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Good afternoon. Afternoon. Uh, it's, uh

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I'm Mike Duncan. And I'm here, uh,

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to welcome all of you to the eighth annual Schnabel

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Engineering Lecture. And those as many of you know

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, uh, the Schnabel lectures are an annual feature

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highlight of the fall semester. And, uh,

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the person that we have to thank for that is

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Alan Cadden. Uh, he These were his ideas

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. And he is, uh, spearheaded this every

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year, and we're thankful for that involvement in our

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program. Allen is the the director of strategic development

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for Schnabel Engineering and a great supporter of our program

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. Uh, so let's thank Allen for his supporting

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this lecture every year and welcome him to the podium

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. What do you think you're doing? Thank you

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, Dr Duncan. It's a pleasure to be back

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here. Yeah, every year. You know,

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I love coming down here a couple of times a

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year, and if I can figure out how to

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do it, I'm gonna convince all of my kids

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that they have to come here. But I'm just

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hoping they get through high school right now. Good

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afternoon, everybody. And I appreciate you coming out

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this afternoon. We're happy to bring this lecture.

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This eighth lectures to Virginia Tech again. And I

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first want to thank Dr Phil's and Mr Simpkins for

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organizing all this for us. We do appreciate all

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your help and everything with this. Um, I'm

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sure many of you weren't really clear about what engineers

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do when you were going through high school. At

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least I know I wasn't. Unfortunately, we don't

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have C for engineers. So we like to bring

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this lecture to you and hope that by bringing these

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guests here, and they can explain how they spent

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their career working on some pretty impressive projects and impressive

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engineering challenges, you'll help understand our industry and in

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the many opportunities that engineering brings. And as you

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understand this a little further going through your your education

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and through lectures like this, uh, we hope

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you're a little better prepared to share with others and

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help them understand the thrill of engineering in this profession

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. One of these days, we'll have our own

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TV show, but not right now. So thanks

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for joining us. If I could just take a

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moment and introduce you to Snoble Engineering. Schnabel's an

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employee owned company. So we're 100% employee owned.

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Everybody has a little piece of the company, and

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it's a great environment to work. So we specialize

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in finding solutions for our clients where they're dealing with

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the Earth, and that involves a wide array of

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geotechnical geo structural dams, tunnel engineering and all those

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related sciences that go along with it. So it's

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a pretty exciting area to work in. I'm also

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proud to say that for the, um, 11th

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year in a row, we've been recognized by C

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magazine is one of the best places to work,

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so it can't be all bad. Uh, we

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have 19 offices located throughout the United States. From

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these locations. We work on projects around the world

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providing a full range of services from design through construction

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. Challenges presented by these projects probably cover nearly every

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aspect of the, uh, every aspect of your

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professors are describing to you, and maybe a few

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more that they won't have time to address in the

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classroom. So it's pretty interesting. Um, so

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, without further do want to kick off the eighth

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installment of this noble engineering lecture, the Schnabel lecture

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strives to bring you representatives of the civil engineering design

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and construction community who has significantly impacted the advancement of

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our practice. These industry experts come to share experiences

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and insights gained throughout their career and provide a little

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of their insight as to what you may be seeing

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as you begin your career. There's absolutely no way

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we can tell what you're gonna see as you approach

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the end of your career, because that's entirely up

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to you. Mhm. So our eighth lecturer,

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compliments of previous speakers, each of whom have focused

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on a unique piece of the geotechnical profession and the

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growth of our industry today, we're proud to bring

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you the 2013 Schnabel engineering lecturer Dr Ed Ed recording

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. Dr. Cording is professor emeritus of civil engineering

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, civil and environmental engineering at the University of Illinois

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at Urbana Champagne. His career focus has been on

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rock mechanics, soul structure, interaction and underground construction

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. The field has the field has been his laboratory

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, beginning in the sixties with large deep caverns and

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weak rock in Nevada and in the seventies, with

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subway tunnels, braced excavation and rock caverns on the

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Washington metro, continuing on with deep tunnels and squeezing

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ground in the mhm Utah mountains and urban tunneling and

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soft consolidating Chicago clay. So you've seen a little

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bit of everything underground? Uh, Dr Corday has

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consulted on underground projects from subways, rail, wastewater

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, highways, water supply mines, liquefied gas,

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high energy physics, nuclear waste and hydro electric projects

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. So we are building all kinds of things underground

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and some great challenges presented to us. From 91

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to 97 he was appointed by President Bush to the

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U. S. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board for

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Site Investigation of Yucca Mountain. He's consulted on underground

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transit tunnel projects throughout the United States, including nearly

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all of the recent tunnel projects in New York City

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that you've been hearing about. Currently he serves as

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a tunnel advisory panel for the Los Angeles Metro and

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supports Seattle Tunnel Partners for the Alaskan Way Viaduct,

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which I believe is included in this presentation. It

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has to be the largest soft ground tunnel ever constructed

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. Correct. Looking forward to that about that one

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. His honors and numerous, including election to the

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National Academy of Engineering, the A S C.

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Martin Cap Award, the Harry Schnabel Junior Award for

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Career Excellence in Earth Retaining structure. That's the other

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snoble. Uh, the Moles Nonmember Award, the

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Beavers Engineer Award for outstanding achievement in heavy engineering,

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heavy engineering construction. So he's got the left and

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the right coast covered and numerous invited lectures. So

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today is gonna describe the revolutions in tunneling technology that

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allow us to do just about anything underground. So

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please join me and welcome Dr Headquarters. Thank you

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. Thank you, Alan. And thank you.

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Virginia Tech and Mike Duncan. Professor Duncan and others

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here, too, for having me on campus.

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I've enjoyed the time I've been able to talk with

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faculty and students today. It's been one after the

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other, but it's the first time I've been on

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your campus, and I'm really enjoying and appreciate the

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opportunity to be here and talk with you and many

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of you. I am honored to receive this invitation

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to give the lecture for the the Eighth Schnabel Engineering

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Award and special to me because I knew, uh

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and no have known both, uh, the novel's

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Harry Schnabel and Jim Schnabel or Brothers Jim forming Schnabel

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Engineering, which you've been hearing about, and and

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Harry, the Schnabel Foundation Company, both very successful

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in their in their own ways over the years and

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around the country. So they were personal friends of

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mine, and and so that makes this also very

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special. I want to talk today about, uh

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, the revolution and tunneling. And, uh,

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I think that, you know, we we talk

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about the things that are happening to us. And

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you look at what we were doing 15 years ago

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in communicating and now working with our online communications with

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the web and all the the ways that we have

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to communicate that we didn't have before. So we're

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all have been experiencing revolutions, revolutions in our the

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way we live. And, uh, but this

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revolution is partly due to the things that we can

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do today with, um with downloading information and distributing

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it electronic data collection, which is happening everywhere.

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But it also has to do with the behavior of

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the ground and how we understand the behavior of the

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ground. So I'm gonna be talking today about those

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some of those items I wanted to talk about that

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revolution, and one of the things that that Alan

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Kay gave us was the title to this lecture,

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and he basically said, Let's put in. He

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gave him the the abstract and he gave the title

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and I started looking. I thought, well,

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that that's really good to say We've come a long

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way and that means two things. It means that

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we're not. Maybe we're not necessarily doing things that

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we're doing new things, but it also means that

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we we are building on what's been done before.

