevant to robotics, critical theorist Manuela Rossini

868
01:02:05.969 --> 01:02:09.550 A:middle L:90%
notes that the inventors and scientific users of biomedical technologies

869
01:02:09.559 --> 01:02:15.269 A:middle L:90%
are also imagineers not just of bodies but of cultural

870
01:02:15.269 --> 01:02:19.530 A:middle L:90%
configurations and social arrangements as well. But the act

871
01:02:19.530 --> 01:02:22.210 A:middle L:90%
of imagining per se does not necessarily yield fresh or

872
01:02:22.210 --> 01:02:29.780 A:middle L:90%
progressive results. Innovation 25 the Japanese humanoid robot industry

873
01:02:29.789 --> 01:02:32.869 A:middle L:90%
exemplify retro tech or advanced technology in the service of

874
01:02:32.869 --> 01:02:37.639 A:middle L:90%
the status quo, or traditionalism, a vision of

875
01:02:37.639 --> 01:02:42.500 A:middle L:90%
and for new technologies that facilitate the transcendence of ethnocentrism

876
01:02:42.530 --> 01:02:46.409 A:middle L:90%
, paternalism and sexism and their associated power relations apparently

877
01:02:46.420 --> 01:02:51.190 A:middle L:90%
is shared neither by roboticists nor by the government committee

878
01:02:51.289 --> 01:02:54.909 A:middle L:90%
and planners responsible for innovation. 25. The demographic

879
01:02:54.909 --> 01:03:00.480 A:middle L:90%
data strongly indicate that the good wife wise mother ideal

880
01:03:00.599 --> 01:03:04.510 A:middle L:90%
of female sex and gender since the 18 nineties is

881
01:03:04.510 --> 01:03:07.099 A:middle L:90%
gradually being rejected by Japanese women who are not keen

882
01:03:07.099 --> 01:03:10.880 A:middle L:90%
to marry, much less have Children. The discourse

883
01:03:10.889 --> 01:03:15.679 A:middle L:90%
of citizens individual rights first guaranteed for women and men

884
01:03:15.679 --> 01:03:20.750 A:middle L:90%
in the post war or 1946 Constitution seems to be

885
01:03:20.750 --> 01:03:24.110 A:middle L:90%
morphing into a discourse of freedom to the freedom to

886
01:03:24.110 --> 01:03:29.630 A:middle L:90%
do whatever one desires or to not do whatever one

887
01:03:29.639 --> 01:03:34.760 A:middle L:90%
does not desire. It seems that this unprecedented exercise

888
01:03:34.760 --> 01:03:38.050 A:middle L:90%
of self interested agency, accompanied by a generalized social

889
01:03:38.050 --> 01:03:43.440 A:middle L:90%
antagonism towards migrant workers, has occasioned a social environment

890
01:03:43.440 --> 01:03:45.949 A:middle L:90%
in Japan, facilitating the robotics ization of work play

891
01:03:45.949 --> 01:03:50.679 A:middle L:90%
in home life. There are plenty of informative websites

892
01:03:50.679 --> 01:03:53.610 A:middle L:90%
and blogs devoted to robot related topics that also also

893
01:03:53.610 --> 01:03:59.980 A:middle L:90%
feature enthralled reports and sometimes sardonic commentaries on the latest

894
01:03:59.980 --> 01:04:02.440 A:middle L:90%
Japanese humanoids. But what has yet to be broached

895
01:04:02.440 --> 01:04:08.630 A:middle L:90%
among roboticists and policymakers is a serious and sweeping discussion

896
01:04:08.920 --> 01:04:12.460 A:middle L:90%
about the existential, ethical, humane and social and

897
01:04:12.460 --> 01:04:16.670 A:middle L:90%
interpersonal limits of safety, comfort and convenience associated with

898
01:04:16.670 --> 01:04:21.900 A:middle L:90%
the robotic lifestyle. Advocated Innovation 25 and hyped in

899
01:04:21.900 --> 01:04:26.489 A:middle L:90%
the mass and popular cultural media. It's fitting,

900
01:04:26.489 --> 01:04:30.590 A:middle L:90%
then, to close with the paradox involving freedom separate

901
01:04:30.590 --> 01:04:34.610 A:middle L:90%
from the freedom to, um, pursuits that gendered

902
01:04:34.610 --> 01:04:39.530 A:middle L:90%
humanoids are imagined to make possible for the Japanese people

903
01:04:39.539 --> 01:04:44.000 A:middle L:90%
. Robots themselves are designed on the basis of degrees

904
01:04:44.010 --> 01:04:48.599 A:middle L:90%
of freedom, and this expression refers to the motion

905
01:04:48.599 --> 01:04:53.010 A:middle L:90%
capabilities of robots. A simple robots, for example

906
01:04:53.010 --> 01:04:55.500 A:middle L:90%
, have three degrees of freedom. They can move

907
01:04:55.500 --> 01:04:58.110 A:middle L:90%
in three ways. Up and down, left and

908
01:04:58.110 --> 01:05:02.639 A:middle L:90%
right forwards and backwards. Mhm. Now, in

909
01:05:02.639 --> 01:05:06.559 A:middle L:90%
order to to appear more, uh, human like

910
01:05:06.559 --> 01:05:11.420 A:middle L:90%
or more humanoid like robots like Honda's. Asimo,

911
01:05:11.420 --> 01:05:15.920 A:middle L:90%
for example, has 34 degrees of freedom. And

912
01:05:15.929 --> 01:05:17.389 A:middle L:90%
there's, I think, a video tube of Obama

913
01:05:17.400 --> 01:05:23.250 A:middle L:90%
President Obama playing uh, soccer football with Asimo has

914
01:05:23.250 --> 01:05:28.539 A:middle L:90%
gone viral. Actually, apparently, Asimo President Obama

915
01:05:28.539 --> 01:05:32.190 A:middle L:90%
said that Osama was a little scary, but But

916
01:05:32.190 --> 01:05:35.119 A:middle L:90%
it was amazed by the technology. Now the silicon

917
01:05:35.119 --> 01:05:39.570 A:middle L:90%
faced H r P four C or meme, modeled

918
01:05:39.570 --> 01:05:45.699 A:middle L:90%
after the typical Japanese 20 something was equipped with,

919
01:05:45.710 --> 01:05:50.630 A:middle L:90%
uh, 42 degrees of freedom. However gem in

920
01:05:50.630 --> 01:05:56.510 A:middle L:90%
oId h I roboticist Ishiguro Hiroshi is body double has

921
01:05:56.510 --> 01:06:00.489 A:middle L:90%
50 degrees of freedom and he can't even walk.

922
01:06:00.280 --> 01:06:04.489 A:middle L:90%
Gemma noid F, in contrast, has only 12

923
01:06:04.500 --> 01:06:06.679 A:middle L:90%
degrees of freedom all in her face, as you

924
01:06:06.679 --> 01:06:11.659 A:middle L:90%
saw in the video. Now, if the Gemini

925
01:06:11.659 --> 01:06:16.250 A:middle L:90%
Roids degrees of freedom are considered allegorically, the implication

926
01:06:16.250 --> 01:06:19.170 A:middle L:90%
here is that the male has been equipped with more

927
01:06:19.170 --> 01:06:23.400 A:middle L:90%
degrees of freedom than the female. So the question

928
01:06:23.400 --> 01:06:26.840 A:middle L:90%
I'd like to leave you with is how many degrees

929
01:06:26.840 --> 01:06:30.179 A:middle L:90%
of freedom will flesh and blood women enjoy? And

930
01:06:30.179 --> 01:06:46.300 A:middle L:90%
the robot ties Japan of 2025. Thank you.

931
01:06:49.480 --> 01:07:05.369 A:middle L:90%
Mhm. Right? Yeah. So absolutely. Yeah

932
01:07:05.369 --> 01:07:08.630 A:middle L:90%
. There's a lot to talk about, obviously.

933
01:07:08.630 --> 01:07:12.909 A:middle L:90%
And a lot I couldn't put into this. Mhm

934
01:07:15.980 --> 01:07:19.500 A:middle L:90%
. Yes. Do you need a mic? Yeah

935
01:07:26.079 --> 01:07:32.500 A:middle L:90%
. Uh, thinking is also Yeah. What is

936
01:07:33.179 --> 01:07:39.710 A:middle L:90%
how this robotic simulation also plays? Have broader concern

937
01:07:39.710 --> 01:07:45.469 A:middle L:90%
about relations. Mhm. Um, yeah. If

938
01:07:45.480 --> 01:07:48.329 A:middle L:90%
there is, you know what? The forms of

939
01:07:48.340 --> 01:07:54.099 A:middle L:90%
intimacy facilitated by are whether they offer a certain kind

940
01:07:54.099 --> 01:07:59.420 A:middle L:90%
of solution to that problem or whether they interesting they

941
01:07:59.420 --> 01:08:04.000 A:middle L:90%
seem like mhm, right? Yeah, yeah.

942
01:08:04.010 --> 01:08:06.960 A:middle L:90%
In fact, they can do both. Now,

943
01:08:06.969 --> 01:08:10.400 A:middle L:90%
of course, robot assistant and the prime Minister's office

944
01:08:10.400 --> 01:08:13.610 A:middle L:90%
put a positive spin and feel that not only will

945
01:08:13.610 --> 01:08:16.300 A:middle L:90%
these, uh, robots and human rights in particular

946
01:08:16.300 --> 01:08:19.819 A:middle L:90%
relieve females, for example, you know of housekeeping

947
01:08:19.819 --> 01:08:24.189 A:middle L:90%
and elder care chores and then I induce them to

948
01:08:24.199 --> 01:08:27.760 A:middle L:90%
marry and and have even more Children. Um,

949
01:08:27.770 --> 01:08:30.270 A:middle L:90%
there are also thought to, um, provide,

950
01:08:30.279 --> 01:08:35.069 A:middle L:90%
uh, companionship to latch key kids, for example

951
01:08:35.079 --> 01:08:39.960 A:middle L:90%
, Or to, uh to young people who have

952
01:08:39.960 --> 01:08:44.680 A:middle L:90%
withdrawn from society there. In a somewhat related but

953
01:08:44.680 --> 01:08:50.250 A:middle L:90%
separate sort of application, many robots are being utilized

954
01:08:50.250 --> 01:08:54.729 A:middle L:90%
to work with learning disabled Children, especially individuals who

955
01:08:54.729 --> 01:08:57.960 A:middle L:90%
fall on that autism spectrum. Because the robots offer

