Ok, let's get started so we'll have plenty of time to discuss with these presenters. I'll introduce
our moderator, Dr George Martin, professor Ag and Aquatic of many responsibilities. In
a very short time. I'm just going to introduce
people introduced actually have been lucky enough to travel to
a lot of different countries with projects that I've worked
with. And he is one of the scientists and
our innovation labs that actually understands gender and does gender research.
So it was a random that uh his research and
teaching focuses on agricultural development, agricultural research evaluations and
integrated has extensive research experience in Asia, Africa, and Latin
America. Recent books escaping poverty and achieving security in
developing countries and economics of agricultural development received his PhD
from the University of Minnesota particularly welcomed uh gender nutrition
responsible and a really exciting panel speakers today. Each
one of them will take about 20 minutes and a
questions and I'm gonna hear it is the one time
her first speakers Deborah Movement and for a few years
down to four. Co director of culture L.
C. Never co director of this culture Cultural cultural
practice. Now let's see which is the women oriented
consulting firm that provides technical leadership work on gender following
. Agriculture Security. Dr Ruben has support partners with
the international research is to last uh and and was
working with with the same project as well as the
last speaker. She has often publications on health practitioners
, gender issues, qualitative research methods. She's a
former professor especially with the World Bank and other organizations
. And editor, I should say. She says
she strives to deliver technical content. Clearly the technical
specialist and non specialist she certification and cultural anthropology.
Uh john Hopkins University and there is going to talk
to us about strengthening women's economic and agricultural extension.
But uh reputation is going to review urging work extremely
limited economic expansion program in progress and enterpreneurs. Uh
But she needed by agricultural uh really pleased with the
. uh so uh, so good morning everyone.
You can hear me and I managed to speak directly
against microphone before I start. You just have a
clarification from the type for about the tiny to the
presentation quite a I thought I could be in the
morning and I got uh so in starting a very
much. Thank you for organizing this incredible gathering.
It's been so nice to see people that I haven't
seen for many years and the people and to be
able to connect with folks that I've been fighting forever
and to tell them how important it is to.
Uh, so really it's amazing relevance is going and
uh managed to fall. So, thanks for that
. Thanks also reports that very nice introduction, which
I wasn't expecting. I also like to mention in
terms of this presentation does support from USA I need
to two projects one of us of modernizing Agricultural and
Extension. I didn't say that by modernizing extension and
Agricultural advisory services. Me uh attended a couple of
years ago. Follow on projects for that which you
mentioned the Utah ingenious project, integrating gender and nutrition
within agricultural extension services. And both of those implemented
providing university of Illinois and Ship in Havana. And
we have not only the group that Agnes introduced to
you, but also an ingenious group. So if
I can see my genius colleagues raised their hands,
that would be great. Excellent. Uh so the
work that has been done both by the creative genius
very much contributes to this particular talk that I'm giving
today. It's a marriage if you will. And
I'd like to thank goodness for doing such an amazing
job of providing a segue into this presentation because her
presentation, as you heard, was about really the
way in which agricultural extension the difference in gender world
in agriculture. So there are three points that I
think out of practices presentation that help us to move
forward into this discretion about what an extension system with
like. The first is simply the fact that an
extension really can have a positive gender impact. The
second one is the importance of doing research on extension
and that's really critical. Extension was not a topic
that was important in development for a while. The
late nineties and early 2000 George, I hope would
agree on that after having been a very important topic
back at the beginning of international development in and then
became more important again in around 2000 and seven or
eight with price crisis. So we're benefiting now from
that renewed interest in the extension. The third point
, I think from Agnes, his presentation is that
she talked about a particular project, the nature project
, and someone asked about how to do this in
latin America. And the other question is just generally
probably scale these kinds of learning. What are the
general principles that we draw out to be able to
build a better extension systems around the world that have
gender equitable gender transformative out. So those are the
three types of progress today. Then again, thank
you Agnes for presenting a session. I so just
a little background or not an extension ist I enjoy
working on an extension issues. It's really suited suiting
um, to be here at Virginia Tech to talk
about this because extension is one third of the um
, underlying goals of the land grant system, right
. Research that teaching and then have extension. And
um, it's very nice to be here to be
able to have this conversation. I think it's also
important to go back to the sketch was done in
82 or something 85. Uh, and it makes
it look so simple extension translates bridges the gap assumption
that there's a gap between the researcher, the nice
white man there in the picture and the farmer,
the nice man. We don't know. This is
missing in the picture, Right? So there's somehow
there's this miraculous process that occurs. It's like but
another problem that every often says rewards and then she
says, and then the miracle occurs. So we
have this miracle in between the research, the bench
science, perhaps the science and the application in the
field with the farmer. But it's obviously much more
complicated than that. So just to introduce a few
of the complexities we have, you know, what
extension is applying scientific knowledge to achieve results for the
purpose of improving farmers productivity for security and life is
more likely response I think is important because that's what
allows us to get to all these empowerment issues as
well. Then how do you do it? There
have been three main ways that you can do it
. You can use what for a long time was
the only way to extension work with primarily, which
was the technology transfer, which is a relatively linear
way of and linear and off down where this researchers
whole farm motors what to do through the extension system
. But more recently, extension for much more complex
and at least 20 maybe 30 years uh in which
advisory services have from an important part of the whole
extension. Um, and when we talk about advisory
services, we're talking about all the ways in which
farmers can access different experts to provide advice and information
. And then finally, facilitation chicken is becoming more
important and this is much more of that. They
are driven model where you have the extension system,
probably the farmers to define their own parents are fine
, help them find solutions. But finally last element
of complexity years and they're different types of extension systems
. There's the public system that uh for a long
time was the primary way that extension services were provided
. And that was true using the industry and agriculture
and their extension officers in different parts of the country
. And again, it's very important for a long
time and the money that was being given from U
. S. A. I. D. Essentially
, essentially, but also through U. S.
D. A. Uh to support people in positions
, even industries and governments in other countries. Uh
but there has been again, probably for about three
years, a huge growth in the, in the
work of Ngos nonprofits to provide extension services. And
I'm sure we're all familiar with groups like care or
mercy for many too many today. How to tell
her about last presentation, who also provide exceptional services
and who are now very large part of that.