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And that's one of the things I want to to

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emphasize as we go through this. It's not just

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that we're using the latest technology, it's that we're

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building on a background of information and observations and experience

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and precedent in civil engineering. So I'm gonna go

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back in time and look at a few of those

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cases and this is not a history lesson. It's

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our precedent as engineers, as engineers we have to

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work with. We have to understand what is done

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is being done in the past. We may go

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beyond that. We need to know when we're going

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beyond previous experience, so that's one of the things

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that will be focusing on. And there has been

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a revolution that allows us to tunnel deep beneath waterways

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without the inflow of soil or water, and it

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also allows us to tunnel at shallow depths below urban

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structures without damage. And that's what I wanted to

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talk to you about today. But I want to

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go back about 100. Uh, it's over 190

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years now to the first shield. We call them

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shields or cans that are used to advance the tunnel

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and in which the support is installed. So I

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want to talk about the first shield tunnel in London

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. In the 18 18, there was a patent

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application for a circular tunnel shield, and it was

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made by Mark Eisenberg is, um, barred Brunel

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, and he described his objective as to open the

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ground in such a manner that no more Earth shall

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be displaced then is to be filled by the shell

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or body of the tunnel. And that's what we've

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been trying to do for 190 years. And as

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we go through the lecture, let's look at where

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we've we've gotten. I've given lectures in the past

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that says, Well, we're not quite there.

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First Shield Under Under a river. He made sounding

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Zargar boring, designed the tunnel, obtained financing.

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He designed and built a 40 ft wide Uhh shield

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40 ft wide tunnel. He directed the construction,

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had five floodings that he recovered from. He rebuilt

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the shield under the river and refinance the project and

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he was knighted by Queen Victoria in 18 41.

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Now we talk about substantial completion and engineering projects.

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That, to me, was substantial completion to be

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knighted by the Queen. The tunnel is in service

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today, still in service today on the London Underground

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. But the objective was not achieved by Brunel and

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he had those loss of ground into the river.

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And you can see over here we've got This is

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the bottom of the river and this is the material

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they've been dropping in here to fill the void the

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inflow that occurred into the front of their tunnel shield

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. Here's the tunnel, and this material has flowed

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in up to here and that maybe Burnell or his

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son is embargoed Kingdom Brunel, who went on to

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build many of the railways and bridges in in the

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United Kingdom. And so that might be them in

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the boat. But they what a project. And

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it wasn't just doing technical things that was making the

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whole entire project work. Mhm. And so I

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want to talk just briefly about the deep beneath waterways

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part of this, and go to New York City

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. For almost 50 years, there have been no

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tunnels under the river except for one case up here

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on 63rd Street, and they put in in the

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sixties. They put in a immersed tube, just

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dropping the floating the tubes in, dropping them down

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into the bottom, the river but no tunnels underneath

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the river. The last tunnel under the river was

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the Lincoln Tunnel in the 19 fifties, the third

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tube of the Lincoln Tunnel Highway Vehicular highway tunnel.

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And that was the last tunnel for the larger,

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I think, almost the last one under the river

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, except for some very recent ones that have been

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going in, um, for almost 50 years,

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why it was that perhaps we didn't need it.

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They didn't have the funding. But there's another reason

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. It's very basic. Here was the tunnel.

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In 1910, they came. The Pennsylvania Railroad wanted

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a terminal in New York, along with the New

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York Central Railroad. They wanted to get into New

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York and not barge or fairy fairy. Their trains

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across the river from New Jersey, so they put

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a tunnel under the river and, uh, they

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kept it as shallow as they could. But they're

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still down pretty great depths. And in order to

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advance that tunnel, are using compressed air air pressure

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in the front of the tunnel to advance the tunnel

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. And they're working through from the New Jersey side

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on the left to the New York City Manhattan Island

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on the right, he was compressed air. It

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was high. Has the pressures or hazardous work rules

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were not in place? It was unsafe. The

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the sand hogs were getting the bends. It was

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extremely dangerous. They had one project, I think

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, by the in the 19 fifties, where they

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for the entire Project Tunnel project, was completed with

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no fatalities. That was the history of tunneling bold

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, big, dangerous and something that, with our

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understanding of the of compressed air effects on the body

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, we can no longer do these sorts of tunnels

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. If you're going to run a tunnel down at

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this depth with compressed air, the workers will probably

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work for two hours. You can't have four shifts

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of workmen working in the tunnel and so no tunnels

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. And now we have in 2000 and eight design

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. It isn't built yet. It's got stalled for

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reasons that it was in New Jersey. Decided we

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don't want the tunnel right now. Uh, and

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if the Trans Hudson Express we're going deeper and we're

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not using compressed air, as during the tunneling and

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why Why is that? Because we have now what's

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called the pressurized face systems, either slurry machines or

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earth pressure balanced machines. The earth pressure balances what

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we're primarily using and what is it that makes it

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work? It's the fact that at the front of

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this as the muck or the excavated soil, the

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spoil comes into the front of the tunnel. Uh

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, the front of the face through the cutter head

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. It's for it forms in this chamber and its

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conditioned with foam in order to make it a viscous

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fluid that will provide a positive pressure to the face

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. And then uh huh um, we have the

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skate the screw, removing that condition of material and

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providing the back pressure as you operate the screw with

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respect to the events of the machine that keeps the

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00:17:22.289 --> 00:17:23.700 A:middle L:90%
pressure on the front of the tunnel and then in

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the back. The lining is tunnel lining is a

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segmental lining erected in the tail of the shield.

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And then ground is injected through the tail as the

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shield is shoved to fill that gap. And so

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this is one of the reasons that we are.

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This is the reason that we are able to tunnel

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deep under rivers around the world and its rivers seaways

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. We have the capability to tunnel at pressures that

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generally are less than about eight bars, which would

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00:17:53.180 --> 00:18:00.720 A:middle L:90%
be, um, 120 c. And that would

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00:18:00.720 --> 00:18:06.269 A:middle L:90%
be about, uh, 260 70 ft of water

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00:18:07.039 --> 00:18:10.220 A:middle L:90%
. So we're able to go deep. You don't

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00:18:10.220 --> 00:18:12.529 A:middle L:90%
normally operate at those those high values, but we

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can do that. The other revolution is we can

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do it at shallow depths. And let's look at

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that. And this is what we're doing in the

307
00:18:18.289 --> 00:18:22.599 A:middle L:90%
Alaskan way Viaduct Replacement tunnel to replace the viaduct in

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in Seattle. That has to come down, and

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00:18:26.119 --> 00:18:29.099 A:middle L:90%
we want to be able to take it down before

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we have a major earthquake in Seattle that would cause

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00:18:32.490 --> 00:18:38.289 A:middle L:90%
it to be taken down. Uh, The tunnel

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is 57 a half feet in diameter, and we

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wouldn't even consider driving a tunnel under downtown Seattle,

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uh, without having the technology that's really been continuing

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to develop over the last 30 years, but particularly

316
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over the last 10 years, the capabilities that we

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have here's the Here's the cutter head for the tunnel

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00:19:02.529 --> 00:19:07.680 A:middle L:90%
Boring machine. It's Bertha and, uh, the

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00:19:07.680 --> 00:19:08.069 A:middle L:90%
name. And so I guess you could call it

320
00:19:08.069 --> 00:19:11.619 A:middle L:90%
Big Bertha. 57 a half feet diameter is the

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world's largest shield tunnel. Um, and here's some

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00:19:18.359 --> 00:19:19.930 A:middle L:90%
of the buildings were going under the first. Some

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of the first buildings that we tunnel under these are

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older buildings. 19 turn of the century 1900 buildings

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in Pioneer Square in downtown Seattle, and that's the

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00:19:30.529 --> 00:19:33.140 A:middle L:90%
machine next to it ahead. And, of course

327
00:19:33.140 --> 00:19:36.009 A:middle L:90%
, that head will be down about 100 ft 80

328
00:19:36.009 --> 00:19:40.839 A:middle L:90%
ft below that. Those buildings. This is the

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00:19:40.849 --> 00:19:42.819 A:middle L:90%
launch box where they're starting the construction. We're looking

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00:19:42.819 --> 00:19:45.339 A:middle L:90%
south of the machine is going to come this way

331
00:19:45.400 --> 00:19:48.849 A:middle L:90%
. The head is in place here, and here

332
00:19:48.849 --> 00:19:52.339 A:middle L:90%
are the tail. Here's the shield with the front

333
00:19:52.339 --> 00:19:52.980 A:middle L:90%
section of the shield and what we would call the

334
00:19:52.980 --> 00:19:57.059 A:middle L:90%
tail section of the tunnel shield their articulated, and

335
00:19:57.069 --> 00:20:00.740 A:middle L:90%
, uh, we'll show you a few more details

336
00:20:00.740 --> 00:20:02.450 A:middle L:90%
on that. We can look down and we can

337
00:20:02.450 --> 00:20:06.329 A:middle L:90%
see the joint Venture Grottoes and tutor Perini that I'm

338
00:20:06.329 --> 00:20:11.500 A:middle L:90%
working with and and then you can see the Cutters

339
00:20:11.500 --> 00:20:14.640 A:middle L:90%
. And then we also have the chamber behind.