956
01:08:57.960 --> 01:09:01.090 A:middle L:90%
consistent patterning, for example. And, uh,

957
01:09:01.100 --> 01:09:05.479 A:middle L:90%
apparently there's been some I suppose I'm not a sort

958
01:09:05.479 --> 01:09:11.170 A:middle L:90%
of a learning disability person, but have been many

959
01:09:11.180 --> 01:09:14.460 A:middle L:90%
successful kinds of experiments, not only in the United

960
01:09:14.460 --> 01:09:16.500 A:middle L:90%
States but in Japan and in Europe. Denmark,

961
01:09:16.500 --> 01:09:21.369 A:middle L:90%
especially, is experimenting with robots in a way that

962
01:09:21.369 --> 01:09:24.949 A:middle L:90%
is only paralleled by Japan And also, I should

963
01:09:24.949 --> 01:09:29.859 A:middle L:90%
say, South Korea, Um roboticists, um at

964
01:09:29.869 --> 01:09:34.869 A:middle L:90%
major universities are also putting out comic book versions of

965
01:09:34.869 --> 01:09:40.420 A:middle L:90%
the benefits that robotics can offer Japanese in their everyday

966
01:09:40.420 --> 01:09:44.649 A:middle L:90%
lives. And Waseda University, for example, has

967
01:09:44.649 --> 01:09:47.920 A:middle L:90%
a seven volume a comic book called The Book of

968
01:09:47.920 --> 01:09:53.550 A:middle L:90%
Wabbit and Robert Means Waseda Robot. Waseda is a

969
01:09:53.560 --> 01:09:56.520 A:middle L:90%
prestigious Japanese university, sort of like a Princeton or

970
01:09:56.520 --> 01:09:59.479 A:middle L:90%
one of the Ivies, and the idea is that

971
01:09:59.489 --> 01:10:03.720 A:middle L:90%
the robots can serve to mediate human relationships. Humans

972
01:10:03.729 --> 01:10:06.149 A:middle L:90%
who can talk to each other can talk to each

973
01:10:06.149 --> 01:10:10.720 A:middle L:90%
other through the robot and maybe eventually get together that

974
01:10:10.720 --> 01:10:12.539 A:middle L:90%
way. So I would say, for the most

975
01:10:12.539 --> 01:10:14.569 A:middle L:90%
part, a very positive spin is being put on

976
01:10:14.569 --> 01:10:16.409 A:middle L:90%
robots. Not only, uh, you know,

977
01:10:16.409 --> 01:10:19.859 A:middle L:90%
the direct sort of applications in everyday life, but

978
01:10:19.859 --> 01:10:25.310 A:middle L:90%
also the mediating kinds of possibilities that their imagined,

979
01:10:25.319 --> 01:10:42.600 A:middle L:90%
uh, to possess and contribute to about what level

980
01:10:42.600 --> 01:10:44.970 A:middle L:90%
of complexity do I need to start worrying about gender

981
01:10:45.960 --> 01:10:49.289 A:middle L:90%
? Actually, the greed three degrees of freedom robot

982
01:10:49.659 --> 01:10:54.600 A:middle L:90%
problem. Nice. Where along the development in Japan

983
01:10:54.609 --> 01:10:58.380 A:middle L:90%
, for example, do they start gender from the

984
01:10:58.380 --> 01:10:59.939 A:middle L:90%
very beginning? Basically, I mean, they have

985
01:10:59.939 --> 01:11:01.109 A:middle L:90%
the gender of the robot in mind based on the

986
01:11:01.109 --> 01:11:04.750 A:middle L:90%
application. They imagine it having whether or not it's

987
01:11:04.760 --> 01:11:10.869 A:middle L:90%
for amusement purposes or entertainment or caregiving or companionship.

988
01:11:11.340 --> 01:11:13.539 A:middle L:90%
They start with the gender of the robot in mind

989
01:11:13.539 --> 01:11:16.920 A:middle L:90%
. There are some gender neutral robots, and in

990
01:11:16.920 --> 01:11:20.210 A:middle L:90%
those cases, and in almost every case, it's

991
01:11:20.210 --> 01:11:24.500 A:middle L:90%
the customer. For example, buying a small cylindrical

992
01:11:24.560 --> 01:11:28.079 A:middle L:90%
childcare robot will gender that robot with a name or

993
01:11:28.079 --> 01:11:31.319 A:middle L:90%
by a particular color that's associated with a gender spectrum

994
01:11:31.340 --> 01:11:35.229 A:middle L:90%
. Yeah, it's interesting, because I University Michigan

995
01:11:35.229 --> 01:11:39.359 A:middle L:90%
, has a robotics department, and many of my

996
01:11:39.359 --> 01:11:41.850 A:middle L:90%
colleagues there say they don't even think about the gender

997
01:11:41.850 --> 01:11:44.170 A:middle L:90%
of their robots. But you know, that's a

998
01:11:44.170 --> 01:11:46.199 A:middle L:90%
little facetious. Because even if you look at DARPA's

999
01:11:46.199 --> 01:11:49.890 A:middle L:90%
recent robot challenge, for example, in Florida the

1000
01:11:49.890 --> 01:11:53.779 A:middle L:90%
names of the robots are very telling Val Khoury,

1001
01:11:53.779 --> 01:11:57.640 A:middle L:90%
for example, and forgotten another one. Invariably,

1002
01:11:57.699 --> 01:12:02.390 A:middle L:90%
they are thinking of of application. An application equals

1003
01:12:02.399 --> 01:12:06.359 A:middle L:90%
some sort of notion of the proper body, which

1004
01:12:06.369 --> 01:12:13.270 A:middle L:90%
conjures up also a gender component. Yeah, yes

1005
01:12:13.949 --> 01:12:18.119 A:middle L:90%
, things like, sure one is that very,

1006
01:12:18.130 --> 01:12:21.539 A:middle L:90%
very Yeah, you hear anything robots. And I

1007
01:12:21.539 --> 01:12:27.079 A:middle L:90%
wondered what your take on that was, uh,

1008
01:12:27.750 --> 01:12:34.949 A:middle L:90%
and then family. Um, I'm interested in whether

1009
01:12:34.960 --> 01:12:39.380 A:middle L:90%
you've been counted. Anybody, anything, Robotics.

1010
01:12:40.250 --> 01:12:45.859 A:middle L:90%
And then, I guess maybe well on the what

1011
01:12:45.869 --> 01:12:47.819 A:middle L:90%
? People seem to always run to the sex robot

1012
01:12:48.850 --> 01:12:51.800 A:middle L:90%
, the gender robot, you know, and so

1013
01:12:51.810 --> 01:12:58.350 A:middle L:90%
I don't Yeah, yeah. Uh, yeah,

1014
01:12:58.359 --> 01:13:01.869 A:middle L:90%
it's interesting. Um, I, uh a lot

1015
01:13:01.869 --> 01:13:06.489 A:middle L:90%
of American robot assists and and scholars who who who

1016
01:13:06.489 --> 01:13:10.449 A:middle L:90%
look at, um, and interpret robotics and technology

1017
01:13:10.449 --> 01:13:13.000 A:middle L:90%
and society. I tend to be quite skeptical about

1018
01:13:13.000 --> 01:13:15.050 A:middle L:90%
what's going on in Japan. And here I'm just

1019
01:13:15.050 --> 01:13:17.310 A:middle L:90%
the messenger. I mean, the Japanese really embrace

1020
01:13:17.319 --> 01:13:21.670 A:middle L:90%
caregiving robots. Um, no question about that.

1021
01:13:21.670 --> 01:13:25.300 A:middle L:90%
But these robots don't necessarily have to take a humanoid

1022
01:13:25.300 --> 01:13:27.939 A:middle L:90%
form. You can have already. There are robotic

1023
01:13:27.949 --> 01:13:30.840 A:middle L:90%
bathtubs, for example. And, uh, in

1024
01:13:30.840 --> 01:13:32.130 A:middle L:90%
another paper, I give on on caregiving robots.

1025
01:13:32.130 --> 01:13:34.449 A:middle L:90%
I showed pictures of, you know, robotic,

1026
01:13:34.460 --> 01:13:39.590 A:middle L:90%
uh, remote that can actually. You know,

1027
01:13:39.590 --> 01:13:43.890 A:middle L:90%
once you do, your thing can analyze your you

1028
01:13:43.890 --> 01:13:45.260 A:middle L:90%
know, stool, sample your urine sample and spit

1029
01:13:45.260 --> 01:13:46.960 A:middle L:90%
out all that information. You know, to your

1030
01:13:46.960 --> 01:13:50.210 A:middle L:90%
primary care physician, for example. Um, the

1031
01:13:50.210 --> 01:13:55.479 A:middle L:90%
robot bathtub cannot take your pulse and, um,

1032
01:13:56.050 --> 01:13:58.270 A:middle L:90%
also, you know, do a body scan.

1033
01:13:58.270 --> 01:14:00.510 A:middle L:90%
Basically, So we have to think in rather broad

1034
01:14:00.510 --> 01:14:02.890 A:middle L:90%
terms About what we mean by caregiving robots and whether

1035
01:14:02.890 --> 01:14:04.670 A:middle L:90%
or not they take a humanoid form or not,

1036
01:14:05.239 --> 01:14:08.819 A:middle L:90%
I think a lot of what the Japanese roboticists doing

1037
01:14:08.819 --> 01:14:14.920 A:middle L:90%
are getting these robots humanoid forms to to make them

1038
01:14:14.920 --> 01:14:19.909 A:middle L:90%
somehow embraceable as entities that will share, you know

1039
01:14:19.909 --> 01:14:26.500 A:middle L:90%
, living in workspace. That said, You know

1040
01:14:26.720 --> 01:14:29.500 A:middle L:90%
, it's, uh, I'm here. I'm going

1041
01:14:29.500 --> 01:14:31.380 A:middle L:90%
to get into a little anthropology lesson. The Japanese

1042
01:14:31.390 --> 01:14:34.710 A:middle L:90%
household is only on the surface. Is a nuclear

1043
01:14:34.710 --> 01:14:39.560 A:middle L:90%
household actually a stem household, and you can have

1044
01:14:39.939 --> 01:14:44.310 A:middle L:90%
one generation or one married couple per generation in the

1045
01:14:44.310 --> 01:14:45.789 A:middle L:90%
extended form of that when it telescopes out. It's

1046
01:14:45.789 --> 01:14:48.649 A:middle L:90%
very different from Chinese extended family household, which includes

1047
01:14:48.649 --> 01:14:55.460 A:middle L:90%
every generation. And if you have, for example