But we can't forget the company's fertilizer companies and the
for profit entities that find that using extension is an
important part of their work, not only to sell
their products, so that's certainly part of it,
but also to help farmers get at the appropriate environment
music so that they actually benefit from. Uh,
so what's the challenge? The challenge is figuring out
how we can actually address all farmers with the exception
system, Not only the band behind the plow in
this picture, but women who as we have their
own for approximately 40% of the real world varying by
regions. Um, and uh, again, as
the complexity that's going to be seen here, the
kind of work that women do. It is very
important in agriculture. And so extension services have to
be oriented towards that complexity help all the different types
of when I want to be very clear that not
only production but also extension for uh services including fish
. Uh and that was so that that doesn't mean
precisely on that. Uh there's been a movement extension
to not only be able to provide what is the
best particular practice or more popular region, but also
uh, what really is the best fit, what
is for the more customized approach? And that includes
figuring out what companies do a lot, which is
knowing your customer, right? So its customers in
your advice to the particular environment. Okay. I
think the quote by that farm work is very important
for us to remember this really, um, reflects
the change that has been an extension. That is
an extension. Now. That is not simply about
this transfer of technology, but it is about understanding
the general relations that are perhaps not visible or that
are, uh, assumptions behind the technology design itself
as well as the environment in which is working and
extend to really think again about that content that we
have to look at what we have to look at
that in all aspects of extension. So at least
it's more questions that that at again, a bit
more of that. Who actually is the former,
which talked about a little bit of you. Uh
, the focus here is about the kind of systems
that can reach those for taking all of their diversity
. There's also been discussion. There's a question about
that earlier about should we have only women working with
women? It wasn't raised that way. But that
was educational. Remember then? So this issue of
who is the first effective agents is really critical.
I'm not going to get into that very much because
I'm trying to look at the system level. But
obviously the effort in recent years to develop what we
call competency framework for extension and there's the work both
by G percent G perhaps of positional extension, to
develop competency framework that helps um, organizations to extend
to figure out exactly what their agents need to know
. The ones that are gender sensitive, raised.
A number of points similar to ones amazing in the
presentation today. Um, so that and are equally
capable of reaching women with their sentiment as well as
women extension officers, equally applicable to men. Because
obviously talking about gender, you're talking about men.
So I was already presented a very nice presentation on
empowerment. The definition of this element of the components
of it that the doctor here yesterday trying to introduce
here a slight variations will look at the definition of
women's economic empowerment. Was really focused this on the
way of the experiment can act in the market effective
and to have the people capacity to do that.
There are two components of economic empowerment that work on
a trip to looking at the projected dimensions of economic
empowerment together measures things like the sales. Uh the
things that we can look at quantitatively. And then
there's the subjective dimensions of economic Just how do you
feel about what that was just or sometimes to anybody
who's business owner like I am knows two o'clock in
the morning and doesn't feel too good. So,
some questions to help us uh think about the data
that we feel to get to the point of being
able to identify those pathways to in this economic environment
through average, um uh nutrition as uh, as
presented there, the number of charts showing the application
expectations. We don't really have the same level of
data to make the same kind of definitive statements about
how suspension links to women's economic, about years from
now. Maybe that talk right now, we're doing
more a conceptualization of those issues. We also don't
know how much or how well after entrepreneurship, which
is basically prevented the agricultural radiant face, please.
It's economic empowerment for women. It's been very much
a push over the last, I would say five
years in a lot of work using entrepreneurship as an
opportunity for economic development. I've been telling you that
the gap as a business owner entrepreneurship is not for
everyone. I don't really think of myself as an
entrepreneur into this group, teaching and research and the
struggle taking. This is not one of my strengths
. So it really needs to take risks to be
a very successful entrepreneur. So it's not really a
catholic and a and then the third question about how
the agricultural extension of the vital services support for those
who are choosing that route. So what we know
, uh some of you know so far is that
there are three names have towards women in agriculture.
There are the producers who grow and do themselves some
portion and all of their produce to wire so that
they are actually from that transaction, they're already entrepreneurs
who in the markets or in the um processing industry
or sometimes even transport industry who are running their business
interests. And when we talk about entrepreneurship, usually
we're talking about having at least one paid employee,
there, only one for yourself, the alert is
a little unclear about whether or not you're actually entrepreneur
then finally wait for wage were being, even when
it's not this talk, because that's not really an
extension officers generally focus on, but they you focus
on producers certainly historically and more and more of a
focus on. So it's interested in looking at one
of the products do at project. The follower to
the project actually said in a lot of tourists that
they noted reviewing what it was that they were measuring
that extension services that they are in the participation of
women training. Did you come to the training?
How many things to the training? It's not about
what they were for the training and whether you find
your own fields, but it how many bodies were
. And that's certainly a good starting point. But
it does not, as the book says, tell
us anything about whether benefited from what they learned in
training or whether it helps them become more effective in
making decisions about actually, uh, operating in the
market. So we benefited model I think is great
. Not they were looking for strategies, projects which
are how, uh, how it emerged, but
with active suspension system as a whole. So if
you think about what's more this system to look like
in the future, I think the biggest thing is
that they want to be able to reach women across
the value chain. And it's no longer about simply
wasn't simply, but it's no longer about only,
um, working with women as producers who are oriented
towards consumption. It is really about trying to get
those women to be able to engage in the market
to be able to earn an income and to be
able to see their families, nutritious food. So
how do you reach women to be able to do
that? You recognize that they actually operate across the
value chain. And if you try and identify ways
and then you can get them together because lack of
membership groups is one of the largest factors of disempowerment
that's coming out of the work on the way our
program. So they're working in groups to get the
benefit of that activity and you're able to provide information
in a way that sailors to the group as well
as in some cases working with them and and women
as is appropriate in the contents. To benefit.
You will have to be looking at those kinds of
activities um for services that will help improve the well
being, and that could be increasing access assets that
were increasing in nutrition and food security. And they
can be increasing income very specific. But it's also
about reducing gender based constraints that operate in agriculture.