340
00:20:14.640 --> 00:20:15.460 A:middle L:90%
The cutter head is right in that zone that I

341
00:20:15.460 --> 00:20:18.779 A:middle L:90%
have there in red, and you can see that

342
00:20:18.779 --> 00:20:25.019 A:middle L:90%
the buck comes into the in between these these spokes

343
00:20:25.200 --> 00:20:27.220 A:middle L:90%
and comes into the cutter head, and it's held

344
00:20:27.220 --> 00:20:30.759 A:middle L:90%
in there under pressure. That's the key to the

345
00:20:30.759 --> 00:20:36.059 A:middle L:90%
operation of these machines. Uh huh. And now

346
00:20:36.069 --> 00:20:40.119 A:middle L:90%
we're kind of looking at installing this the equipment in

347
00:20:40.119 --> 00:20:44.180 A:middle L:90%
the back of the cutter head and behind the front

348
00:20:44.180 --> 00:20:47.109 A:middle L:90%
section of the shield. And so here we have

349
00:20:47.349 --> 00:20:49.160 A:middle L:90%
a series of shove jacks that push the machine forward

350
00:20:49.640 --> 00:20:55.440 A:middle L:90%
. We have a airlocks in here to get into

351
00:20:55.440 --> 00:20:56.130 A:middle L:90%
the front. If you have to get into the

352
00:20:56.130 --> 00:21:00.210 A:middle L:90%
front of that head under when it's under pressure,

353
00:21:00.210 --> 00:21:02.549 A:middle L:90%
there's a lot of pressure outside. You can evacuate

354
00:21:02.549 --> 00:21:03.680 A:middle L:90%
some of that and go under compressed air, so

355
00:21:03.680 --> 00:21:07.369 A:middle L:90%
you're back into the compressed air, but you end

356
00:21:07.369 --> 00:21:11.700 A:middle L:90%
up with very short work periods if you're working at

357
00:21:11.700 --> 00:21:14.289 A:middle L:90%
high pressures. But those you know, you look

358
00:21:14.289 --> 00:21:15.329 A:middle L:90%
at that and say, I don't know, how

359
00:21:15.329 --> 00:21:18.299 A:middle L:90%
can anybody get in there? But that's large enough

360
00:21:18.299 --> 00:21:19.390 A:middle L:90%
to get a person in their their men working down

361
00:21:19.390 --> 00:21:23.269 A:middle L:90%
here. You can see them right here. And

362
00:21:23.740 --> 00:21:30.470 A:middle L:90%
so the scale of this is immense. And as

363
00:21:30.470 --> 00:21:36.380 A:middle L:90%
we take a closer look here, this that central

364
00:21:36.390 --> 00:21:40.319 A:middle L:90%
zone is the central ring is where the screw conveyor

365
00:21:40.319 --> 00:21:41.160 A:middle L:90%
will actually be attached to. The screwed could have

366
00:21:41.160 --> 00:21:45.890 A:middle L:90%
air here, uh, is outside in the ground

367
00:21:45.890 --> 00:21:47.819 A:middle L:90%
. It would be taken down and attached at that

368
00:21:47.819 --> 00:21:49.559 A:middle L:90%
location. This is the tail can, that's it's

369
00:21:49.559 --> 00:21:52.950 A:middle L:90%
going to be lifted in place. And then we

370
00:21:52.950 --> 00:21:56.769 A:middle L:90%
have the concrete segments there, almost approximately 2 ft

371
00:21:56.779 --> 00:22:00.750 A:middle L:90%
thick. And there's gaskets around them, and they

372
00:22:00.759 --> 00:22:02.809 A:middle L:90%
put together, as in a ring in the back

373
00:22:02.809 --> 00:22:04.359 A:middle L:90%
of that tail can as the shield moves forward.

374
00:22:04.940 --> 00:22:08.119 A:middle L:90%
Uh, the after the end of the shove or

375
00:22:08.119 --> 00:22:11.789 A:middle L:90%
the advance of about 6 ft that will then put

376
00:22:11.789 --> 00:22:14.319 A:middle L:90%
that ring in, and then the shield will push

377
00:22:14.319 --> 00:22:18.059 A:middle L:90%
off on those segments again. And that becomes the

378
00:22:18.069 --> 00:22:19.829 A:middle L:90%
initial support for the ground, and it's also the

379
00:22:19.829 --> 00:22:25.000 A:middle L:90%
permanent supporters used on almost all of our projects transit

380
00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:26.230 A:middle L:90%
projects, for example. It's the final lining that's

381
00:22:26.230 --> 00:22:30.720 A:middle L:90%
installed as the tunnel advances. Here's the Gantry Crane

382
00:22:30.720 --> 00:22:33.950 A:middle L:90%
. It's brought in a special company for the lifts

383
00:22:33.950 --> 00:22:37.809 A:middle L:90%
. Its 1000 tons, um, the left,

384
00:22:37.289 --> 00:22:40.789 A:middle L:90%
some of the highest, largest lifts in the country

385
00:22:40.799 --> 00:22:42.160 A:middle L:90%
. But for example, if you're putting in a

386
00:22:42.539 --> 00:22:48.359 A:middle L:90%
a containment structure structure for the nuclear power plant,

387
00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:51.880 A:middle L:90%
I think some of those lists can go to 2000

388
00:22:51.880 --> 00:22:53.609 A:middle L:90%
tons. So they brought in a special company to

389
00:22:53.609 --> 00:22:56.269 A:middle L:90%
do that to make the lifts. And, uh

390
00:22:56.740 --> 00:23:00.759 A:middle L:90%
, here's the the section of the back of the

391
00:23:00.759 --> 00:23:04.079 A:middle L:90%
shield that erects the concrete segments. They have to

392
00:23:04.079 --> 00:23:07.119 A:middle L:90%
take them in and then turn them up and form

393
00:23:07.119 --> 00:23:11.849 A:middle L:90%
that that ring and that's that's the ring Erector.

394
00:23:11.240 --> 00:23:14.430 A:middle L:90%
But what I want to look at right now is

395
00:23:14.799 --> 00:23:17.640 A:middle L:90%
our test section. We have 1000 ft to go

396
00:23:17.650 --> 00:23:18.980 A:middle L:90%
along the side here. We're actually working in a

397
00:23:18.980 --> 00:23:22.980 A:middle L:90%
box between secret piles or tangent piles, and they're

398
00:23:22.980 --> 00:23:26.349 A:middle L:90%
using this zone next to the Alaskan Way Viaduct as

399
00:23:26.349 --> 00:23:29.809 A:middle L:90%
a test section, and we're running the test to

400
00:23:29.809 --> 00:23:33.970 A:middle L:90%
evaluate and to develop the tunneling procedure and to evaluate

401
00:23:33.970 --> 00:23:37.490 A:middle L:90%
ground movements. And so that's That's the effort that's

402
00:23:37.490 --> 00:23:41.759 A:middle L:90%
going on right now. Contractor laid this thing out

403
00:23:41.769 --> 00:23:44.630 A:middle L:90%
. He extended the contract limits in order to the

404
00:23:44.630 --> 00:23:45.779 A:middle L:90%
extended them in order for the contractor that you do

405
00:23:45.779 --> 00:23:48.910 A:middle L:90%
this 1000 ft section. He that was his proposal