1048
01:14:55.470 --> 01:14:59.270 A:middle L:90%
, a couple has a child who, um,

1049
01:14:59.640 --> 01:15:04.550 A:middle L:90%
is not all there intellectually. They'll adopt a child

1050
01:15:04.560 --> 01:15:08.930 A:middle L:90%
, for example, to then serve as caretaker the

1051
01:15:08.930 --> 01:15:11.500 A:middle L:90%
household. Because the Japanese household has to continue in

1052
01:15:11.500 --> 01:15:14.710 A:middle L:90%
perpetuity somewhat like the House of Windsor, for example

1053
01:15:14.720 --> 01:15:16.649 A:middle L:90%
, you can't end with that that you know the

1054
01:15:16.649 --> 01:15:19.460 A:middle L:90%
end of the marriage of the death of the couple

1055
01:15:19.460 --> 01:15:23.100 A:middle L:90%
, as many nuclear households do in the United States

1056
01:15:23.109 --> 01:15:26.220 A:middle L:90%
. It has to be perpetuated. So if your

1057
01:15:26.220 --> 01:15:29.550 A:middle L:90%
own Children are imbecilic. You just adopt Children very

1058
01:15:29.550 --> 01:15:31.609 A:middle L:90%
flexible. In that way, theoretically, nothing is

1059
01:15:31.609 --> 01:15:36.750 A:middle L:90%
preventing. Uh, a couple from adopting a robot

1060
01:15:36.760 --> 01:15:42.229 A:middle L:90%
as a household successor because it can do the math

1061
01:15:42.229 --> 01:15:45.399 A:middle L:90%
better can compute better, for example, and there's

1062
01:15:45.409 --> 01:15:48.170 A:middle L:90%
no religious prescription. Um, just like in Japan

1063
01:15:48.170 --> 01:15:50.390 A:middle L:90%
, for example, you can you can marry anything

1064
01:15:50.390 --> 01:15:53.460 A:middle L:90%
you want. Whether or not it's legally recorded as

1065
01:15:53.460 --> 01:15:55.579 A:middle L:90%
a marriage is another thing. But there are many

1066
01:15:55.579 --> 01:15:58.550 A:middle L:90%
individuals who are marrying their cyber idols, for example

1067
01:15:58.939 --> 01:16:00.630 A:middle L:90%
, marrying a comic book character, you know,

1068
01:16:00.630 --> 01:16:03.630 A:middle L:90%
marrying a favorite toy and whatnot. So I think

1069
01:16:03.630 --> 01:16:09.560 A:middle L:90%
the relationship with machines and gadgets and this notion that

1070
01:16:09.560 --> 01:16:12.750 A:middle L:90%
they're living things and that they can be embraced as

1071
01:16:12.750 --> 01:16:16.310 A:middle L:90%
living things, um, is something that is often

1072
01:16:16.310 --> 01:16:18.149 A:middle L:90%
hard for Americans, I think, to wrap their

1073
01:16:18.159 --> 01:16:23.239 A:middle L:90%
heads around a lot of the critique of caregiving robots

1074
01:16:23.239 --> 01:16:27.739 A:middle L:90%
and companion robots comes from this notion of human exceptionalism

1075
01:16:28.489 --> 01:16:33.609 A:middle L:90%
. And you know this idea that we we must

1076
01:16:33.619 --> 01:16:39.359 A:middle L:90%
be different because we're human and we can't possibly find

1077
01:16:39.369 --> 01:16:41.579 A:middle L:90%
that kind of Solis so that kind of comfort in

1078
01:16:41.579 --> 01:16:44.840 A:middle L:90%
a robot, But people can, um and I

1079
01:16:44.840 --> 01:16:46.659 A:middle L:90%
think generation that's coming up right now, you know

1080
01:16:46.659 --> 01:16:49.840 A:middle L:90%
, my nieces and nephews much more comfortable with technology

1081
01:16:50.229 --> 01:16:53.960 A:middle L:90%
than you know, somebody my age, for example

1082
01:16:54.329 --> 01:16:57.060 A:middle L:90%
, Um so I I think we're going to see

1083
01:16:57.069 --> 01:16:58.359 A:middle L:90%
I would like to say if you want to see

1084
01:16:58.359 --> 01:17:00.609 A:middle L:90%
what's gonna hit the fan in this country 25 years

1085
01:17:00.609 --> 01:17:01.340 A:middle L:90%
from now, look at what's going on in Japan

1086
01:17:01.829 --> 01:17:04.189 A:middle L:90%
. Uh, and I really think Japan is a

1087
01:17:04.199 --> 01:17:08.670 A:middle L:90%
harbinger of of what's to come in terms of human

1088
01:17:08.680 --> 01:17:12.460 A:middle L:90%
machine relationships. Now, in terms of, um

1089
01:17:12.930 --> 01:17:15.569 A:middle L:90%
, sex robots, I often get asked, What's

1090
01:17:15.569 --> 01:17:16.600 A:middle L:90%
the most radical thing you can do with a robot

1091
01:17:16.609 --> 01:17:19.229 A:middle L:90%
? And people are thinking sex, sex. But

1092
01:17:19.239 --> 01:17:23.010 A:middle L:90%
sex with gadgets is probably the oldest thing on the

1093
01:17:23.020 --> 01:17:26.529 A:middle L:90%
planet. Basically, Um, and the most dangerous

1094
01:17:26.529 --> 01:17:28.039 A:middle L:90%
thing you can do with the robot is to hack

1095
01:17:28.039 --> 01:17:30.439 A:middle L:90%
into it, which is why these sophisticated robots do

1096
01:17:30.439 --> 01:17:34.079 A:middle L:90%
not leave Japan. Um, they are grounded,

1097
01:17:34.090 --> 01:17:40.189 A:middle L:90%
basically, And, uh, some of the smaller

1098
01:17:40.199 --> 01:17:44.340 A:middle L:90%
childcare robots, which are kind of household surveillance robots

1099
01:17:44.340 --> 01:17:46.909 A:middle L:90%
, basically, um, can be leased but not

1100
01:17:46.909 --> 01:17:50.039 A:middle L:90%
purchased. Um, so you know, it's a

1101
01:17:50.039 --> 01:17:53.399 A:middle L:90%
controlled industry. I mean, this is really valuable

1102
01:17:53.399 --> 01:17:58.510 A:middle L:90%
copyrighted software. There is some talk. I have

1103
01:17:58.510 --> 01:18:00.770 A:middle L:90%
a student working on Japanese sex workers. There is

1104
01:18:00.770 --> 01:18:08.659 A:middle L:90%
some talk about deploying artificially intelligent sex robots because to

1105
01:18:08.659 --> 01:18:10.720 A:middle L:90%
date, all they have to do is sort of

1106
01:18:10.720 --> 01:18:15.909 A:middle L:90%
squeak a little bit. But artificially intelligent sex robots

1107
01:18:15.920 --> 01:18:17.500 A:middle L:90%
, uh, could certainly be introduced as companions.

1108
01:18:17.500 --> 01:18:19.189 A:middle L:90%
And it's thought, and this is coming from the

1109
01:18:19.189 --> 01:18:25.380 A:middle L:90%
Prime Minister's Office alleviate STDs and the specter of of

1110
01:18:25.390 --> 01:18:27.449 A:middle L:90%
, you know, HIV infection, for example.

1111
01:18:27.460 --> 01:18:31.979 A:middle L:90%
So there's this sort of hygienic argument in favor of

1112
01:18:31.989 --> 01:18:38.739 A:middle L:90%
introducing a sex worker. Robots. Thanks. Very

1113
01:18:38.739 --> 01:18:45.489 A:middle L:90%
good. Just as a yes. Yeah, human

1114
01:18:45.489 --> 01:18:51.930 A:middle L:90%
exceptionalism. I'm interested in the idea. Hold on

1115
01:18:51.930 --> 01:18:59.140 A:middle L:90%
. The use of provides. Uh huh, Yeah

1116
01:18:59.819 --> 01:19:01.050 A:middle L:90%
. Yeah. A couple of articles that I've read

1117
01:19:01.050 --> 01:19:06.840 A:middle L:90%
actually talking. You said got to teach and two

1118
01:19:06.850 --> 01:19:11.369 A:middle L:90%
Children on the autism spectrum. And I kind of

1119
01:19:11.380 --> 01:19:13.699 A:middle L:90%
think about that. The idea of a robot teaching

1120
01:19:13.699 --> 01:19:16.470 A:middle L:90%
empathy. But then I also contrast that kids that

1121
01:19:16.470 --> 01:19:25.800 A:middle L:90%
that homey Elmo doll Yeah, yeah, beyond the

1122
01:19:25.810 --> 01:19:28.380 A:middle L:90%
Omo doll. Because it's giving you the touch that

1123
01:19:28.390 --> 01:19:30.159 A:middle L:90%
commercials are fascinating to me too. It is their

1124
01:19:30.170 --> 01:19:34.460 A:middle L:90%
long nobody's there, brother. Hands the child.

1125
01:19:35.119 --> 01:19:40.850 A:middle L:90%
Only the house. Mhm. Uh huh. But

1126
01:19:40.850 --> 01:19:43.149 A:middle L:90%
I I wondered to talk a little bit about the

1127
01:19:43.149 --> 01:19:46.069 A:middle L:90%
idea. See, and DDR ambivalence where that's going

1128
01:19:46.069 --> 01:19:50.649 A:middle L:90%
and how you see empathic lots and fitting into mhm

1129
01:19:51.819 --> 01:19:54.930 A:middle L:90%
. Well, you know, this ties into issues

1130
01:19:54.930 --> 01:19:58.579 A:middle L:90%
of consciousness. Um, and the idea that to

1131
01:19:58.579 --> 01:20:00.920 A:middle L:90%
be empathic, um, there has to be some

1132
01:20:00.920 --> 01:20:03.250 A:middle L:90%
consciousness itself versus other, and then some kind of

1133
01:20:03.250 --> 01:20:08.630 A:middle L:90%
identification with the other imagined relationship with the other.