So it might be about providing neighbors and devices or
higher productivity, higher yielding seeds and other types of
technologies. And finally, a talented I think we're
looking at the way in which services and we want
so that you are actually um enhancing a number of
sales at the same time. But it's also about
working within the household. And there are a number
of activities which just see something orchestration of this page
. Um uh a model in which you want in
the house will be able to change the dynamics between
men and women. So the angel, it was
one example of that, but there are many others
. So here I am in this spider is still
focusing on this reach that intolerance. This is on
the ground here. Um, I wanted to make
a distinction between the kind of content that extension services
can divide and the research they do. You want
to be calling the logistics, which I don't like
. It's not really a great word and they can't
think of another one. But it's the things that
we all have heard and clients about setting your readings
that are kind of women actually come. Um,
she was called common sense. Um, uh,
but it's distinct from the content that extension system should
be providing uh, with this side. And I
don't really want to go through each of these,
but it's about being what it is called a great
part of the 2000 and 14 science that signal a
ship in the Foundation of really investing in women and
investment for empowerment and economic outcomes. She said we
have to be intentional in marriages are we have intentionally
without implementation of contents. So this is a challenge
everyone to think that how can you be more intentional
in designing and being the extension system? So I
think we'll skip over reaching benefits or talked about with
foreign look at the issues we see that conducting research
on what works is everything important. And I think
only a very early stage and also conducting research on
the best avenues for providing extension services. That's it
. I'm happy to take questions. I understand that
we're doing it at the end of the three presentations
and a world like this so that that uh uh
our next speaker is very uh uh director of the
uh for 10 years as director of the International.
Uh huh. She admitted to the People Technical.
Uh Uh huh. Uh huh. Thank you George
for that. Nice introduction. And I hope you
get to know each other a little bit better.
Lots of conversations to today. I also wanted to
add my thanks to very, at least for the
invitation to be here. This is really exciting for
the uh one thing I do want to put that
thing. Okay. Uh as you can see,
I have three full time jobs and uh that's because
I have a really really bad problem and then I
can't say no to things that are interesting. Uh
so we want any career advice and so I had
to say no really Beban. But uh this is
something that I'm really glad. I said yes because
not only did I enjoy talking to so many yesterday
and see some fabulous presentations. Uh it has been
a bit of a really into for some people that
have worked in livestock engender and they're not many of
us so often on the only gender expert in a
little livestock people, the only livestock person in a
gender people. So it's really nice to know.
I have colleagues. Uh, you only hear a
bit more about the livestock very people. Uh,
this tension maybe article in the last, which emphasized
the importance of plant based science for the future.
Of course, this is obviously contention and livestock cycles
. Uh, I don't think that the discussion is
over, although we probably would agree that the Western
this way to be an animal products of all sorts
and especially most of the modes of texas production are
very harmful to the planet. Uh, someone who's
working a lot of pastoral areas, we really cannot
overlook the importance of livestock production, but food and
income and livelihoods. Uh, so we don't want
to generalize to like uh so uh what health is
something that is becoming? Uh we were we were
talked about but not necessarily implement immediately and it's uh
common sense idea that is ridiculously hard to implement in
practice. So it is the Internet, it's recognizing
and addressing the interconnections between people, animals and plants
and the fact that we have a shared environment and
uh particular areas, infectious disease and animals for the
wildlife or livestock and people sharing the same infectious agents
over and over again. So to try and address
one without the other is uh like that some of
your grad students and they uh identify with my experience
as a student. If you're in an apartment and
get rid of the approaches in one apartment, they
just go next door and then they come right back
. This is Louisiana's, we never got any of
our branches, but the idea is that if you're
not comprehensive, you're not really solving the problem.
Uh But one of the key points is that in
order to be effective, you have to be collaborative
, you have to be multisectoral and you have to
be trans disciplinary and that is so easy to write
when you're making a systems diagram and it's time to
actually sit down and work together. It is really
challenge. However, it is worth doing because this
is the way we can actually really optimize, not
just help what the and some of you are coming
from a public health background and animal health as well
. The thinking's changed to just from preventing disease to
maintaining health and then increasingly to supporting wellness. So
before I try to link uh some of the lifestyle
experiences to nutrition sensitive agriculture, I just want to
take this chance to have a wider audience. Uh
I am still the current president of the International Association
, which is increasingly important because some of you may
not know that there is a worldwide eradication program against
the er as well, which is a infectious disease
of goods cheap, that maybe probably the third infectious
disease to be eradicated. And and this is enormous
undertaking and uh recognized as important because of the importance
of small businesses to the livelihoods of uh for people
, people in this marginal this vulnerable environments. So
uh so I want you to leave here maybe not
as the experts, but at least I want you
to be able to recognize the difference between the sheep
. And do I have at least one tangible skill
that has come out of this conference and which one
is to go to the center? Uh Well,
one of my right, your left uh go go
tales sit up. And she details sit down right
and in this country the typical practice, the traditional
practice has been to dock land tales. So if
you see no tail at all, it's probably a
sheep increasing the increasingly harm resulting in detail sometime.
Uh Okay well when we have a conversation about nutrition
, nutrition sensitive agriculture, it works at first a
lot like one health. Because it has to be
collaborative, it has to be multisectoral and it has
to be trans disciplinary and as but Agnes and D
set up for us. We also know gender is
central um central to our outcome, central production,
consumption and decision making. Um distribution of resources and
the variables also decision making in other aspects of uh
in state. Um So I'm going to use some
examples of livestock impact or nutritional outcomes, particularly some
scale uh mixed farming systems, but also in pastoral
areas which are mixed as far as a means to
stop species increasingly emphasizing goes to us. Most of
our pastoral areas are increasingly drought from driving before and
even in cultures that prioritize cattle, cattle cancer.