406
00:23:48.920 --> 00:23:52.299 A:middle L:90%
when he came in and did the job planned or

407
00:23:52.309 --> 00:23:57.309 A:middle L:90%
proposed for the job. And here's the machine in

408
00:23:57.309 --> 00:24:03.759 A:middle L:90%
place, ready to advance and we have the We're

409
00:24:03.759 --> 00:24:07.359 A:middle L:90%
going along the viaduct. We drive under the viaduct

410
00:24:07.369 --> 00:24:15.779 A:middle L:90%
and then under downtown Seattle under the Alaskan Way Viaduct

411
00:24:15.779 --> 00:24:18.799 A:middle L:90%
there. And here's we are under the viaduct and

412
00:24:18.799 --> 00:24:21.670 A:middle L:90%
then beneath these buildings. These are the critical parts

413
00:24:21.670 --> 00:24:23.230 A:middle L:90%
of the project because things are pretty shallow here,

414
00:24:23.240 --> 00:24:26.859 A:middle L:90%
relatively shallow, we're deep, but it's relatively shallow

415
00:24:26.859 --> 00:24:30.170 A:middle L:90%
with the diameter because of the diameter of the machine

416
00:24:30.039 --> 00:24:33.579 A:middle L:90%
. Uh huh, and just kind of looking at

417
00:24:33.589 --> 00:24:36.700 A:middle L:90%
some of the structures were going under. That's just

418
00:24:36.700 --> 00:24:41.720 A:middle L:90%
the start of the tunneling in clay's glacial materials clays

419
00:24:41.720 --> 00:24:45.359 A:middle L:90%
, sands and the thing that's happening, this is

420
00:24:45.369 --> 00:24:48.789 A:middle L:90%
inside the machine, having a room inside a tunnel

421
00:24:48.789 --> 00:24:52.430 A:middle L:90%
. Boring machine is kind of a special thing because

422
00:24:52.440 --> 00:24:55.799 A:middle L:90%
it's just such a big machine. You can do

423
00:24:55.799 --> 00:24:57.500 A:middle L:90%
that, but it's an electronic tronic read out.

424
00:24:57.529 --> 00:25:00.579 A:middle L:90%
This is the operator and they're getting set up and

425
00:25:00.579 --> 00:25:03.450 A:middle L:90%
he's operating the machine from this console. And this

426
00:25:03.450 --> 00:25:06.960 A:middle L:90%
is what we really need to couple with the measurement

427
00:25:06.960 --> 00:25:08.019 A:middle L:90%
of the ground movement and the water pressures. And

428
00:25:08.019 --> 00:25:11.829 A:middle L:90%
we can integrate that data and we can read it

429
00:25:11.829 --> 00:25:15.519 A:middle L:90%
out and and it can be distributed electronically. So

430
00:25:15.519 --> 00:25:19.069 A:middle L:90%
we have you can. You can download that and

431
00:25:19.069 --> 00:25:21.599 A:middle L:90%
I can. We can look at the progress of

432
00:25:21.599 --> 00:25:23.240 A:middle L:90%
the machine, and so the Jew techs are going

433
00:25:23.240 --> 00:25:26.099 A:middle L:90%
to need to be working very closely with the machine

434
00:25:26.099 --> 00:25:30.579 A:middle L:90%
people and understanding how the machine operates. That's what

435
00:25:30.579 --> 00:25:33.890 A:middle L:90%
we need to understand about. The project is not

436
00:25:33.890 --> 00:25:36.980 A:middle L:90%
just JIA Tex techniques, but how does the machine

437
00:25:36.990 --> 00:25:41.710 A:middle L:90%
affect the ground behavior or vice versa. That's not

438
00:25:41.710 --> 00:25:44.980 A:middle L:90%
different than what we've done in the past is that

439
00:25:44.990 --> 00:25:48.130 A:middle L:90%
we have to look at construction projects and figure out

440
00:25:48.140 --> 00:25:51.130 A:middle L:90%
what it is isn't about the construction that's affecting our

441
00:25:51.130 --> 00:25:52.990 A:middle L:90%
project, and so but in this case we can't

442
00:25:52.990 --> 00:25:55.470 A:middle L:90%
see the ground. We have to rely on the

443
00:25:55.470 --> 00:25:59.470 A:middle L:90%
readout and certainly the operator has to control and monitor

444
00:25:59.470 --> 00:26:00.420 A:middle L:90%
the machine. But we need to We have to

445
00:26:00.420 --> 00:26:03.769 A:middle L:90%
observe the ground behavior we can't stand and look at

446
00:26:03.769 --> 00:26:06.369 A:middle L:90%
the soil coming into the tunnel. We can see

447
00:26:06.369 --> 00:26:07.019 A:middle L:90%
the muck coming out, but we have to look

448
00:26:07.019 --> 00:26:10.950 A:middle L:90%
at the the instrumentation to figure out how the ground

449
00:26:10.950 --> 00:26:14.180 A:middle L:90%
is behaving or what the movements are, what the

450
00:26:14.190 --> 00:26:17.769 A:middle L:90%
pore pressures are, whether it's coming into the tunnel

451
00:26:18.539 --> 00:26:19.930 A:middle L:90%
. So we have come a long way, and

452
00:26:19.940 --> 00:26:22.839 A:middle L:90%
, uh, but I want to go back in

453
00:26:22.839 --> 00:26:26.619 A:middle L:90%
time a bit and and talk about our precedents linking

454
00:26:26.619 --> 00:26:30.119 A:middle L:90%
the construction events with ground behavior. And I want

455
00:26:30.119 --> 00:26:34.740 A:middle L:90%
to go to three projects very briefly. 1939 1941

456
00:26:34.750 --> 00:26:37.079 A:middle L:90%
. The work. There's a G and peck we're

457
00:26:37.079 --> 00:26:40.859 A:middle L:90%
doing in Chicago, and these were pioneering observations.

458
00:26:41.240 --> 00:26:45.440 A:middle L:90%
Um, and as I said before, we're building

459
00:26:45.440 --> 00:26:48.299 A:middle L:90%
on that experience and how the ground behave. So

460
00:26:48.400 --> 00:26:52.529 A:middle L:90%
even though it was different construction, it's valuable to

461
00:26:52.529 --> 00:26:56.470 A:middle L:90%
us as engineers to understand those what was done on

462
00:26:56.470 --> 00:26:59.480 A:middle L:90%
those projects. And as we move forward with our

463
00:26:59.480 --> 00:27:03.950 A:middle L:90%
new, uh, projects and different construction techniques,

464
00:27:03.339 --> 00:27:06.319 A:middle L:90%
here we are in the Chicago subway. They did

465
00:27:06.319 --> 00:27:08.220 A:middle L:90%
what they called squeeze tests. Uh, in an

466
00:27:08.220 --> 00:27:11.259 A:middle L:90%
open face, they could see the clay that's the

467
00:27:11.259 --> 00:27:12.529 A:middle L:90%
clay being cut, their and their opening it up

468
00:27:12.529 --> 00:27:17.099 A:middle L:90%
in sections. And the primary objective here was to

469
00:27:17.099 --> 00:27:19.339 A:middle L:90%
relate what was happening in the tunnel to the ground

470
00:27:19.339 --> 00:27:22.240 A:middle L:90%
settlements at the surface. Here's some very large settlements

471
00:27:22.240 --> 00:27:26.619 A:middle L:90%
in this case, uh, but but that it

472
00:27:26.619 --> 00:27:27.660 A:middle L:90%
was kind of a situation that, yes, we

473
00:27:27.660 --> 00:27:30.009 A:middle L:90%
knew that tunneling cost settlement, but we haven't really

474
00:27:30.009 --> 00:27:33.259 A:middle L:90%
evaluated. And that's what Herzog he did. And

475
00:27:33.259 --> 00:27:37.000 A:middle L:90%
Peck was, uh, had come out of his

476
00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:38.569 A:middle L:90%
, got his PhD and studied at Harvard. I

477
00:27:38.579 --> 00:27:41.640 A:middle L:90%
was studying at Harvard with Castle Grande, and he

478
00:27:41.640 --> 00:27:44.599 A:middle L:90%
served us in the field to run. The laboratory

479
00:27:44.599 --> 00:27:47.660 A:middle L:90%
, which was really making these field observations, is

480
00:27:47.660 --> 00:27:52.480 A:middle L:90%
doing some of the first series of extensive unconfined compression

481
00:27:52.480 --> 00:27:57.250 A:middle L:90%
tests and water contents sampling. It was really the

482
00:27:57.250 --> 00:28:03.480 A:middle L:90%
start of I think Inpex experience and and perhaps really

483
00:28:03.480 --> 00:28:07.559 A:middle L:90%
focused in Trezza G experience on the observation method.