1134
01:20:09.010 --> 01:20:10.670 A:middle L:90%
And, you know, there's no gold standard on

1135
01:20:10.670 --> 01:20:14.829 A:middle L:90%
what actually constitutes consciousness. Even now you have some

1136
01:20:15.210 --> 01:20:18.050 A:middle L:90%
neuroscientists saying, Well, it's the compaction of,

1137
01:20:18.060 --> 01:20:21.970 A:middle L:90%
uh, you know, micro tubules, tubules,

1138
01:20:21.970 --> 01:20:26.069 A:middle L:90%
you know, that are becoming more turgid. And

1139
01:20:26.069 --> 01:20:28.630 A:middle L:90%
that generates, you know, the synapses that can

1140
01:20:29.010 --> 01:20:31.380 A:middle L:90%
Uh huh, you know, enable or occasion consciousness

1141
01:20:31.390 --> 01:20:33.710 A:middle L:90%
. Um, and others, of course, would

1142
01:20:33.710 --> 01:20:36.539 A:middle L:90%
like to argue the human exceptionalist, um, line

1143
01:20:36.550 --> 01:20:40.939 A:middle L:90%
that only humans can have consciousness and don't actually pursue

1144
01:20:40.939 --> 01:20:43.859 A:middle L:90%
that any further. It's taken for granted and left

1145
01:20:43.869 --> 01:20:46.229 A:middle L:90%
self evident. There have been Japanese robot assists who

1146
01:20:47.310 --> 01:20:50.390 A:middle L:90%
have, um, and I don't have the images

1147
01:20:50.390 --> 01:20:54.850 A:middle L:90%
here. Have created a little robots little teeny,

1148
01:20:54.850 --> 01:20:59.520 A:middle L:90%
tiny, prototypical robots that can recognize themselves and if

1149
01:20:59.520 --> 01:21:01.619 A:middle L:90%
there's an identical robot, distinguish themselves from the identical

1150
01:21:01.619 --> 01:21:04.289 A:middle L:90%
robots and it all has to do with memory,

1151
01:21:04.300 --> 01:21:08.420 A:middle L:90%
so they have this memory and memories that have been

1152
01:21:08.420 --> 01:21:11.920 A:middle L:90%
learned and stored can be processed more quickly. So

1153
01:21:11.930 --> 01:21:15.000 A:middle L:90%
there's new information presented. It takes longer to process

1154
01:21:15.000 --> 01:21:15.960 A:middle L:90%
, and that must be another. In a way

1155
01:21:15.970 --> 01:21:19.000 A:middle L:90%
, maybe humans so operate the same way as well

1156
01:21:19.000 --> 01:21:20.770 A:middle L:90%
. You think about people who have an amnesia or

1157
01:21:20.770 --> 01:21:25.329 A:middle L:90%
lose their memories and can't place themselves or identify themselves

1158
01:21:25.710 --> 01:21:28.609 A:middle L:90%
, um, in in a particular setting or or

1159
01:21:28.619 --> 01:21:31.430 A:middle L:90%
or or remember individuals they grew up with, um

1160
01:21:31.909 --> 01:21:35.729 A:middle L:90%
, and who were dear to them. So I'm

1161
01:21:35.729 --> 01:21:40.500 A:middle L:90%
not, you know, it's, uh it's something

1162
01:21:40.500 --> 01:21:42.189 A:middle L:90%
that is always, I think, going to be

1163
01:21:42.199 --> 01:21:45.779 A:middle L:90%
contested so long as there's this Vitruvian man notion of

1164
01:21:45.779 --> 01:21:48.039 A:middle L:90%
, you know, human exceptionalism. And I have

1165
01:21:48.039 --> 01:21:50.409 A:middle L:90%
a wonderful picture of the Vitruvian robot, actually,

1166
01:21:50.560 --> 01:21:55.670 A:middle L:90%
which is really quite an exceptional machine. But until

1167
01:21:55.670 --> 01:21:58.399 A:middle L:90%
we figure out what we mean by consciousness and empathy

1168
01:21:58.399 --> 01:22:00.619 A:middle L:90%
as opposed to a performance or something that we feel

1169
01:22:00.899 --> 01:22:06.060 A:middle L:90%
is necessary for our roles or, um, or

1170
01:22:06.060 --> 01:22:10.960 A:middle L:90%
that is, uh, you know, uh,

1171
01:22:10.970 --> 01:22:15.470 A:middle L:90%
kind of embroidered artifice, I You know, I

1172
01:22:15.470 --> 01:22:16.899 A:middle L:90%
I leave it open if if, if, uh

1173
01:22:16.909 --> 01:22:19.579 A:middle L:90%
, certain Japanese. But also you know, kids

1174
01:22:19.590 --> 01:22:21.890 A:middle L:90%
, uh, feel that they have an empathic relationship

1175
01:22:21.890 --> 01:22:28.000 A:middle L:90%
, then they do have an empathic relationship. Yeah

1176
01:22:30.699 --> 01:22:33.760 A:middle L:90%
, I to ask it you are conserved in this

1177
01:22:33.770 --> 01:22:38.460 A:middle L:90%
target of his work. See, Orientalist case that

1178
01:22:38.460 --> 01:22:50.590 A:middle L:90%
might strange two okay. Or would spare parts,

1179
01:22:50.890 --> 01:22:54.819 A:middle L:90%
maybe etcetera We see in the U. S.

1180
01:22:57.399 --> 01:23:04.609 A:middle L:90%
Yes. Yes, baby. Well agents, sex

1181
01:23:04.609 --> 01:23:12.659 A:middle L:90%
toys scared and Syria mhm in terms of the Orientalist

1182
01:23:12.659 --> 01:23:15.289 A:middle L:90%
gaze. No, I I don't agree. I'm

1183
01:23:15.289 --> 01:23:17.899 A:middle L:90%
using all Japanese sources. I think it's the roboticists

1184
01:23:17.899 --> 01:23:20.399 A:middle L:90%
, actually, who have a kind of a weird

1185
01:23:20.399 --> 01:23:26.369 A:middle L:90%
Occidental ist gaze. And I don't I think it's

1186
01:23:26.369 --> 01:23:30.340 A:middle L:90%
important that we understand that Japan is different. It's

1187
01:23:30.340 --> 01:23:33.420 A:middle L:90%
not an Abrahamic monotheistic country. It is a country

1188
01:23:33.800 --> 01:23:39.140 A:middle L:90%
that is typified by a very vital and a very

1189
01:23:39.199 --> 01:23:43.210 A:middle L:90%
modern, even postmodern animism there. It's a country

1190
01:23:43.210 --> 01:23:45.260 A:middle L:90%
where individuals feel that robots are living things. So

1191
01:23:45.260 --> 01:23:47.619 A:middle L:90%
this is not part of creating an US and them

1192
01:23:48.000 --> 01:23:51.779 A:middle L:90%
kind of, you know, stereotype. I'm very

1193
01:23:51.779 --> 01:23:55.750 A:middle L:90%
much presenting, I think, the flavor of the

1194
01:23:55.750 --> 01:23:58.819 A:middle L:90%
kind of debates and the kind of literature you encounter

1195
01:23:59.050 --> 01:24:02.439 A:middle L:90%
in Japanese. And when a Japanese roboticist accuses me

1196
01:24:02.439 --> 01:24:05.979 A:middle L:90%
of having a Western idea, he might as well

1197
01:24:05.979 --> 01:24:12.409 A:middle L:90%
accuse many Japanese women who would rather be a nurse

1198
01:24:12.520 --> 01:24:15.710 A:middle L:90%
than an elevator girl, for example. And so

1199
01:24:15.710 --> 01:24:19.520 A:middle L:90%
here you have nurses and schoolteachers being substituted with robots

1200
01:24:19.520 --> 01:24:21.329 A:middle L:90%
. But the elevator girls have to be flesh and

1201
01:24:21.329 --> 01:24:24.949 A:middle L:90%
blood, right? This is not Orientalist. This

1202
01:24:24.949 --> 01:24:29.359 A:middle L:90%
is pernicious kind of sexism within Japan. So I'm

1203
01:24:29.359 --> 01:24:34.189 A:middle L:90%
pretty careful about that. And I think, you

1204
01:24:34.189 --> 01:24:40.229 A:middle L:90%
know, many American audiences are not really familiar with

1205
01:24:40.229 --> 01:24:44.050 A:middle L:90%
this level of of robotics and these kinds of applications

1206
01:24:44.050 --> 01:24:46.390 A:middle L:90%
of robotics, and it seems really different. But

1207
01:24:46.399 --> 01:24:50.119 A:middle L:90%
it is different because But if you went to Korea

1208
01:24:50.119 --> 01:24:55.520 A:middle L:90%
, you'd probably find similar applications. And similar gender

1209
01:24:55.529 --> 01:24:58.619 A:middle L:90%
appearance is given to robots and increasingly, in Denmark

1210
01:24:58.619 --> 01:25:00.050 A:middle L:90%
as well. I think you're going to see what's

1211
01:25:00.050 --> 01:25:01.710 A:middle L:90%
going to be coming down the pike in other places

1212
01:25:01.989 --> 01:25:05.300 A:middle L:90%
. In terms of other software devices. I'm not

1213
01:25:05.300 --> 01:25:11.119 A:middle L:90%
really, um, that up to speed on these

1214
01:25:11.119 --> 01:25:14.109 A:middle L:90%
other sort of, um you know, cyber worlds

1215
01:25:14.109 --> 01:25:16.449 A:middle L:90%
that are are not embodied in the same way as

1216
01:25:16.449 --> 01:25:18.529 A:middle L:90%
robots. I mean, the robot literature is just

1217
01:25:18.539 --> 01:25:20.670 A:middle L:90%
mushrooming, you know, even as I speak,

1218
01:25:20.670 --> 01:25:24.130 A:middle L:90%
it's really it's, uh, kind of thankless to

1219
01:25:24.130 --> 01:25:26.300 A:middle L:90%
do this kind of research, actually, because every

1220
01:25:26.300 --> 01:25:30.069 A:middle L:90%
day something new is published online And, um,

1221
01:25:30.079 --> 01:25:33.100 A:middle L:90%
you know, greater sophistication and, uh, more

1222
01:25:33.109 --> 01:25:39.640 A:middle L:90%
amazing applications. Um, but I don't know about

1223
01:25:39.640 --> 01:25:42.319 A:middle L:90%
the other. I can't answer the other aspect in

1224
01:25:42.319 --> 01:25:44.449 A:middle L:90%
terms of their there is city. And I mean

1225
01:25:44.449 --> 01:25:46.930 A:middle L:90%
, you have iPhones and in Japan, but I

1226
01:25:46.930 --> 01:25:49.189 A:middle L:90%
I think that is, you know, the what

1227
01:25:49.189 --> 01:25:51.390 A:middle L:90%
is that movie? Uh, that. What was

1228
01:25:51.390 --> 01:25:54.020 A:middle L:90%
it? Uh, her. Was that the name

1229
01:25:54.020 --> 01:25:57.609 A:middle L:90%
of it this called for? I think that would

1230
01:25:57.609 --> 01:26:00.170 A:middle L:90%
be kind of par for the course in Japan.