Uh so we're seeing a real shift uh into a
portion of pastoral workers that are not just movements,
but more more predominantly goats. Uh but we have
a central question and I realized after I started putting
my my talk together that my being is will agree
need to be trans disciplinary lies so hard and uh
these are some pictures of silence and we want to
use this as a metaphor for our separation into different
groups. Um and I just want to take advantage
of talking to people interested in agriculture and everyone knows
that too. In style something needs to take a
forage and preserve it in a city environment of bacteria
so that you can feed it to your life stop
at a later date. And so basically it's making
sauerkraut and if you didn't know that before now you
also got to that's to break up. Um So
we talk about Silas generally as the old fashioned style
over my left, your right and these are very
tall separated buildings but it basically we go out to
the field silos or concrete bunkers that still have cement
separations and when you're making silage for sema craft the
ideas that we want your batches to be separated so
that in one batch gets contaminated contaminated the entire bat
contaminate the entire artists. Um But for us working
in development we really need some contamination we really need
to be able to share across the boundaries of our
disciplines and when we do get together and we cross
our disciplines. Um, even if it's something as
uh, they seem to be a single silos such
as livestock. Um, we can often talk about
passed each other because someone who is a lot of
stop nutritionists may not have the least bit of interest
in the marketing of livestock projects of products for policies
that make uh the results for the people uh and
improve their projects that they may not have any interest
in that. Uh we also have some fundamental differences
in our different disciplines. Uh you know, the
joke is always can't decide what is the best are
square and this completed an enormous discussion late into the
night and we don't know what is our coefficient of
determination and we can have very, very different standards
, also have very different budgets. We can have
very different cultures and importantly we have very different rewards
. So we're trying to have a collaborative process but
it's not the same incentives. Uh we might not
get the contributions we want. Uh and then this
one is showing in a very very narrow sense.
We will just and infectious disease one we need to
look at uh beyond just our areas of infectious disease
. Uh but most people are good rabies but Ebola
also the same uh human disease. And uh am
R. Stands for. It's have a go to
resistant bacteria that is of concern to the human given
health and practitioners. But if we want to do
any kind of good uh comprehensive one health work,
we have to have a system this approach and this
is just one particular life in the system that are
like. And if we're going to have a systems
approach, we have to with the social context and
again, the social context, movie training to do
that. And we have to have a desire to
do that. And uh, one of one of
the drawbacks has been that researchers, especially in agriculture
, um, I have not been required to learn
each other's feel see that if they are on a
collaborative project and that is especially true gender. Uh
, they're saying we have to show that here,
if you do something positive about gender and, and
, and have been for your project and gender expert
to come on. And the researchers themselves haven't changed
anything with the outcome of the project hasn't changed.
And that is the most challenging in many ways.
Uh, and there's also, uh, you know
, as we see from earlier talks, donors and
projects that can claim they are whatever they are,
they claim to be transformed. They claim to the
purchase inventory. And uh, no one's there to
challenge the uh, at least not at the point
of being able to be accountable for what they say
to do. So we have the owners that are
demanding financial data that did the quantitative data but rarely
textual. So we heard from from Agnes that we
do have some good definitive answers. We know that
improved livestock production can lead to improve nutritional outcomes for
house members, especially Children and and a gender is
a cute variable that to happen. But we also
have equally good documentation and commercialization of with its livestock
practices, particularly in variant poultry. Um, we'll
shift income two men unless we intentionally address and prevent
that. And uh, we see lots and lots
of uh, project proposals that talk about livestock and
the wonderful impacts that we can see a gender and
nutrition that quote a lot of work that Agnes has
done in the team, but they have still not
done their home. And uh the documentation goes back
to the eighties with commercialization of livestock started to take
place. And in uh especially in Africa we got
just about every culture. Women have had livestock,
especially the area that commercialization brings shipped to become from
women to men because they get attracted to the large
amounts of money. So I just want to share
real quick case study from Heaven Earth, that organizational
livestock organization that I would for 10 years and it
was very attractive about it at first was that they
explicitly tried to technical and social developers, which in
itself is very difficult uh using livestock as an entry
point for community development. But they also do not
expect anyone to do a library research or reading a
versus Hillary College. And so so they had they
had to contract with their own case studies to discover
that the commercialization of dirty project shifting from women to
men. And this was the impetus for starting a
gender equity program which was very far reaching, but
unfortunately mostly voluntary. And then in 2000 and eight
from just share quick diagram, uh, certainly for
their advertising purposes, they uh really embraced gender women's
empowerment as one of the base uh, necessary conditions
before any kind of transformation we need development to take
place. And that was very admirable. And they
didn't have a lot of country programs that really jumped
on this. And so this is the way to
make a huge impact. However, in 2000 and
eight, they said, we are so that the
real needs of separate program and Mark and each country
is now responsible for deciding how is the best way
to continue to uh monitor this or even implemented.
And that was also been here. That enormous based
100 project with the staff of jerry project that started
. And uh in some by some measures it has
been wonderfully successful. Lots of money is generated.
Lots of milk has been produced. Lots of Children
have consumed it. However, in 2011, 3
years after the project started, um job attend a
noted that uh in public shifting from the internet.
So what happened to all those lessons learned and what
happened to the institutionalization of research knowledge? Uh So
as a result, uh they did do some one
day gender sensitization workshops with the communities that were participating
. And in 2015 and that's very tiny 2015.
They didn't follow survey and found that from uh all
of the four different measures of women's control or decision
making over either uh land money from milk or uh
control of production assets. That in all three countries
in East africa that women's decision making uh rose from
20% to some cases on the 80% as it was
also that one day workshop. And it's pretty remarkable
. Uh but what was written in the report in
a 10.8 box, which I've grown up a little
bit larger here, just so we can say it
, is that the note about women's improvement and decision
making power in the household level seems unusual since behavior
changes, especially agenda, are more likely to gradually
increased over time. And perhaps they need further quality
assessments to ensure accurate evidence on gender equity. So
from this, I'd like to draw your attention to
what happens in the field. And that is there
are there is a recognition that there needs to be
surveys that are done so we can monitor what is
happening. Um, you know that what happens with
women matters donors increasingly are demanding it, although they
should do their homework and demanded from the beginning.