484
00:28:07.940 --> 00:28:10.779 A:middle L:90%
So here's Here was the three things that are going

485
00:28:10.779 --> 00:28:14.910 A:middle L:90%
on. This is from one of his actual summaries

486
00:28:14.910 --> 00:28:18.400 A:middle L:90%
, and instead of electronically, that's on blueprints and

487
00:28:18.400 --> 00:28:19.369 A:middle L:90%
but they were putting it all on here on the

488
00:28:19.369 --> 00:28:22.089 A:middle L:90%
other part of this diagram. It's not in this

489
00:28:22.089 --> 00:28:25.170 A:middle L:90%
picture. They had had the water content and or

490
00:28:25.170 --> 00:28:29.140 A:middle L:90%
the soil strength. Um, they had other displacements

491
00:28:29.150 --> 00:28:30.730 A:middle L:90%
that were happening, uh, at different parts.

492
00:28:30.730 --> 00:28:33.630 A:middle L:90%
They had it all on one blueprint, and you

493
00:28:33.630 --> 00:28:37.769 A:middle L:90%
could integrate. They were integrating the construction and the

494
00:28:37.779 --> 00:28:41.049 A:middle L:90%
ground movement. And there we have. For example

495
00:28:41.049 --> 00:28:42.089 A:middle L:90%
, the top is the surface settlement on the street

496
00:28:42.259 --> 00:28:45.150 A:middle L:90%
. And then down in here, they're showing where

497
00:28:45.150 --> 00:28:51.240 A:middle L:90%
the headings multiple headings were at different times and then

498
00:28:51.250 --> 00:28:52.829 A:middle L:90%
when the instruments were being installed and then what the

499
00:28:52.829 --> 00:28:56.269 A:middle L:90%
displacements were. And so here's the displacement. Across

500
00:28:56.269 --> 00:28:57.049 A:middle L:90%
the side of three, it's an eighth of an

501
00:28:57.049 --> 00:29:00.519 A:middle L:90%
inch. So they were trying to evaluate them,

502
00:29:00.519 --> 00:29:03.049 A:middle L:90%
and they were evaluating these items. They're looking at

503
00:29:03.049 --> 00:29:07.630 A:middle L:90%
the construction, taking notes, carefully, observing the

504
00:29:07.630 --> 00:29:10.970 A:middle L:90%
obstruction and construction. They were looking at the ground

505
00:29:10.970 --> 00:29:11.950 A:middle L:90%
loss, or how much is coming into the tunnel

506
00:29:11.960 --> 00:29:15.900 A:middle L:90%
and relating that ground loss that volume to the surface

507
00:29:15.900 --> 00:29:19.400 A:middle L:90%
settlement. And that's what we're still doing. And

508
00:29:19.400 --> 00:29:22.599 A:middle L:90%
we're doing that on the Alaskan Way viaduct. But

509
00:29:22.599 --> 00:29:26.150 A:middle L:90%
we aren't using blueprints in Washington, D. C

510
00:29:26.150 --> 00:29:30.369 A:middle L:90%
. In 1972 I worked on this with a number

511
00:29:30.369 --> 00:29:33.069 A:middle L:90%
of grad students. The University of Illinois, Uh

512
00:29:33.079 --> 00:29:36.400 A:middle L:90%
, and we were looking at for the three D

513
00:29:36.400 --> 00:29:40.009 A:middle L:90%
pattern of ground movements around this open face tunnel shield

514
00:29:40.019 --> 00:29:42.539 A:middle L:90%
. And so the surface settlement was extremely large.

515
00:29:42.539 --> 00:29:48.220 A:middle L:90%
Six inches, and we're monitoring displacements as the tunnel

516
00:29:48.220 --> 00:29:49.319 A:middle L:90%
went underneath, in this case, Lafayette Square,

517
00:29:49.319 --> 00:29:52.859 A:middle L:90%
in front of the White House, and the settlements

518
00:29:52.859 --> 00:29:56.890 A:middle L:90%
were 13 inches, Uh, on an X Town

519
00:29:56.900 --> 00:29:59.180 A:middle L:90%
extra sound are located just a few feet above the

520
00:29:59.180 --> 00:30:02.420 A:middle L:90%
tunnel, 13 inches of settlement, and it resulted

521
00:30:02.420 --> 00:30:06.539 A:middle L:90%
in the surface settlement of six inches. And we

522
00:30:06.539 --> 00:30:10.529 A:middle L:90%
had in kilometers ahead of the face first servo in

523
00:30:10.529 --> 00:30:14.210 A:middle L:90%
kilometers that have ever been developed. And they gave

524
00:30:14.210 --> 00:30:15.829 A:middle L:90%
us the precision so that we could measure settlements in

525
00:30:15.829 --> 00:30:18.380 A:middle L:90%
the 10th of an inch or less range. And

526
00:30:18.380 --> 00:30:21.109 A:middle L:90%
so we were able to see that we were getting

527
00:30:21.109 --> 00:30:22.430 A:middle L:90%
displacement into the face of a quarter of an inch

528
00:30:22.609 --> 00:30:25.869 A:middle L:90%
. That was not the cause, which is very

529
00:30:25.869 --> 00:30:26.740 A:middle L:90%
often can be the cause of the ground loss.

530
00:30:27.049 --> 00:30:32.230 A:middle L:90%
But what was the cause? The cause. That's

531
00:30:32.230 --> 00:30:34.650 A:middle L:90%
a rhetorical question. Let's go on here. Um

532
00:30:34.660 --> 00:30:38.569 A:middle L:90%
, we measured that displacement, and then the source

533
00:30:38.569 --> 00:30:41.450 A:middle L:90%
was over the shield and the shield was moving through

534
00:30:41.450 --> 00:30:42.710 A:middle L:90%
the ground like this. In order to stay online

535
00:30:42.710 --> 00:30:45.859 A:middle L:90%
, it had to be at an attitude above the

536
00:30:45.869 --> 00:30:49.079 A:middle L:90%
the line on which it was driven. And that

537
00:30:49.079 --> 00:30:52.769 A:middle L:90%
was causing the settlement because it had a big hood

538
00:30:52.769 --> 00:30:55.660 A:middle L:90%
on the front that was taken off. And it

539
00:30:55.660 --> 00:30:56.519 A:middle L:90%
was able to in the next run to go and

540
00:30:56.519 --> 00:31:00.660 A:middle L:90%
reduce the settlements dramatically. But we got a picture

541
00:31:00.660 --> 00:31:02.720 A:middle L:90%
of the ground movements throughout the soil mass. It

542
00:31:02.720 --> 00:31:06.160 A:middle L:90%
was something I worked on that project with Bill Hans

543
00:31:06.160 --> 00:31:07.400 A:middle L:90%
Meyer. We've, uh, been an engineer working

544
00:31:07.400 --> 00:31:10.869 A:middle L:90%
with PB and, uh, well known for the

545
00:31:10.869 --> 00:31:14.180 A:middle L:90%
contributions. He has made an underground construction over the

546
00:31:14.180 --> 00:31:17.400 A:middle L:90%
years. Here's here we are in 2000, and

547
00:31:17.400 --> 00:31:19.029 A:middle L:90%
we had a tunnel where we were monitoring pore pressures

548
00:31:19.029 --> 00:31:22.089 A:middle L:90%
and clays in the Chicago clay and also settlements.