1231
01:26:00.180 --> 01:26:01.399 A:middle L:90%
Quite frankly. I mean, I, you know

1232
01:26:04.380 --> 01:26:10.109 A:middle L:90%
, Yes. Hi. So I kind of want

1233
01:26:10.170 --> 01:26:14.069 A:middle L:90%
to add at the beginning of your talk about the

1234
01:26:14.079 --> 01:26:16.229 A:middle L:90%
role, that sort of the expense and the resources

1235
01:26:16.239 --> 01:26:19.779 A:middle L:90%
that go into these robots kind of have, um

1236
01:26:19.789 --> 01:26:23.909 A:middle L:90%
, in terms of this generally, members, I

1237
01:26:23.920 --> 01:26:25.619 A:middle L:90%
wonder if you could talk a little bit more about

1238
01:26:25.630 --> 01:26:28.880 A:middle L:90%
that, but also just this sort of, you

1239
01:26:28.880 --> 01:26:30.579 A:middle L:90%
know, great. You know, when we think

1240
01:26:30.579 --> 01:26:33.680 A:middle L:90%
about especially, like robots and anxiety around robots and

1241
01:26:33.689 --> 01:26:35.710 A:middle L:90%
save the United States, a lot of that is

1242
01:26:36.079 --> 01:26:39.640 A:middle L:90%
is very gender, but it's gender in this very

1243
01:26:39.649 --> 01:26:43.680 A:middle L:90%
capitalist context. Right? Um, what I found

1244
01:26:43.680 --> 01:26:45.989 A:middle L:90%
interesting here is a lot of this is based around

1245
01:26:45.989 --> 01:26:48.720 A:middle L:90%
, say, like the idea of robots taking on

1246
01:26:48.729 --> 01:26:51.810 A:middle L:90%
feminine labor, whereas now, in the United States

1247
01:26:51.810 --> 01:26:55.779 A:middle L:90%
, when we think about our contemporary capitalist system here

1248
01:26:55.789 --> 01:26:59.510 A:middle L:90%
, it's all about replacing the old, very typically

1249
01:26:59.520 --> 01:27:02.140 A:middle L:90%
masculine blue collar types of jobs. And then the

1250
01:27:02.140 --> 01:27:06.600 A:middle L:90%
US shunting man and other people into these so called

1251
01:27:06.609 --> 01:27:11.100 A:middle L:90%
feminine were historically feminine. Uh, sort of jobs

1252
01:27:11.100 --> 01:27:14.680 A:middle L:90%
say, like healthcare, like schooling. Exactly.

1253
01:27:14.680 --> 01:27:15.810 A:middle L:90%
The kinds of right there is a very kind of

1254
01:27:15.819 --> 01:27:19.550 A:middle L:90%
opposite, uh, sort of replacement going on.

1255
01:27:19.560 --> 01:27:21.100 A:middle L:90%
And so I was wondering if you could talk about

1256
01:27:21.109 --> 01:27:25.439 A:middle L:90%
just that general economic context that all of this seems

1257
01:27:25.439 --> 01:27:30.779 A:middle L:90%
to be existing with. Yes, well, the

1258
01:27:30.789 --> 01:27:33.880 A:middle L:90%
the certainly the Japanese were the first to really introduce

1259
01:27:33.880 --> 01:27:38.430 A:middle L:90%
an industrial robots. And now virtually their entire manufacturing

1260
01:27:38.430 --> 01:27:44.170 A:middle L:90%
base involves robots, certainly for the construction of cars

1261
01:27:44.180 --> 01:27:47.859 A:middle L:90%
, for example, Um, in terms of,

1262
01:27:47.869 --> 01:27:53.300 A:middle L:90%
um, you know, the some of these more

1263
01:27:53.300 --> 01:27:57.239 A:middle L:90%
sophisticated robots there have been articles, and I don't

1264
01:27:57.239 --> 01:27:59.930 A:middle L:90%
know if this is exactly relevant to your question,

1265
01:27:59.939 --> 01:28:02.739 A:middle L:90%
uh, suggesting that the amount of money that goes

1266
01:28:02.739 --> 01:28:09.640 A:middle L:90%
into robot development is not returned, you know,

1267
01:28:09.750 --> 01:28:15.890 A:middle L:90%
by the market. And and there's another component to

1268
01:28:15.890 --> 01:28:18.640 A:middle L:90%
this that, um, I left out of this

1269
01:28:18.649 --> 01:28:23.350 A:middle L:90%
version of this paper. But a lot of these

1270
01:28:23.350 --> 01:28:27.720 A:middle L:90%
robots are prototypes for developing spinoff industries, new vision

1271
01:28:27.720 --> 01:28:30.069 A:middle L:90%
systems, for example, new materials. Um,

1272
01:28:30.079 --> 01:28:33.119 A:middle L:90%
h R p four c, for example, um

1273
01:28:33.130 --> 01:28:39.229 A:middle L:90%
has a special, uh, newly invented rubber soles

1274
01:28:39.229 --> 01:28:42.149 A:middle L:90%
. Because when a bipedal robot walks, they generate

1275
01:28:42.149 --> 01:28:45.439 A:middle L:90%
all kinds of static which can interfere with their brain

1276
01:28:45.449 --> 01:28:49.220 A:middle L:90%
, their algorithms basically and throw them off. So

1277
01:28:49.229 --> 01:28:53.159 A:middle L:90%
, um, and creating a humanoid is one of

1278
01:28:53.159 --> 01:28:58.130 A:middle L:90%
the most technically challenging kinds of you know, things

1279
01:28:58.130 --> 01:29:02.710 A:middle L:90%
to create, basically joints and actuators and artificial skin

1280
01:29:02.710 --> 01:29:04.869 A:middle L:90%
, for example, in the eyes and all these

1281
01:29:04.880 --> 01:29:09.399 A:middle L:90%
pneumatic kinds of motions. All of these are getting

1282
01:29:09.869 --> 01:29:14.890 A:middle L:90%
moved or transferred into the automotive industry. For example

1283
01:29:15.159 --> 01:29:16.350 A:middle L:90%
, the Japanese space industry. They want a moon

1284
01:29:16.350 --> 01:29:20.050 A:middle L:90%
base that is inhabited not by humans, but by

1285
01:29:20.050 --> 01:29:23.859 A:middle L:90%
robots. Uh, but also, as some of

1286
01:29:23.859 --> 01:29:27.300 A:middle L:90%
you may be aware, the prime minister just gave

1287
01:29:27.300 --> 01:29:30.069 A:middle L:90%
the green light for the Japanese to join 100% the

1288
01:29:30.069 --> 01:29:32.640 A:middle L:90%
weapons economy. And a lot of as in the

1289
01:29:32.640 --> 01:29:35.390 A:middle L:90%
United States, a lot of this robot R and

1290
01:29:35.390 --> 01:29:39.279 A:middle L:90%
D is going into the creation of a race sophisticated

1291
01:29:39.279 --> 01:29:44.000 A:middle L:90%
weapons systems which are incredibly lucrative, even though people

1292
01:29:44.000 --> 01:29:45.750 A:middle L:90%
at the very tip top of the pyramid are the

1293
01:29:45.750 --> 01:29:49.199 A:middle L:90%
ones who obviously enjoy, you know, the benefits

1294
01:29:49.210 --> 01:29:56.630 A:middle L:90%
of that market. So unlike the United States,

1295
01:29:56.630 --> 01:30:00.630 A:middle L:90%
where a lot of these robotic innovations are going on

1296
01:30:00.640 --> 01:30:02.550 A:middle L:90%
in, you know, somewhat secret, if not

1297
01:30:02.550 --> 01:30:06.000 A:middle L:90%
top secret even here at Virginia Tech military, you

1298
01:30:06.000 --> 01:30:11.210 A:middle L:90%
know, programs, whether they're drones which are very

1299
01:30:11.210 --> 01:30:14.869 A:middle L:90%
, very low AI robots, more remote control.

1300
01:30:15.359 --> 01:30:17.090 A:middle L:90%
Um, and, uh, you know, and

1301
01:30:17.090 --> 01:30:20.100 A:middle L:90%
then gradually, as they are being introduced for military

1302
01:30:20.100 --> 01:30:24.670 A:middle L:90%
purposes, introduced to the civilian population for television was

1303
01:30:24.670 --> 01:30:28.369 A:middle L:90%
that way, For example, in Japan, Um

1304
01:30:28.380 --> 01:30:30.569 A:middle L:90%
, these same these roboticists who are also working on

1305
01:30:30.569 --> 01:30:34.699 A:middle L:90%
weapons systems go to robot expose, and they watch

1306
01:30:34.710 --> 01:30:40.619 A:middle L:90%
how you know civilians are interacting with robots and they're

1307
01:30:40.619 --> 01:30:43.750 A:middle L:90%
taking their good anthropologists there taking notes, and then

1308
01:30:43.750 --> 01:30:46.260 A:middle L:90%
they translate those into, you know, design features

1309
01:30:46.260 --> 01:30:50.819 A:middle L:90%
. Basically that then get fed into non civilian use

1310
01:30:50.829 --> 01:30:56.220 A:middle L:90%
. Um uh, robots. So the Japanese are

1311
01:30:56.220 --> 01:30:59.760 A:middle L:90%
kind of brilliant and using the general public basically,

1312
01:30:59.770 --> 01:31:01.960 A:middle L:90%
uh, as the proving ground for their robots.