But in the field, implementing agencies are very little
. That will say we have to do some funnel
, we have to do monitoring. So will design
survey about empowerment and we will hire some facilitators to
go out and ask these questions about that. Makes
decisions with an asshole. And once the value of
those kinds of surveys, especially once the participants know
what the right answer is. Uh, and unfortunately
this is I think part typically the case and not
. So our challenge is to increase the interpretation of
these surveys, which means we have to do focus
groups and discussions and hopefully also made the gender variable
part of our of our curriculum or intervention from the
very beginning or else it just becomes a check off
on surveys done to please the donor and not have
to deal with something that is enormously difficult. And
this is just a real quote from how we project
that we're dash and be familiar with this. And
they also had a survey and uh medical Tracy of
the language. What is empowerment is difficult. So
is the language of what is joined for shared decision
making, which we know is important, but it's
not understood in the uniform way and um husbands and
wives agree that they should be engaged into a decision
thinking. However, their husbands were further probe about
if the wife's uh opinion was different when they respect
that opinion and you're the most universally that was done
. So the response of shared decision making actually meant
that the wife was expected to agree, but she
had in fact been informed. And what I think
that this is better than not being informed about the
process. But it is really not always think empower
memorize. So what can I say conclusion about the
extreme agenda? Equality. It is on the agenda
. That's better. But it's often superficial rather than
transformative. No matter how some projects will package themselves
and the challenges, what will want healthy any different
. And because it is supposed to be transformative,
this girl's collaborative. So when you have a project
coming up that will start in March, it's a
gender inclusive livestock vaccine distribution and delivery system in East
Africa. Will this be able to do what some
of these other underground projects have not done? Well
, let's sit. One thing that we decided to
do in this project was cross trade, uh,
and that instead of having an add on sociologists who
is responsible for all aspects of gender, the Senior
manager for the project, all that bearings that have
advanced training and experience with both gender and social science
. So luckily we're at a time when there is
a critical mass of people that have these qualifications.
Second, all the scientists, the best scientists that
have been very happy to check over all of the
, all of the social context issues are required to
actually participate in training so that they understand the language
, the discussion because otherwise, the entire project states
that superficial level and academia in states as superficial engagement
agenda. We're in a silent. Uh, third
, there's funding for graduate students, particularly that their
students are add students who would like to become a
cross trade so so that you can uh, don't
want to be one of these uh, these people
with abilities and um, and then we have to
also look very carefully to our partners. And my
experience is that it is much easier to build up
the technical capacity of a community based organization or MGM
than it is to impose social awareness and social capacity
into a technical this organization. So we are going
to be looking at a variety of indicators, including
that the ability is the women's and power than for
livestock index and the play a song with practical version
of it because we didn't want to get something that
is comparable across countries, but we also would like
to get farmers the local, uh, local project
participants to also identify, what is it that they
would recognize as a power that's in their communities.
Uh, some of you have questions about the student
funding, the East African countries become tablet better than
they uh, passes later. Um, and it's
going to be a challenge because one health has been
very, very good at the reach part of the
reach benefit of power continue, especially for getting into
pastoral communities. Uh, and there is a limit
a mystical south generally follow. We're going to find
out whether or not we transform that into practical changes
in people's lives. So, so in conclusion,
I think we all agree that technology, whether it's
not going to change and justice, uh, transformation
requires monday, which is probably very short supply as
well as commitment to. Uh, um, and
uh, you have to be uh, advocates as
well as all our donors accountable. Uh, I
just want to build on uh, doctor yesterday that
that is our job and activist graduate students are probably
our best investment right now. Half percent. So
, uh, thank you all for attention and just
make sure you keep all of your goes healthy and
they will continue in anyways figure. Uh, I
think we're going to have a, uh, a
distinguished, she's also, uh, uh, uh
, uh, uh, uh, a couple of
a uh, society, Development society for decades of
development. Us developing countries, research strategies, development
, technical specialist program, foundation program us around the
world to talk about gender animals. Uh, real
pleasure to be here. Uh, just amazing.
I really enjoyed the poster session. All replications has
been great learning experiences. And if you can't hear
me go. Uh huh. So the picture of
that, I want to point out the bottom here
. Uh, the one over on that side is
a woman in Catalonia hurting she that this is their
called monday's their past for us, the Luther she
from the Golan during the winter of the Highlands degree
in the summer because you go where they're faster they're
ruminants And they actually managed working with researchers to come
up. And I've seen this explaining as well to
come up with a extension of the National security uh
specialty. She uh the, that is highly prized
. So it's a very, very interesting kind of
way that the uniqueness of place is translated into who
survives and thrives in in terms of the animal as
well as uh and what that could be in terms
of uh income generation for unity. Now I look
a bit about innovations in agriculture. We have uh
, I I have been doing this stuff for over
50 years. And one of the things that uh
strikes me is how linear we are as north americans
. So you're not from north America enough fall into
this uh trap, But we are problem solvers.
So if there's this, we have a tool that
will solve your problems and everything else will be fine
. And we've been doing that for a very,
very long time. So I'm looking at innovations in
agriculture. Where do they come from? Uh,
and how often are women? Part of this?
One of the things that we do is breeding lots
of lots of animal breeding and what do we read
in crops and animals? Animals. The green revolution
taught us we want input response in this. What
does input responsible be when you're a peasant and the
republic, it means you have to buy the food
to get iron and protein. It means you have
to buy the vaccines. I'm a woman. Tell
me I've got these improved ever with responsible and I
can't even for vaccinations for my shoulder, but I
have to get them from my chickens so that we
have, we have not taken into account the realities
of everybody's real experiences. Uh, I have the
same criticism. The very getting big projects. Is
that all of a sudden you buy concentrates for animals
that have for golden here. Sir Vied wonderfully.
Councils perhaps and provided could meet for the family.
We use technology. Our technologies have been chemicals.
Uh, you know that if these are input responsive
process for on the nitrogen, if these are,
you got a whole bunch of things in one place
, you attract us. So we get on the
pesticides and then we recognize it all. When I
first started working in the Philippines, this was a
very long time ago and we went to the countryside
, we would have wonderful meals that were global varieties
of rice. There were they being replaced with green
revolution variety and then all the breeds over the weeds
around the field with great sources of vitamin A.