549
00:31:22.089 --> 00:31:23.750 A:middle L:90%
And this is just the short term settlement. I

550
00:31:23.750 --> 00:31:27.000 A:middle L:90%
won't get into the consolidation settlements here in this lecture

551
00:31:27.000 --> 00:31:30.549 A:middle L:90%
, but what we had was at the front of

552
00:31:30.549 --> 00:31:34.309 A:middle L:90%
that shield small displacements. And now you're not talking

553
00:31:34.309 --> 00:31:37.170 A:middle L:90%
about the surface settlement point because that spreads things up

554
00:31:37.170 --> 00:31:41.730 A:middle L:90%
so you can't tell from the surface settlements where it's

555
00:31:41.730 --> 00:31:42.559 A:middle L:90%
occurring around the shield. But what we're trying to

556
00:31:42.559 --> 00:31:45.640 A:middle L:90%
do is figure out what's happening right down here at

557
00:31:45.640 --> 00:31:49.170 A:middle L:90%
the Shield at the location of the shield, and

558
00:31:49.640 --> 00:31:52.470 A:middle L:90%
that tells us how much ground movement we're getting and

559
00:31:52.470 --> 00:31:55.259 A:middle L:90%
where it's occurring. In other words, we can

560
00:31:55.259 --> 00:31:56.940 A:middle L:90%
find the source of the movement. And so it's

561
00:31:56.940 --> 00:32:00.920 A:middle L:90%
a simple way of evaluating behaviour around a tunnel boring

562
00:32:00.920 --> 00:32:05.339 A:middle L:90%
machine. And we're using extents are meters or deep

563
00:32:05.339 --> 00:32:09.319 A:middle L:90%
settlement points on every project that we're dealing with with

564
00:32:09.319 --> 00:32:13.940 A:middle L:90%
these shields. Tunnel shields. And so here we

565
00:32:13.940 --> 00:32:15.170 A:middle L:90%
have the case. Where, over the top of

566
00:32:15.170 --> 00:32:16.740 A:middle L:90%
the shield, we have an inch and a half

567
00:32:16.740 --> 00:32:20.900 A:middle L:90%
of movement and this over cut. Or they have

568
00:32:20.900 --> 00:32:22.420 A:middle L:90%
to cut a larger diameter at the front than over

569
00:32:22.420 --> 00:32:24.609 A:middle L:90%
the shield so it doesn't get stuck, and so

570
00:32:24.609 --> 00:32:27.349 A:middle L:90%
it can turn. And so this, in this

571
00:32:27.349 --> 00:32:30.720 A:middle L:90%
case, was the over cut was about three quarters

572
00:32:30.720 --> 00:32:32.910 A:middle L:90%
of an inch on the radius, and it was

573
00:32:32.910 --> 00:32:37.950 A:middle L:90%
causing, um, that's the annual list, and

574
00:32:37.950 --> 00:32:38.680 A:middle L:90%
it was causing an inch and a half the settlement

575
00:32:38.680 --> 00:32:40.799 A:middle L:90%
when you take it around the full perimeter. And

576
00:32:40.799 --> 00:32:44.930 A:middle L:90%
so that was the cause of the settlement, and

577
00:32:44.930 --> 00:32:46.539 A:middle L:90%
that occurred every time we did a tunnel. If

578
00:32:46.539 --> 00:32:50.089 A:middle L:90%
we didn't cut down the over cut, we couldn't

579
00:32:50.089 --> 00:32:52.029 A:middle L:90%
cut down the settlement. That was something that stayed

580
00:32:52.029 --> 00:32:53.859 A:middle L:90%
with us. We could not get rid of that

581
00:32:54.240 --> 00:32:58.150 A:middle L:90%
. So you could. You could conclude that you're

582
00:32:58.150 --> 00:33:00.779 A:middle L:90%
going to have a deep settlement that could be of

583
00:33:00.779 --> 00:33:02.450 A:middle L:90%
that inch and a half level, and your surface

584
00:33:02.450 --> 00:33:05.089 A:middle L:90%
settlements are going to get up to an inch or

585
00:33:05.089 --> 00:33:07.049 A:middle L:90%
so. So if you have a three quarter inch

586
00:33:07.049 --> 00:33:08.509 A:middle L:90%
over cut here, it'll cause that part of it

587
00:33:08.509 --> 00:33:10.339 A:middle L:90%
causes three quarters of the surface. You can't get

588
00:33:10.339 --> 00:33:20.670 A:middle L:90%
away from it. So we have the face ground

589
00:33:20.670 --> 00:33:22.730 A:middle L:90%
lost, large ground loss concurrent to the face.

590
00:33:22.730 --> 00:33:24.309 A:middle L:90%
We have the over cut. We have the shield

591
00:33:24.319 --> 00:33:28.980 A:middle L:90%
itself, and the over cut can cause a volume

592
00:33:29.130 --> 00:33:31.140 A:middle L:90%
, displacement or volume loss and the tail. If

593
00:33:31.140 --> 00:33:34.380 A:middle L:90%
we don't install the lining rapidly, we can get

594
00:33:34.380 --> 00:33:37.180 A:middle L:90%
displacement there. And all of that results in a

595
00:33:37.180 --> 00:33:40.230 A:middle L:90%
settlement trough that just kind of three dimensional feature moving

596
00:33:40.230 --> 00:33:44.470 A:middle L:90%
forward and we can relate the volume loss to the

597
00:33:44.470 --> 00:33:45.309 A:middle L:90%
change in volume in the soil, and that has

598
00:33:45.309 --> 00:33:47.319 A:middle L:90%
to equal the surface settlement volume. So that's how

599
00:33:47.319 --> 00:33:51.359 A:middle L:90%
we approach evaluating this and then we can evaluate,

600
00:33:51.740 --> 00:33:54.019 A:middle L:90%
given that information in the shape, we can evaluate

601
00:33:54.019 --> 00:33:57.369 A:middle L:90%
the maximum displacements that will occur at the surface and

602
00:33:57.369 --> 00:34:00.049 A:middle L:90%
relate that the building damage our slopes and building damage

603
00:34:00.059 --> 00:34:07.179 A:middle L:90%
or angular distortions. So we're measuring groundwater pressures with

604
00:34:07.179 --> 00:34:10.099 A:middle L:90%
bizarre meters, and we're also measuring the location of

605
00:34:10.099 --> 00:34:14.010 A:middle L:90%
this ground loss. And in some cases, we

606
00:34:14.010 --> 00:34:15.889 A:middle L:90%
have many instruments in other cases, just a few

607
00:34:15.889 --> 00:34:19.900 A:middle L:90%
points above the tunnel. So, um, those

608
00:34:19.900 --> 00:34:22.170 A:middle L:90%
are the things that are some of some of our

609
00:34:22.170 --> 00:34:27.019 A:middle L:90%
precedents and, uh, where we've come from and

610
00:34:27.019 --> 00:34:29.170 A:middle L:90%
they've given us a lot. And I want to

611
00:34:29.170 --> 00:34:31.769 A:middle L:90%
talk a bit about the pressurized shields and what we

612
00:34:31.769 --> 00:34:35.920 A:middle L:90%
can achieve with that In 2006 on the Metro,

613
00:34:36.539 --> 00:34:39.019 A:middle L:90%
they basically had required that we no longer use open

614
00:34:39.019 --> 00:34:43.699 A:middle L:90%
shields. Dan Eisenstein, who was working with them

615
00:34:43.699 --> 00:34:45.840 A:middle L:90%
at that time he was up at Edmonton at the

616
00:34:45.840 --> 00:34:50.699 A:middle L:90%
university there for many years and just recently passed away