1313
01:31:02.090 --> 01:31:04.840 A:middle L:90%
And you'll find that design wise, they're much more

1314
01:31:04.840 --> 01:31:09.420 A:middle L:90%
sophisticated than their American counterparts. There are these Japanese

1315
01:31:09.420 --> 01:31:14.180 A:middle L:90%
robo skeleton exoskeletons, for example that are extremely sleek

1316
01:31:14.180 --> 01:31:15.829 A:middle L:90%
and you sort of want to put one on,

1317
01:31:15.840 --> 01:31:16.899 A:middle L:90%
um, and model in it, Uh, and

1318
01:31:16.899 --> 01:31:19.750 A:middle L:90%
the the ones that are being developed by the university

1319
01:31:19.750 --> 01:31:23.079 A:middle L:90%
mission of these clunky. They look like bird cages

1320
01:31:23.079 --> 01:31:25.359 A:middle L:90%
, you know, attached to your body, clunky

1321
01:31:25.359 --> 01:31:29.350 A:middle L:90%
and heavy. And, um and they're not interested

1322
01:31:29.350 --> 01:31:32.489 A:middle L:90%
in feedback from the general public or or finding out

1323
01:31:32.489 --> 01:31:36.840 A:middle L:90%
what people could imagine themselves wearing or communing with or

1324
01:31:36.920 --> 01:31:42.170 A:middle L:90%
cohabiting with. Um, So, uh, you

1325
01:31:42.170 --> 01:31:45.689 A:middle L:90%
know, I think if Americans started to do that

1326
01:31:46.060 --> 01:31:48.869 A:middle L:90%
, you might see a different relationship with robots developing

1327
01:31:48.869 --> 01:32:00.659 A:middle L:90%
as well here. Sure. So Oh, but

1328
01:32:00.750 --> 01:32:04.579 A:middle L:90%
one of the things that it is that's usually straight

1329
01:32:06.850 --> 01:32:15.180 A:middle L:90%
describe reminded me of peace. That's all. Student

1330
01:32:15.180 --> 01:32:19.460 A:middle L:90%
of mine. Weeks ago. About studies. Yeah

1331
01:32:21.649 --> 01:32:29.659 A:middle L:90%
. Mhm. Yes, I one. All right

1332
01:32:30.840 --> 01:32:32.829 A:middle L:90%
, But I'm struck. That's been related. Give

1333
01:32:32.829 --> 01:32:40.539 A:middle L:90%
me sort of virtuosity. Crowd mhm, Mhm way

1334
01:32:40.539 --> 01:32:45.260 A:middle L:90%
. That that's right. Perfection created yes, right

1335
01:32:45.350 --> 01:32:56.100 A:middle L:90%
from. And that hasn't so so interested in sort

1336
01:32:56.100 --> 01:33:00.649 A:middle L:90%
of what's going on. Aesthetic. Eric. Yeah

1337
01:33:01.449 --> 01:33:05.500 A:middle L:90%
, yeah, part of this. And perhaps there

1338
01:33:05.510 --> 01:33:14.609 A:middle L:90%
may be some. These what? Fine. You're

1339
01:33:14.609 --> 01:33:24.250 A:middle L:90%
describing? Uh huh. Yes. But uh huh

1340
01:33:25.850 --> 01:33:33.170 A:middle L:90%
. Uh huh. Victim model policy. Luke.

1341
01:33:34.949 --> 01:33:39.880 A:middle L:90%
So where there is this sort of virtuosic, mhm

1342
01:33:41.149 --> 01:33:49.869 A:middle L:90%
person, right? Is there a relation this relation

1343
01:33:50.250 --> 01:34:00.300 A:middle L:90%
? Sort of artificial Mhm. Yeah. Yeah,

1344
01:34:00.300 --> 01:34:01.670 A:middle L:90%
I I think that you know, the 22 separate

1345
01:34:01.680 --> 01:34:03.789 A:middle L:90%
the natural, and the artificial is probably artificial,

1346
01:34:03.800 --> 01:34:06.279 A:middle L:90%
basically because I think they're collapsed. Um, certainly

1347
01:34:06.279 --> 01:34:10.380 A:middle L:90%
. And if you think about aesthetics of performance in

1348
01:34:10.380 --> 01:34:12.399 A:middle L:90%
everyday life, you know, learning the proper rich

1349
01:34:12.399 --> 01:34:14.810 A:middle L:90%
of the proper handshake for, for example, the

1350
01:34:14.819 --> 01:34:19.939 A:middle L:90%
proper syntax, the proper level of politeness and Japanese

1351
01:34:19.939 --> 01:34:26.789 A:middle L:90%
society is perhaps more sensitive to those kinds of nuanced

1352
01:34:26.800 --> 01:34:32.060 A:middle L:90%
levels or nuanced differences than maybe American society. So

1353
01:34:32.069 --> 01:34:34.199 A:middle L:90%
a lot of language, a lot of interaction,

1354
01:34:34.199 --> 01:34:38.020 A:middle L:90%
even the degree of your bow is highly ritualized and

1355
01:34:38.020 --> 01:34:43.329 A:middle L:90%
highly contextualized. And so there's an aesthetics of this

1356
01:34:43.329 --> 01:34:45.479 A:middle L:90%
kind of artifice. But humans engage in artifice as

1357
01:34:45.479 --> 01:34:48.380 A:middle L:90%
well. Behavioral artifices. And you know, if

1358
01:34:48.380 --> 01:34:51.720 A:middle L:90%
you think about, um, you know, cross

1359
01:34:51.720 --> 01:34:58.250 A:middle L:90%
cultural relationships and and communication and all of us know

1360
01:34:58.250 --> 01:35:00.329 A:middle L:90%
that it's not a simple translations. I just,

1361
01:35:00.340 --> 01:35:01.760 A:middle L:90%
uh you know, a one word kind of,

1362
01:35:02.359 --> 01:35:05.390 A:middle L:90%
you know, operation. It's a whole context and

1363
01:35:05.390 --> 01:35:10.619 A:middle L:90%
there's a whole history. And so these many of

1364
01:35:10.619 --> 01:35:15.890 A:middle L:90%
these robots are being designed, at least in Japan

1365
01:35:15.899 --> 01:35:19.500 A:middle L:90%
to to recognize, you know, very subtle differences

1366
01:35:19.500 --> 01:35:23.449 A:middle L:90%
in expression that's going on here as well, uh

1367
01:35:23.460 --> 01:35:26.180 A:middle L:90%
, for surveillance and, you know, face recognition

1368
01:35:26.180 --> 01:35:30.670 A:middle L:90%
, for example, personalized protection instead of password.

1369
01:35:30.039 --> 01:35:31.920 A:middle L:90%
Uh, some kind of facial expression, your thumb

1370
01:35:31.920 --> 01:35:34.659 A:middle L:90%
. Print your irises. But beyond that, um

1371
01:35:34.670 --> 01:35:40.569 A:middle L:90%
, but, um, so a certain if you

1372
01:35:40.569 --> 01:35:45.319 A:middle L:90%
think about if certain kinds of reactions or certain kinds

1373
01:35:45.329 --> 01:35:50.750 A:middle L:90%
of interactions are ritualized and have expressions attached to them

1374
01:35:50.859 --> 01:35:54.989 A:middle L:90%
, it's not too hard, relatively speaking, to

1375
01:35:54.989 --> 01:35:58.850 A:middle L:90%
have a robot learn those, especially if it's a

1376
01:35:58.850 --> 01:36:03.140 A:middle L:90%
companion robot and has gradually started to learn. You

1377
01:36:03.140 --> 01:36:08.560 A:middle L:90%
know, your own particular, um, quirky behavioral

1378
01:36:08.939 --> 01:36:14.600 A:middle L:90%
idiosyncrasies. So I think that the the aesthetics,

1379
01:36:14.600 --> 01:36:18.500 A:middle L:90%
the artifice all become part of this naturalized, I

1380
01:36:18.500 --> 01:36:21.340 A:middle L:90%
would say. And, you know, normalized kind

1381
01:36:21.340 --> 01:36:26.199 A:middle L:90%
of relationship. And this is where empathy can fit

1382
01:36:26.199 --> 01:36:27.829 A:middle L:90%
as well. I mean, if you are meeting

1383
01:36:27.829 --> 01:36:30.899 A:middle L:90%
somebody, um, for the first time, who's

1384
01:36:30.899 --> 01:36:34.600 A:middle L:90%
from a country you you know nothing about? And

1385
01:36:34.609 --> 01:36:41.500 A:middle L:90%
you misinterpret a look. You know, you're unable

1386
01:36:41.510 --> 01:36:43.979 A:middle L:90%
to respond in a way that, uh, they

1387
01:36:43.979 --> 01:36:45.880 A:middle L:90%
would expect, for example, simplifying things here,

1388
01:36:45.880 --> 01:36:49.380 A:middle L:90%
but but you might not be perceived as somebody who

1389
01:36:49.380 --> 01:36:53.090 A:middle L:90%
is understanding or empathic And so I think empathy is

1390
01:36:53.090 --> 01:36:55.520 A:middle L:90%
something that's learned. We learned how to read expressions

1391
01:36:55.529 --> 01:36:57.880 A:middle L:90%
. We choose whether or not we want to respond

1392
01:36:57.880 --> 01:37:00.619 A:middle L:90%
in kind. I don't I don't think it's It's

1393
01:37:00.619 --> 01:37:04.060 A:middle L:90%
something that flows, you know, automatically. Um

1394
01:37:05.939 --> 01:37:10.510 A:middle L:90%
, these are tricky things, but as Japanese are

1395
01:37:10.510 --> 01:37:13.550 A:middle L:90%
about as to say, it's in building these increasingly

1396
01:37:14.130 --> 01:37:17.470 A:middle L:90%
verisimilitude anus. You know, creatures. We learn

1397
01:37:17.470 --> 01:37:20.590 A:middle L:90%
more about humans, too. It certainly made us

1398
01:37:20.590 --> 01:37:23.949 A:middle L:90%
think about what consciousness is and what empathy is.