But it seems you get green varieties is sprayed pesticide
there go you're eliminating vegetables that came from those weeds
around the field. So we decided we would do
golden showers and I did have a student and work
on this and I'm sort of evaluated field woman.
Well, first thing is they picked the wrong variety
rise the different arrived in the nick arise, needed
secondly, they never talk about shattered so that you
can get advice there when uh, and cloud you
could be hard to harvest. We just didn't talk
to women as we started working on technologies and then
if we mechanize and it was pointed out when things
are small scale women do when you mechanize it money
and then do it. So some of my big
arguments with the government project is okay, you're gonna
recognizes four women's cooperatives of women to do it,
president simply replacing their jobs and we can introduce exogenous
crops often through colonialism. And this is my favorite
picture of the wonders of the spanish coming to America
. And I want you to know, I worked
for many years in spain and teach there and learned
a lot about latin America from being to spain.
Uh and so one of the probably in my mind
we're seeing this now we're seeing the results and now
we introduced a form to your, to your african
asia and then we came to the americans the process
. Indigenous people were healthy and their diets were based
on main and the spanish notice that the, the
lawyers so may see after your first uh decorative plant
, they did not go to venice and then spread
the peasants in the country and the countryside, resulting
in polenta. The lovely thing about polenta is you
need a lot of it in your soul. The
bad thing about Theresa is just cooked with around four
. There are all sorts of nutrients providing and metabolites
that it was, it was also taken to africa
where we get many deal again your full but you're
not nourished because the result is that millennials but health
results were not the same. People were full but
not nourished soil deteriorated for after for what went wrong
. Those corn that figure africa. Asia never talk
to the women to learn how prepared and there is
division of labor in for growing preparation has been for
millennium. Uh the preparation of corn or for genius
uh bread. I forgot about the whole where a
wonderful for base uh cuisine. Um and what they
did was they added ashes to the batter or by
us uh um that released give me the houses but
then people can go for days just eating tortillas or
regret because they got a great nutrition but they paid
attention to the women. Nobody has been but recently
uh which is just a problem of normalization to share
this female cultural practice across hundreds and this this really
is important that we have so much corn room.
But unfortunately those vast varieties of different ecosystems uh again
something different. Number three the corn uh hybrid corn
corn corn. Uh I'm going to give you an
example in research in Oaxaca. It's ok people and
we stayed with the household and credible tortillas. The
child wife had her thought where she grew indigenous core
open pollinated variety. She saved disease, buster vegetables
. Her husband had enough people with the Green Revolution
course and threw itself so that she would not have
it in her house to eat. But she made
this one of the food using the traditional method of
preparation. Women have been performed of resistance the neo
liberal agricultural model for a very long time. So
we're increasingly understanding the need for systems approach President a
linear approach which means and pointed out uh include the
bio physical and human systems and human systems like biophysical
systems are very diverse. When I first started this
work, I was so excited because you get a
profit to figure out what kind of almost sort of
the ecosystem. There are many people to take it
. Half a world away. Kind of there would
be a crime. Well now changed my opinion about
this ability to transfer locate cross and then you know
that things have emerged the way they are. Most
of the women who use ashes or line their preparation
food, do the chemistry for the biophysical aspects of
it. But they knew there are people who have
wealth. So we're learning and this is this is
the great vote of those of us in Iowa producing
one problem even to are not answered world hunger,
the world Food prize. Last year, they two
men involved in economics and nutrition made clear the importance
quality, which is diversity over food commodity, which
can no longer say we're feeding the world remain produced
platform and they owe has announced that we? Re
positioning systems for beating people to nourishing people. And
that I think is a huge, huge change and
I think is one that press will take a while
to sink in. In my state. Health food
nutrition is more than high productive variety and no word
more and more losing variety. And again, who
is preserving those crop varieties very often. But what
we're also doing is they're doing a food, uh
, food pressure, uh, food self consumption.
But one of the things that is also happening is
land grabbing. The women that the people who are
moving to the cities are not just doing it because
the cities are so attractive to limit they're doing it
because they're losing their lands being taken over by people
of corporations who are living from the land. Uh
, it means correct preparation. Understanding how is uh
, how did you hear that includes safety and this
is really important. The longer the value change,
the more uh, contamination it means access and control
. A lot of doctor and gender and nutrition matter
and are greatly. And one of the things we
used were actually, uh, local projects in Iowa
is let's make the healthy choice. The easy choice
. So I'm gonna go very quickly through the capital
stranger to look at how a consistent approach to looking
at gender development, uh, our goals, our
economic security, social inclusion. That means everyone is
empowered and intelligent crystals. And we have seven captains
, uh natural capital, air, water, soil
, our biodiversity and landscape are all very important there
and understand that women and men have different access to
and use of natural capital. And we also have
responsive, often responsibility but not control both communal and
individual land and water where there also are often responsible
, providing water for their families. Uh, Women
in uh natural capital. Women in local communities adapt
to a variable weather. They say certainty from diverse
sources differently or whether uh complex and diverse agricultural systems
access a variety of wild foods and post nuclear changes
in our products and adapt their lives in the sea
strategies to and what these sides are true. They
have uh biodiversity. Uh We have basically 300 there
. You're looking into the market to get four.