617
00:34:50.699 --> 00:34:53.190 A:middle L:90%
, and he basically, uh, was one that

618
00:34:53.190 --> 00:34:55.210 A:middle L:90%
said, we are going to use our pressure balance

619
00:34:55.210 --> 00:34:59.340 A:middle L:90%
shields in Los Angeles, And so they did,

620
00:34:59.340 --> 00:35:01.730 A:middle L:90%
monitoring all sorts of settlement cross sections, and basically

621
00:35:01.730 --> 00:35:06.190 A:middle L:90%
they found that the settlements range from 0 to 0.3

622
00:35:06.190 --> 00:35:08.099 A:middle L:90%
inches and the percentage of ground loss we're gonna figure

623
00:35:08.099 --> 00:35:12.329 A:middle L:90%
a percentage of the volume of the tunnel was less

624
00:35:12.329 --> 00:35:15.679 A:middle L:90%
than 0.25% of the volume of the tunnel. And

625
00:35:15.679 --> 00:35:19.590 A:middle L:90%
then that would produce angular distortions that would not cause

626
00:35:19.590 --> 00:35:22.190 A:middle L:90%
damage. And there was no damage. Very little

627
00:35:22.190 --> 00:35:23.809 A:middle L:90%
settlement. And why was this occurring? What was

628
00:35:23.820 --> 00:35:28.349 A:middle L:90%
making this? These small settlements were controlling the face

629
00:35:28.349 --> 00:35:30.949 A:middle L:90%
. But what's causing us to get very, very

630
00:35:30.949 --> 00:35:32.940 A:middle L:90%
small settlements here? And so here's some of what

631
00:35:32.940 --> 00:35:37.300 A:middle L:90%
we were looking at in Los Angeles and in 2

632
00:35:37.300 --> 00:35:39.500 A:middle L:90%
, 2011 and 2012. In the last couple of

633
00:35:39.500 --> 00:35:43.269 A:middle L:90%
years, we've had opportunity to do some more measurements

634
00:35:43.570 --> 00:35:45.829 A:middle L:90%
and observations on two projects. Sound transit in Toronto

635
00:35:45.840 --> 00:35:47.460 A:middle L:90%
, and those are the ones I wanted to focus

636
00:35:47.460 --> 00:35:52.599 A:middle L:90%
on right now, as we get into more detail

637
00:35:52.610 --> 00:35:58.059 A:middle L:90%
on the behavior that were occurring around these tunnels.

638
00:35:58.639 --> 00:36:01.420 A:middle L:90%
And so here we are in sound transit with Machine

639
00:36:01.420 --> 00:36:06.760 A:middle L:90%
by J. D. Uh, the the sponsor

640
00:36:06.760 --> 00:36:09.380 A:middle L:90%
on this joint venture. He's got the machine going

641
00:36:09.389 --> 00:36:13.550 A:middle L:90%
into the side of the shaft just starting here,

642
00:36:14.030 --> 00:36:16.429 A:middle L:90%
and this is in the glacial soils over ridden glacial

643
00:36:16.429 --> 00:36:21.829 A:middle L:90%
tills out Wash in Seattle, and he planned.

644
00:36:21.829 --> 00:36:23.369 A:middle L:90%
This is Mike the Pony with JD planned to use

645
00:36:23.369 --> 00:36:25.840 A:middle L:90%
a four inch over cut on the cutter head.

646
00:36:27.329 --> 00:36:29.199 A:middle L:90%
Well, three quarters of an inch is causing three

647
00:36:29.199 --> 00:36:30.340 A:middle L:90%
quarters inch at the surface. A four inch over

648
00:36:30.340 --> 00:36:34.679 A:middle L:90%
cut is going to cause perhaps something on the order

649
00:36:34.679 --> 00:36:37.510 A:middle L:90%
of four inches sound. Transit was not happy.

650
00:36:37.809 --> 00:36:40.619 A:middle L:90%
They said, You know, why are you doing

651
00:36:40.619 --> 00:36:45.320 A:middle L:90%
this? And and Mike said, Well, let's

652
00:36:45.320 --> 00:36:47.179 A:middle L:90%
do a test section And, uh, I had

653
00:36:47.179 --> 00:36:50.079 A:middle L:90%
I was working for sound transit over the last few

654
00:36:50.079 --> 00:36:52.769 A:middle L:90%
years, not anything active and very recently, And

655
00:36:52.809 --> 00:36:53.460 A:middle L:90%
I talked to some transit and I said, I'd

656
00:36:53.460 --> 00:36:54.820 A:middle L:90%
like to work with Mike and I said, Well

657
00:36:54.820 --> 00:36:55.809 A:middle L:90%
, we'd have to get account. I said,

658
00:36:55.809 --> 00:36:58.010 A:middle L:90%
No, I don't want to contract. I just

659
00:36:58.010 --> 00:37:00.219 A:middle L:90%
want to work with him. And so we worked

660
00:37:00.219 --> 00:37:04.809 A:middle L:90%
together and sound Transit was reviewing and cooperating, and

661
00:37:04.809 --> 00:37:07.579 A:middle L:90%
we basically had a great opportunity to understand. Learn

662
00:37:07.579 --> 00:37:10.170 A:middle L:90%
more about behavior. And here we did. We

663
00:37:10.170 --> 00:37:15.090 A:middle L:90%
had sensors that were on the body of the shield

664
00:37:15.099 --> 00:37:16.170 A:middle L:90%
. We put pressure sensors on the body of the

665
00:37:16.170 --> 00:37:21.809 A:middle L:90%
shield to figure out what's happening around the shield and

666
00:37:21.820 --> 00:37:23.590 A:middle L:90%
our art. Is that four inches going to cause

667
00:37:23.599 --> 00:37:27.659 A:middle L:90%
a problem here or what? What is happening around

668
00:37:27.659 --> 00:37:30.050 A:middle L:90%
the shield is the soil falling in around the shield

669
00:37:30.730 --> 00:37:32.579 A:middle L:90%
. That's what usually causes ground loss. And then

670
00:37:32.579 --> 00:37:36.210 A:middle L:90%
we had on the face earth pressure balance gauges,

671
00:37:36.210 --> 00:37:39.760 A:middle L:90%
which are always on the face. The earth pressure

672
00:37:39.760 --> 00:37:43.920 A:middle L:90%
gauges rather that are on the face, that measure

673
00:37:43.920 --> 00:37:45.239 A:middle L:90%
the face pressure so that we balance that that face

674
00:37:45.239 --> 00:37:47.960 A:middle L:90%
pressure needs to be at least equal to the water

675
00:37:47.960 --> 00:37:51.480 A:middle L:90%
pressure because we don't want the water flowing into the

676
00:37:51.480 --> 00:37:54.829 A:middle L:90%
fish. So that was the setup, and Mike

677
00:37:54.840 --> 00:37:58.849 A:middle L:90%
basically decided that on every extra Osama he was going

678
00:37:58.849 --> 00:38:00.099 A:middle L:90%
to put a vibrating wire prism butter in the bottom

679
00:38:00.099 --> 00:38:01.769 A:middle L:90%
of it. And we're doing that now and other

680
00:38:01.769 --> 00:38:05.230 A:middle L:90%
projects every time we put an extra Osama and we

681
00:38:05.230 --> 00:38:07.789 A:middle L:90%
put a vibrating where prisoners were monitoring the ground behavior

682
00:38:07.800 --> 00:38:10.570 A:middle L:90%
in terms of how the water pressure changes as we

683
00:38:10.570 --> 00:38:14.519 A:middle L:90%
advance the shield and that gives us a lot of

684
00:38:14.519 --> 00:38:16.619 A:middle L:90%
good information, we can correlate with what's happening with

685
00:38:16.619 --> 00:38:22.210 A:middle L:90%
the face pressure face Pressure gauges are right behind the

686
00:38:22.210 --> 00:38:24.389 A:middle L:90%
cutter head and on the on the wall of the