1399
01:37:29.829 --> 01:37:34.100 A:middle L:90%
Mhm. Mm. So look this way. Thank

1400
01:37:34.100 --> 01:37:36.640 A:middle L:90%
you so much for your talk. I have a

1401
01:37:36.649 --> 01:37:38.850 A:middle L:90%
question. Actually, I was wondering if you could

1402
01:37:38.859 --> 01:37:41.720 A:middle L:90%
speak to the regional. Where are they? Okay

1403
01:37:41.720 --> 01:37:46.619 A:middle L:90%
, I was I thought, Yeah. So I'm

1404
01:37:46.619 --> 01:37:49.079 A:middle L:90%
really struck at how? By how this is the

1405
01:37:49.079 --> 01:37:54.319 A:middle L:90%
creation rather than outsourcing. Migrant. It speaks to

1406
01:37:54.319 --> 01:37:59.319 A:middle L:90%
the creation flexible form of labor. Gender, workforce

1407
01:37:59.319 --> 01:38:00.930 A:middle L:90%
. Right. But how? It's not leaving Japan

1408
01:38:00.939 --> 01:38:03.229 A:middle L:90%
, So it's rooted in Japan. Um, so

1409
01:38:03.229 --> 01:38:04.590 A:middle L:90%
I'm wondering if you could speak to this within the

1410
01:38:04.600 --> 01:38:08.020 A:middle L:90%
context of Asian biotech, because I've got all my

1411
01:38:08.029 --> 01:38:11.279 A:middle L:90%
calls and how this kind of represents this creation of

1412
01:38:11.289 --> 01:38:15.359 A:middle L:90%
this new agent biotechnology that symbolizes national prestige and so

1413
01:38:15.359 --> 01:38:18.579 A:middle L:90%
on and Also, you mentioned that South Korea seems

1414
01:38:18.579 --> 01:38:24.439 A:middle L:90%
to be sort of paralleling for parallel to to the

1415
01:38:24.449 --> 01:38:27.279 A:middle L:90%
robotics in Japan. And I couldn't help but think

1416
01:38:27.279 --> 01:38:29.609 A:middle L:90%
about the relationship with Japan and South Korea as far

1417
01:38:29.609 --> 01:38:31.310 A:middle L:90%
as make up. So I'm wondering if you could

1418
01:38:31.310 --> 01:38:35.430 A:middle L:90%
speak to that a little bit. Yeah, you're

1419
01:38:35.439 --> 01:38:39.750 A:middle L:90%
all familiar with the fact that Japan was never colonized

1420
01:38:39.760 --> 01:38:41.130 A:middle L:90%
, but, as I like to say, was

1421
01:38:41.130 --> 01:38:44.520 A:middle L:90%
an anti colonial colonizer. Uh, and it it

1422
01:38:44.529 --> 01:38:45.310 A:middle L:90%
confounds, you know, the East, West,

1423
01:38:45.310 --> 01:38:49.539 A:middle L:90%
North South, binary division of colonized colonizer. So

1424
01:38:49.539 --> 01:38:53.750 A:middle L:90%
that's a really important and certainly part of the relationship

1425
01:38:54.119 --> 01:38:58.289 A:middle L:90%
. Um, that Japan now is negotiating with China

1426
01:38:58.289 --> 01:39:02.100 A:middle L:90%
and Korea. Um, since unlike in Germany,

1427
01:39:02.100 --> 01:39:08.869 A:middle L:90%
where, you know, in the schools and textbooks

1428
01:39:09.720 --> 01:39:13.890 A:middle L:90%
openly discussed the Third Reich, Um, in Japan

1429
01:39:13.890 --> 01:39:15.359 A:middle L:90%
, that has all been whitewashed. And it's really

1430
01:39:15.359 --> 01:39:18.829 A:middle L:90%
a very elderly individual soldiers who are writing their personal

1431
01:39:18.829 --> 01:39:24.939 A:middle L:90%
histories to clear their consciences before they die. Um

1432
01:39:25.319 --> 01:39:27.670 A:middle L:90%
, and could the prime ministers and many politicians in

1433
01:39:27.670 --> 01:39:30.880 A:middle L:90%
Japan are constantly making gaffes about, you know,

1434
01:39:30.880 --> 01:39:34.170 A:middle L:90%
the comfort women system never existed or Japanese imperialism was

1435
01:39:34.170 --> 01:39:39.720 A:middle L:90%
good for Asia. Um, that said, um

1436
01:39:39.729 --> 01:39:43.560 A:middle L:90%
, the southernmost island of the four large islands of

1437
01:39:43.560 --> 01:39:48.520 A:middle L:90%
Japan. Kyushu has probably one of the biggest trade

1438
01:39:48.520 --> 01:39:55.149 A:middle L:90%
surpluses with Korea. And so they're very, um

1439
01:39:55.720 --> 01:39:59.399 A:middle L:90%
uh, you know, mutually beneficial relationships as well

1440
01:39:59.399 --> 01:40:00.060 A:middle L:90%
. I mean, the two, you know,

1441
01:40:00.060 --> 01:40:02.680 A:middle L:90%
the President, Park and President, Prime Minister Abe

1442
01:40:03.310 --> 01:40:08.069 A:middle L:90%
rhetorically sort of facing off. But underneath that there's

1443
01:40:08.069 --> 01:40:12.319 A:middle L:90%
a lot of collaboration going on, um, and

1444
01:40:12.329 --> 01:40:15.310 A:middle L:90%
similarly China as well, that the Chinese state often

1445
01:40:15.310 --> 01:40:18.149 A:middle L:90%
uses anti Japanese sentiment, um, to, as

1446
01:40:18.149 --> 01:40:20.140 A:middle L:90%
a way to, uh, as a safety valve

1447
01:40:20.140 --> 01:40:23.989 A:middle L:90%
sort of function within China to let off steam directed

1448
01:40:23.989 --> 01:40:27.359 A:middle L:90%
toward the Japanese rather than toward, um, the

1449
01:40:27.369 --> 01:40:30.079 A:middle L:90%
regime, uh, in the People's Republic. So

1450
01:40:30.079 --> 01:40:31.399 A:middle L:90%
it's very complicated, so I wouldn't want to,

1451
01:40:31.409 --> 01:40:33.970 A:middle L:90%
you know, create a black or white picture.

1452
01:40:34.260 --> 01:40:38.550 A:middle L:90%
A lot of Japanese companies are outsourced in China,

1453
01:40:38.560 --> 01:40:42.319 A:middle L:90%
for example, and increasingly, in Southeast Asia.

1454
01:40:42.909 --> 01:40:45.920 A:middle L:90%
I think what is interesting is that it's the sophisticated

1455
01:40:45.920 --> 01:40:49.020 A:middle L:90%
robots that don't leave Japan. Pino, for example

1456
01:40:49.029 --> 01:40:53.600 A:middle L:90%
, Pinocchio robot is an open source robot like the

1457
01:40:53.609 --> 01:40:57.739 A:middle L:90%
South Korean Hugh Bow, and that embodied intelligence image

1458
01:40:57.739 --> 01:40:59.100 A:middle L:90%
I had that was a huge A that was a

1459
01:40:59.100 --> 01:41:02.359 A:middle L:90%
South Korean robot. South Korea faces the same demographics

1460
01:41:02.359 --> 01:41:05.289 A:middle L:90%
as Japan. So does Italy And in fact,

1461
01:41:05.289 --> 01:41:13.310 A:middle L:90%
Japanese robotics companies have formed consortia with their Italian counterparts

1462
01:41:13.310 --> 01:41:15.300 A:middle L:90%
. One is in Pisa and one is in Genoa

1463
01:41:15.310 --> 01:41:18.729 A:middle L:90%
, and they're creating robots, street cleaners for certain

1464
01:41:18.739 --> 01:41:23.859 A:middle L:90%
northern towns in Italy where the roads are really wind

1465
01:41:23.859 --> 01:41:26.930 A:middle L:90%
e. And so there's a, uh, forgot

1466
01:41:26.939 --> 01:41:30.170 A:middle L:90%
the name of the place Bergamo. Maybe, Um

1467
01:41:30.180 --> 01:41:32.779 A:middle L:90%
where, uh, you know, Luigi, uh

1468
01:41:32.789 --> 01:41:34.479 A:middle L:90%
, sort of runs up and down the streets and

1469
01:41:34.479 --> 01:41:36.960 A:middle L:90%
people put their recycling and their trash and you know

1470
01:41:36.970 --> 01:41:40.520 A:middle L:90%
, Bongiorno, and you know, the robot has

1471
01:41:40.520 --> 01:41:42.670 A:middle L:90%
become part of the community. So it's not just

1472
01:41:42.670 --> 01:41:45.180 A:middle L:90%
Japan, we're just not aware of it. But

1473
01:41:45.180 --> 01:41:45.930 A:middle L:90%
I think if we start reading, you know,

1474
01:41:45.930 --> 01:41:49.000 A:middle L:90%
using the Internet to look at more than USA Today

1475
01:41:49.000 --> 01:41:51.550 A:middle L:90%
or our CNN, which is what most of my

1476
01:41:51.550 --> 01:41:54.329 A:middle L:90%
students look at when they get on the Internet and

1477
01:41:54.329 --> 01:41:56.800 A:middle L:90%
search for news. If you start looking at,

1478
01:41:56.810 --> 01:41:59.970 A:middle L:90%
you know, Italian newspapers in Singapore, Ian newspapers

1479
01:41:59.970 --> 01:42:01.390 A:middle L:90%
and Malaysian newspaper, you're going to find a lot

1480
01:42:01.390 --> 01:42:05.090 A:middle L:90%
more articles about robots and, um, you know

1481
01:42:05.100 --> 01:42:11.069 A:middle L:90%
, uh, interregional applications. Now the so there

1482
01:42:11.069 --> 01:42:16.970 A:middle L:90%
are these collaborations that said, I think one solution

1483
01:42:16.979 --> 01:42:23.090 A:middle L:90%
to the the diminished diminished labor force in Japan and

1484
01:42:23.090 --> 01:42:26.050 A:middle L:90%
also the falling birth rate. Uh, and it's

1485
01:42:26.050 --> 01:42:30.699 A:middle L:90%
one that has been offered by many former immigration officers

1486
01:42:30.699 --> 01:42:32.869 A:middle L:90%
who've written books on this, uh, demographic sort

1487
01:42:32.869 --> 01:42:34.819 A:middle L:90%
of future of Japan. They say. Well,

1488
01:42:34.819 --> 01:42:38.600 A:middle L:90%
you know, at the height of our empire in

1489
01:42:38.600 --> 01:42:42.229 A:middle L:90%
1942 we only had a population of 70 million people

1490
01:42:42.600 --> 01:42:44.579 A:middle L:90%
, and now we have 127 million, and we're

1491
01:42:44.579 --> 01:42:46.510 A:middle L:90%
worried that it's going to fall to 90. So

1492
01:42:46.510 --> 01:42:49.859 A:middle L:90%
they're suggesting that if you do have robots, not

1493
01:42:49.869 --> 01:42:53.710 A:middle L:90%
just humanoids, but if you robot ties houses.

1494
01:42:53.710 --> 01:42:57.579 A:middle L:90%
If you robot ties, um, you know cars

1495
01:42:57.579 --> 01:43:00.489 A:middle L:90%
. If you robot ties office buildings, you can

1496
01:43:00.489 --> 01:43:04.890 A:middle L:90%
actually decrease. The population can fall and create a

1497
01:43:04.899 --> 01:43:09.260 A:middle L:90%
technologically gated society. Japan has never been an immigrant

1498
01:43:09.260 --> 01:43:11.989 A:middle L:90%
friendly society and accepts, you know, a handful

1499
01:43:11.989 --> 01:43:15.170 A:middle L:90%
of refugees every decade or so. So this would

1500
01:43:15.180 --> 01:43:18.279 A:middle L:90%
, um, you know, perpetuate the mythos of

1501
01:43:18.289 --> 01:43:21.399 A:middle L:90%
, um, a sort of a one ethnic nation

1502
01:43:21.409 --> 01:43:26.710 A:middle L:90%
that the current conservative government likes to perpetuate, um

1503
01:43:26.720 --> 01:43:30.659 A:middle L:90%
, but also make it actually feasible in the future

1504
01:43:30.670 --> 01:43:32.689 A:middle L:90%
. And of course, you have two million Japanese

1505
01:43:32.699 --> 01:43:39.750 A:middle L:90%
residents of foreign nationality and particularly Koreans, many of

1506
01:43:39.760 --> 01:43:43.329 A:middle L:90%
whom whose families go back generations and also Chinese.