This is a biodiversity there where the women show all
the different kinds of problems they have, but it's
not just enough to show it. You have to
say what you use it, but it's been and
that biodiversity of potatoes that they are preserving maybe eventually
help us through the current climate crisis, uh cultural
capital uh determines what we call it. We see
the world, what we value and what we need
to be changed. Cultural hegemony, devalues its cultural
capital and technology about managing natural resources. It involves
symbols. Uh Probably still company still is how you
take the scene, but you can see what you
don't see it. So if you see a child
, the the ribs showing very become proficient have proceeded
four times, say 78. That child being blind
, that's why they're so skinny. In other words
, you have very different reasons are called that mental
model of mortality. Uh for the same. Uh
it's ways of knowing, you know what your soil
is instead of something to laugh. But you figured
out, you know the structure, taste it,
smell. Uh and you say uh something different uh
language. One of the things that you again,
I see this resistance is maintained global languages uh that
there are some words you cannot translate in the spanish
english french. They need to be in that language
. You know what the same. It's also ways
of being. Only when we feel good about ourselves
is going to have lots of stuff or whether with
the group, we need to get uh human capital
education abilities, help from being leadership and what I
should have. But I've added before the really important
capital time. And this can be very, there
is here uh we're seeing women men migrate. I've
seen from cambodia all across latin America africa. Uh
women are left uh have you know, to a
lot of things uh America uh done. But we've
also seen how different kinds of education capacity building have
really benefited with uh continue to social capital usually for
profit entities and the future working together and women inform
informal uh almost crustacean. Uh women like an enterprises
including crops and animals and a lot of what many
projects to allow them to come together computer. Uh
the innovation that uh very uh as showing this uh
this is in tip uh with uh during uh time
clearly authorities, governments with a basement going around this
whole time. And these are women who are using
conservation agriculture to be the cover on the ground all
the time. Uh also provocation and they're showing how
uh then how happy they were when it was over
. And I was uh I already, I think
of my early work. So it's got like a
religion that they were singing songs from the church,
the tools they were using for church songs. And
I found out something that the people are even working
with did not know which resists the extension agent was
the wife of the evangelical pastor. And this was
their women's group. That was really cool. It's
up there taking advantage of the existing social capital.
They help deal with these other capitals political capital.
This is really important in the society's values training standards
. This is what should be. And we talked
about about that saying women should gain food. But
then they become rules and regulations that say yes,
women's tight as you go on the land. But
then they are in force. And one of the
things that we're seeing more and more of is with
the regulations. We have no standards. No,
we're not enforcement. We have running water quality standards
. We totally defended the agency that I enforce them
. We have great rules about this. Aside trip
, we have more people in the state to enforce
them. So that's the size. It is huge
. Internet. So unless you talk about the enforcement
of these standards and so, and this also determined
access to the sources and strategies. Organization connection.
Uh, we have women's rooms and value innovative regulations
to increase, uh, the ability to influence the
distribution of family, community or regional resources. And
official recognition of this organization helps as well. So
financial, this is what we really, really treasure
this when we talk about the financial ization of everything
for the money value on that is important otherwise.
Uh we've noticed that when you put a money value
on agricultural production, ge it becomes in the elective
it. Um and we often women activities often focused
on cash replacement, not cash generation. Uh This
is gonna be no african sometimes. Uh one study
between value in the World Bank about women's getting a
project and equitable uh women. Uh so getting ways
of getting case and use their manure on the land
. They read in the mail to go up gators
, they then found out they way of producing men
because of the getting paper door. So then with
right next year they also said, well I was
going to find out how much money in the neighborhood
. They are very careful about this. Well,
you know, rebellion reporting, including people working together
. So we all bought each other pots and pans
with this. So we will always have a memory
of this project. Well don't turn in the money
, the man can't be together. Right? So
but these are our beautiful uh resistance strategies that make
it really hard for evaluators but really good for the
women. So we have all sorts of ways.
We love financial capital and we measure very carefully.
Bill camera, low self access infrastructure, decrease their
domestic work and increase production efficiency. So, but
machinery is very often from one of the things I
want to uh there's a nice poster on the small
scale mechanization project and I got to observatory Burkina Faso
particular where then uh our cows with Children is gonna
be one of the things they're doing. There is
building animals, friendly appliances for the donkeys and cows
. So the animal is not stressed by the harness
and they're also psychology. There probably developed dual dual
purpose ways. Sorry, uh dual purpose miller.
Okay. And that's the burden is chopped up in
silage and then that the hungry season which when everybody
particular animal catching. So uh, the uh,
what we're looking for when we look at these projects
, when we begin working in development, we're looking
for a systems approach the tape account all because when
only favorite one of the financial capital is so easy
to favor. You will look to deplete many of
the recipes. Thank you very much. Uh,
I had a really a personal uh uh uh uh
uh uh questions that uh uh uh, it's uh
really a profit center station systems for developing a curious
, sensual letting a developed uh, that's a fantastic
question. I have to say that I have done
analysis really looking carefully at different types of extension systems
and I would say, I think, I think
the examples that I had, uh, thinking back
to the museum together and one of the issues is
a successful projects that are actually say that they're trying
to work. Uh, we want classic. So
, one project I really like, I guess I
would say is a nonprofit, I guess it's a
problem. But it's an interesting uh, hello tractor
project that started in Nigeria, uh, or,
and it provides the technology on their website. Very
attractive dot com and are not being paid for this
advertising. Uh, actually a photo of a woman
in the cell phone order tractor. It's like a
service attractive. And as a business person was very
clear, is starting this project that I wanted to
help women in Nigeria. You wanted to change a
tractor used tractors. So I think some of them
really you know they work is happening in that little
profit because they are uh trying to sell their projects
products to reach new consumers. But I think the
great research project to do that. Uh so all
these things that seem like very uh I had a
conversation. Do you think that? Uh huh.
Uh huh. Baby issues. Uh huh. Answer
I think is that we get more people that are
common sense uh issues. Uh just can't. Uh
huh. Just that we need a lot of uh
people actually want or or uh except that there are
very town uh institutions along with the current uh institution
uh again critical uh I would love to have these
conversations but I'm afraid it will go on here.
When I first started working. Uh I remember going
with my person Morocco and seeing all these people on
the field and the nasty. Uh what about uh
what whatever international? Uh yeah, I was just
sure that when would you like to develop a bit
of an interpreter that after a year she came?
Uh but I still see it very useful not say
you don't think it and I did not see race
therefore the injustice of the best. Uh yeah,
after that a bit or ever used by the question
you because when I was still an academic that I
wrote an article called what adding new and stirred up
eggs, a response that I didn't just activity stirred
project and just ready to have to do one sister
and think about more broadly. Um and I think
the last paragraph or so said something to the effect
of and I hope in 30 years I won't be
contributed to a collection like this where I'm the only
gender chapter. And then in fact, attention to
gender will be in every chapter in the volume.
I do think that we've seen progress, but I
think we still have a long way to go and
it makes people want to think of it in terms
of one of two metaphors. I think um what
would be like uh the computer software that we are
putting, you will always have to get another concentration
no matter how much money you expect. And it
is necessary to refresh what you already have to make
adjustments. And so we made we've been using a
lot, but they're always going to be things that
we have to do more. And the other one
is about Bureaucratic University that you still have to be
checking on which one of one of the apology.
Wonder why every year when you set of people.
And I think part of what we see is that
you have many people coming into development as it becomes
a good career jokes or the video when it's not
a good choice and that you have to be willing
to start at the beginning and provide the context of
history to say this is what's happening according to go
. Yeah, the country. Uh, the diversity
, especially Miller, do you think there's any potential
and have small? There you go to a system
that that, you know, you're right, it
is providing profession or you make the transition to a
very uh, yes, that's a great question.
And I think there's been a lot of small scale
projects doing exactly that went into the literature, uh
, because this is very acceptable alternative for uh and
uh I don't know why that in all the literature
on HIV that use uh it's very very common,
especially in africa. Um I also believe that there
is no that's not only more nutritious and that house
know that it just happened just now, this combination
. Um and if we haven't seen that kind of
uh strong science evaluation, I think in this country
because very that are in my species that this line
years on researchers, uh kind of people are actually
doing in their fields and one thing value and that
is an excellent benefits to the project. We just
talked about that. Uh Uh huh. Uh huh
. Uh huh. Uh huh. So there have
been some I'm not very good on that, but
you're actually right that there is generally a separation.
I'm not sure what actually uh kind of Uh huh
Others are uh smaller educational institutions, but there's some
projects in the past. It was exactly that get
I have one thing to think about that. I
did an evaluation in Australia. Uh huh. Southeastern
Africa. Uh One of the things that was very
clear with the country's was that some of them had
their extension people prepared to universities and if the university
were research it would be a conservation agriculture extension in
there. But they were training the place where people
are doing it. Uh just had a real different
uh I'd like to add another example as well.
And that's the still Vietnam where not only is a
very poor uh their service celebration in the rural areas
and students get on it. Zero Virginia, zero
political training. And so it was an external donor
that actually paid for their students and their professors to
go out and provide their services. So it was
a real big win, unfortunately not sustainable because it
costs money. And that was something that the constitution
is not take over. But it's, uh,
when is it going to be harder election? Yeah
. I mentioned the Neiman from here in C I
R D and I asked this question yesterday, but
I'd like to ask you. So it has to
do with participation. And uh, how do you
evaluate the participation of women in decision making? You
know, I can extension practically forever and a lot
of times. And then we'll say yes, yes
, I participated. But really all of us was
too much from them. So much business. How
do we know that participation is you? I thank
you. Look, I think that that's the crux
of all over. We're discussing today and I'm not
sure how much that application is the responsibility of just
an extension system or rather a wide range of actors
. So different organizations, the whole trains, they
can determine who comes and doesn't come. But we
need a monitoring information flavor that specifies exactly what we
need to look at six months later where you need
to ask them that question from and whether the,
so the angel um, data that was presented,
it would be wonderful to go back six months later
see whether they're eating the same right foods or whether
there's some other aspect of what they were trading that
they're actually. Uh, so I'm not sure that
. So you can identify many indicators that measure that
. I think the problem is whose responsibility to visit
and to collect that data and anomalous you're involved in
an extension into the adoption. All right. How
do we know that anybody actually adopted and they document
the way that you hold them to practice it and
we haven't solved it. So I'm not sure communicators
. Uh, I think, I think episode we're
seeing something that shoots off that people are close to
the book with very much. And when I worked
for the Ford Foundation has so many, I have
no idea how many times people were going to ask
me for an ambulance but agricultural development because forward voters
, you know, um, and the same thing
is making sure go check the box because you know
where they are having and they got asking me Hernandez
was something time with uh, active uh, anyway
, but there are these uh really not trying to
see. Uh huh. So I think I hope
it unappreciated. We are uh experience with extension is
that's most inventive than one of the girls. It's
not just a technical training but also the development and
it's going to become a functional student. And they
actually learned how to make decisions as a group and
how to prioritize their situations and even further to do
their own situation analysis. That that's how that's whether
it's general women, uh, unfortunately extension, whether
it's public private, where every groups that it takes
more time or money or training and outside, for
example, when people who are currently active an extension
, but I think that it's an investment that pays
off. Uh, not to say that feel days
are not great where anyone who wants to, but
for long term living room for self directed development groups
. So many groups that are not just organized by
governments for implementing government's agenda, but groups that have
learned how to identify what matters to them and how
to make those things happen. Uh, and uh
, I think it's very believable. I think there
are some governments that are not hostile to that,
but it's not the way of doing it now.
Uh get directions. Our program is one of the
conditions. Um Uh huh. Uh huh. So
usually that uh uh so go around. Uh so
what is he uh is that we want to uh
information? So rather behind me anything. So that
that was very good. But they were based on
a month. So it's okay. They they think
so excited to uh it's been decided it cannot be
harder than what. And they were not shot because
it's not that they would not because it's not.
So it ended up with this job in this case
, you know, the problem I can like over
the limit maybe. So, you know, what
is it that I listen to me? But I
ended up actually over with the women. So those
kind of things that I don't think so, I
think that's a great question and it's a broad question
too, because a lot of our interventions to actually
women's daily workload, which is already too heavy.
And I think this comes back to the the agenda
for agricultural innovation. And when are we going to
women's tasks as being worthy? Um attention. Women's
agricultural tasks traditionally, uh innovation went to those tasks
that have to do it with them to work the
plow and be challenged to places that um, but
much less attention went to control weeds or with your
example chopping divorce because that's being sawn pieces. I
think there's really exam small scale examples, for example
, for choppers, the Canada border choppers they chaired
and the native women's work much easier, but they're
expensive. So how can we get the introduced and
have they literally manufactured and maintained? So that's something
we're investing. I have one thing that when I
saw the Impossible was working with global blackness, they
had the choppers over there, Your school kids who
did the shopping. I think it's a great time
, uh, putting that over. Uh, very
impressive. There is a local last minute.