1507
01:43:43.699 --> 01:43:46.869 A:middle L:90%
They're feeling the heat now, Um and so I

1508
01:43:46.869 --> 01:43:56.340 A:middle L:90%
think this technologically closed society is something that is that

1509
01:43:56.340 --> 01:43:59.340 A:middle L:90%
we need to be aware of. And I think

1510
01:43:59.340 --> 01:44:03.039 A:middle L:90%
many Japanese who are worried about these future trends are

1511
01:44:03.039 --> 01:44:06.310 A:middle L:90%
becoming a little bit concerned about because it recapitulates,

1512
01:44:06.789 --> 01:44:11.960 A:middle L:90%
um, the close Society of Japan from roughly 1600

1513
01:44:11.970 --> 01:44:15.760 A:middle L:90%
to 18. 70 basically. Only now it's going

1514
01:44:15.760 --> 01:44:18.319 A:middle L:90%
to be technologically gated. Anyway. Little Japanese history

1515
01:44:18.319 --> 01:44:23.619 A:middle L:90%
there. Thank you for your question. Sure.

1516
01:44:25.090 --> 01:44:27.310 A:middle L:90%
Thank you very much for your life. This one

1517
01:44:27.890 --> 01:44:32.189 A:middle L:90%
. Thank you. Yes, Exchange earlier. Yeah

1518
01:44:34.590 --> 01:44:40.300 A:middle L:90%
. I just want to make clarifying question. Oh

1519
01:44:41.189 --> 01:44:43.670 A:middle L:90%
, one of the things that occurred to me.

1520
01:44:43.670 --> 01:44:47.520 A:middle L:90%
It's very strange it as far. Yes, you

1521
01:44:47.529 --> 01:44:57.180 A:middle L:90%
can. He sort of difficulty mhm panic. What's

1522
01:44:57.189 --> 01:45:04.420 A:middle L:90%
with this? Not Yeah. Mhm dexterity. Picture

1523
01:45:04.890 --> 01:45:11.819 A:middle L:90%
to stick lot. Not mhm. So this spirit

1524
01:45:11.819 --> 01:45:18.369 A:middle L:90%
interesting thing that right. 16 robots, successful disabled

1525
01:45:18.369 --> 01:45:23.420 A:middle L:90%
students or autistic students And I was also wondering because

1526
01:45:24.189 --> 01:45:30.699 A:middle L:90%
I was here. Point me in Japan? Yes

1527
01:45:32.989 --> 01:45:38.020 A:middle L:90%
. Evaluated by artistic adults and to see yes.

1528
01:45:38.989 --> 01:45:44.539 A:middle L:90%
Well, openness. You can stay robotics Researchers were

1529
01:45:44.539 --> 01:45:50.020 A:middle L:90%
very interested, but whether it is huh himself Mhm

1530
01:45:51.289 --> 01:45:57.850 A:middle L:90%
. Yes. I actually haven't done my own ethnographic

1531
01:45:57.850 --> 01:46:01.979 A:middle L:90%
research on, um, the use of robots in

1532
01:46:02.149 --> 01:46:06.439 A:middle L:90%
working with individuals who fall on that autistic spectrum.

1533
01:46:06.449 --> 01:46:10.710 A:middle L:90%
However, one of my graduate students who just defended

1534
01:46:10.710 --> 01:46:15.590 A:middle L:90%
her dissertation wrote on learning disabilities in Japan, and

1535
01:46:15.590 --> 01:46:20.380 A:middle L:90%
they're called Hot Show Guy are emergent disabilities and learning

1536
01:46:20.380 --> 01:46:25.210 A:middle L:90%
disabilities are only recently recognized in the past 10,

1537
01:46:25.210 --> 01:46:30.159 A:middle L:90%
maybe even 20 years in Japan as really real things

1538
01:46:30.170 --> 01:46:32.100 A:middle L:90%
. Before it was thought. That student is lazy

1539
01:46:32.100 --> 01:46:38.170 A:middle L:90%
, for example, or has had inadequate upbringing and

1540
01:46:38.170 --> 01:46:42.779 A:middle L:90%
socialization. And, you know, we're just sort

1541
01:46:42.779 --> 01:46:49.109 A:middle L:90%
of disappeared basically. But now it primarily mothers have

1542
01:46:49.119 --> 01:46:51.939 A:middle L:90%
read a lot of the American literature, primarily American

1543
01:46:51.939 --> 01:46:56.020 A:middle L:90%
literature, on learning disabilities, and have created a

1544
01:46:56.020 --> 01:47:00.590 A:middle L:90%
rather huge movement in Japan to have learning disabilities and

1545
01:47:00.600 --> 01:47:05.210 A:middle L:90%
autism, autism spectrum disorders recognized as bona fide a

1546
01:47:05.380 --> 01:47:09.859 A:middle L:90%
disabilities. And to be, um, you know

1547
01:47:09.869 --> 01:47:13.810 A:middle L:90%
, treated and accordingly, and to be viewed in

1548
01:47:14.279 --> 01:47:18.199 A:middle L:90%
in a constructive light and not simply have individuals who

1549
01:47:18.199 --> 01:47:21.420 A:middle L:90%
disabled sort of just swept under the tatami mats,

1550
01:47:21.420 --> 01:47:26.279 A:middle L:90%
so to speak. And one of the chapters in

1551
01:47:26.279 --> 01:47:31.539 A:middle L:90%
My Student's dissertation is on her, um, ethnography

1552
01:47:31.539 --> 01:47:35.170 A:middle L:90%
at the Robotics lab of Man. I can't remember

1553
01:47:35.170 --> 01:47:38.140 A:middle L:90%
his first name or his last name is Kojima.

1554
01:47:38.149 --> 01:47:42.529 A:middle L:90%
He has many publications in English, on working with

1555
01:47:42.539 --> 01:47:46.970 A:middle L:90%
learning disabled kids and robots. And his work certainly

1556
01:47:46.970 --> 01:47:54.000 A:middle L:90%
puts a very positive valence on this emergent therapeutic approach

1557
01:47:54.579 --> 01:47:57.949 A:middle L:90%
. Uh huh. So that's pretty much all I

1558
01:47:57.949 --> 01:48:00.579 A:middle L:90%
can say about, you know, But I know

1559
01:48:00.579 --> 01:48:01.840 A:middle L:90%
that in the States and all of the world,

1560
01:48:01.840 --> 01:48:03.819 A:middle L:90%
actually, um, you know, robots are being

1561
01:48:03.819 --> 01:48:09.750 A:middle L:90%
introduced to work with individuals who have had some issues

1562
01:48:09.750 --> 01:48:16.640 A:middle L:90%
with communication, for example and interaction. Oh,

1563
01:48:16.640 --> 01:48:18.600 A:middle L:90%
can I just say one more thing? One more

1564
01:48:18.600 --> 01:48:21.760 A:middle L:90%
thing. I often get asked, but nobody asked

1565
01:48:21.760 --> 01:48:26.130 A:middle L:90%
me here when 3. 11 and Japan happened the

1566
01:48:26.140 --> 01:48:30.210 A:middle L:90%
trifle disaster, the tsunami, earthquake, tsunami and

1567
01:48:30.210 --> 01:48:31.210 A:middle L:90%
then meltdown. People said, Well, where are

1568
01:48:31.210 --> 01:48:33.310 A:middle L:90%
the robots? Why, why didn't they go in

1569
01:48:33.319 --> 01:48:36.090 A:middle L:90%
? Um and I just wanted to underscore its come

1570
01:48:36.090 --> 01:48:40.609 A:middle L:90%
up in the capitalism question. Robots are really expensive

1571
01:48:40.619 --> 01:48:44.810 A:middle L:90%
, you know, and elderly day laborers are really

1572
01:48:44.810 --> 01:48:47.109 A:middle L:90%
cheap and your it's finally coming out. I predicted

1573
01:48:47.109 --> 01:48:49.329 A:middle L:90%
this, but it's finally coming out that all of

1574
01:48:49.329 --> 01:48:53.489 A:middle L:90%
the cleanup work is being done in a very hazardous

1575
01:48:53.489 --> 01:48:58.000 A:middle L:90%
conditions of Hiroshima by these elderly, dispensable humans.

1576
01:48:58.000 --> 01:48:59.609 A:middle L:90%
And I think we have to keep this in mind

1577
01:48:59.609 --> 01:49:00.170 A:middle L:90%
. This is one of the ethical issues I wanted

1578
01:49:00.170 --> 01:49:03.640 A:middle L:90%
to raise at the end. Until robots are really

1579
01:49:03.640 --> 01:49:06.170 A:middle L:90%
, really cheap. They're not going to be replacing

1580
01:49:06.170 --> 01:49:11.479 A:middle L:90%
humans any day soon. But we have to be

1581
01:49:11.479 --> 01:49:15.699 A:middle L:90%
aware of, uh, the the promises of the

1582
01:49:15.699 --> 01:49:18.369 A:middle L:90%
robotics industry versus what can actually transpire on the ground

1583
01:49:18.369 --> 01:49:21.140 A:middle L:90%
because of the expenses associated with robots. And so

1584
01:49:21.140 --> 01:49:26.729 A:middle L:90%
these inexpensive day laborers have been doing all the dangerous

1585
01:49:26.729 --> 01:49:29.159 A:middle L:90%
dirty work, and their lives are going to be

1586
01:49:29.159 --> 01:49:30.770 A:middle L:90%
very short as a result. I just wanted to

1587
01:49:30.779 --> 01:49:32.810 A:middle L:90%
be put that in because Prime Minister Abe, of

1588
01:49:32.810 --> 01:49:38.600 A:middle L:90%
course, playing down the dangers of radiation and the

1589
01:49:38.600 --> 01:49:43.680 A:middle L:90%
aftermath of Kashima Thank you. Thank you very much

1590
01:49:44.170 -->  A:middle L:90%
. Mhm.