687
00:38:24.400 --> 00:38:28.219 A:middle L:90%
back of the chamber several feet back, where the

688
00:38:28.219 --> 00:38:31.980 A:middle L:90%
muck is being mixed and pressurized. And so here

689
00:38:31.980 --> 00:38:36.300 A:middle L:90%
we are. This is the test section that is

690
00:38:36.300 --> 00:38:38.670 A:middle L:90%
proposed at the start of the tunnel, right at

691
00:38:38.670 --> 00:38:42.630 A:middle L:90%
the start time, when you know you're not not

692
00:38:42.630 --> 00:38:44.840 A:middle L:90%
always up to speed, you're on a learning curve

693
00:38:45.420 --> 00:38:46.340 A:middle L:90%
and here's the tail section of this. This is

694
00:38:46.619 --> 00:38:51.599 A:middle L:90%
This is the trailing here that's on the order of

695
00:38:51.599 --> 00:38:53.340 A:middle L:90%
300 ft long that comes behind this that has all

696
00:38:53.340 --> 00:38:57.079 A:middle L:90%
the support that's required to advance that shield. That's

697
00:38:57.079 --> 00:39:00.500 A:middle L:90%
the sort of thing we're doing in modern pressurized face

698
00:39:00.500 --> 00:39:02.409 A:middle L:90%
tunneling, the screw conveyor looking in the other direction

699
00:39:02.409 --> 00:39:05.039 A:middle L:90%
. You see the screw conveyor. In this case

700
00:39:05.300 --> 00:39:07.750 A:middle L:90%
, there's temporary segments that have been placed to get

701
00:39:07.760 --> 00:39:10.570 A:middle L:90%
working, to react against the jacking frame, to

702
00:39:10.570 --> 00:39:13.519 A:middle L:90%
be able to push the machine into the ground.

703
00:39:13.519 --> 00:39:15.480 A:middle L:90%
So the machine is just in the ground, and

704
00:39:15.480 --> 00:39:16.650 A:middle L:90%
here we go. These are the experts on matters

705
00:39:16.650 --> 00:39:20.519 A:middle L:90%
that we have and the mikes bizarre meters that he

706
00:39:20.519 --> 00:39:22.730 A:middle L:90%
put in. And there's the building that we have

707
00:39:22.730 --> 00:39:25.739 A:middle L:90%
to be under control before we get to Yeah,

708
00:39:27.619 --> 00:39:30.400 A:middle L:90%
so machines starting out, going forward. They got

709
00:39:30.409 --> 00:39:35.780 A:middle L:90%
to these last kilometers, and the information we're getting

710
00:39:35.780 --> 00:39:37.940 A:middle L:90%
was very interesting. Here's the face pressure up at

711
00:39:37.940 --> 00:39:39.159 A:middle L:90%
the top and you can see the face pressure building

712
00:39:39.159 --> 00:39:43.070 A:middle L:90%
up to about 22 PC. That's during the time

713
00:39:43.070 --> 00:39:45.650 A:middle L:90%
that they're shoving and then after the show of the

714
00:39:45.650 --> 00:39:46.960 A:middle L:90%
only running one shift here because they've just started the

715
00:39:46.960 --> 00:39:49.820 A:middle L:90%
project. So after the show, if we have

716
00:39:49.820 --> 00:39:51.530 A:middle L:90%
it dropping down to about 12 p, S,

717
00:39:51.530 --> 00:39:54.500 A:middle L:90%
I and that's also happening on the body and the

718
00:39:54.510 --> 00:39:58.030 A:middle L:90%
over cut is doing the same thing. It's following

719
00:39:58.030 --> 00:40:00.360 A:middle L:90%
the same pattern as the face pressure. And then

720
00:40:00.360 --> 00:40:04.050 A:middle L:90%
we sample that we actually ran up because some small

721
00:40:04.340 --> 00:40:07.250 A:middle L:90%
equivalent of split spoon samples up into the thing and

722
00:40:07.260 --> 00:40:08.880 A:middle L:90%
took samples and see how much is disturbed material and

723
00:40:08.880 --> 00:40:10.900 A:middle L:90%
how much is the soil and we're finding in.

724
00:40:10.900 --> 00:40:14.389 A:middle L:90%
There were finding on that over cut the muck.

725
00:40:14.389 --> 00:40:15.829 A:middle L:90%
In fact, we had to stop doing it because

726
00:40:15.829 --> 00:40:19.429 A:middle L:90%
the money was flowing into the tunnel or into the

727
00:40:19.440 --> 00:40:22.940 A:middle L:90%
holes that we had in the on the body of

728
00:40:22.940 --> 00:40:24.030 A:middle L:90%
the Shield. This is back behind the cutter head

729
00:40:24.610 --> 00:40:28.010 A:middle L:90%
, and so we're seeing that we pressure the face

730
00:40:28.010 --> 00:40:31.630 A:middle L:90%
pressure is also pressurizing around the perimeter and that pressuring

731
00:40:31.630 --> 00:40:35.610 A:middle L:90%
of the perimeter is what's holding the ground. And

732
00:40:35.610 --> 00:40:37.519 A:middle L:90%
so then here we have the measure that kilometers in

733
00:40:37.519 --> 00:40:40.500 A:middle L:90%
the ground and they're following this and this bizarre meters

734
00:40:40.500 --> 00:40:44.409 A:middle L:90%
further further back, so it's not responding as much

735
00:40:44.429 --> 00:40:45.880 A:middle L:90%
. We have one kilometers right at this location.

736
00:40:45.880 --> 00:40:49.900 A:middle L:90%
It's showing it's going up and down pretty well.

737
00:40:49.900 --> 00:40:52.679 A:middle L:90%
It's following because it's near the face pressure. They're

738
00:40:52.679 --> 00:40:55.820 A:middle L:90%
working to get there, uh, working together.

739
00:40:57.210 --> 00:41:00.079 A:middle L:90%
And then we get to the point that they stopped

740
00:41:00.079 --> 00:41:01.900 A:middle L:90%
and they wanted to check and see if they could

741
00:41:01.909 --> 00:41:04.949 A:middle L:90%
go under free air to get out in front.

742
00:41:04.960 --> 00:41:07.650 A:middle L:90%
So they dropped the pressure on the face and here

743
00:41:07.650 --> 00:41:08.519 A:middle L:90%
we are, dropping the pressure. The pressures are

744
00:41:08.519 --> 00:41:12.639 A:middle L:90%
dropping to very low values, actually below the groundwater

745
00:41:12.639 --> 00:41:19.219 A:middle L:90%
pressure, and it has a check and then they

746
00:41:19.230 --> 00:41:22.489 A:middle L:90%
got pressure's dropped the next diagram. Then here's the

747
00:41:22.489 --> 00:41:24.179 A:middle L:90%
settlements. This is pretty boring information. If you're

748
00:41:24.179 --> 00:41:25.760 A:middle L:90%
doing a thesis, you don't want to have no

749
00:41:25.760 --> 00:41:29.710 A:middle L:90%
data or data. This isn't changing. You're going

750
00:41:29.710 --> 00:41:31.030 A:middle L:90%
along here. Nothing's happening. And that's what was

751
00:41:31.030 --> 00:41:34.940 A:middle L:90%
happening through the whole drive. No settlement, and

752
00:41:34.940 --> 00:41:36.730 A:middle L:90%
then we got to this point here and they drop

753
00:41:36.730 --> 00:41:37.960 A:middle L:90%
the pressure and this thing dropped down and this is

754
00:41:37.960 --> 00:41:40.440 A:middle L:90%
not a disaster at all. And it was just

755
00:41:40.440 --> 00:41:44.530 A:middle L:90%
a check anyway, at one location was settled 10.4

756
00:41:44.530 --> 00:41:47.780 A:middle L:90%
inches so that that mark that had been pressurized was

757
00:41:47.789 --> 00:41:52.039 A:middle L:90%
lost its pressure and allowed settlement at least a small

758
00:41:52.039 --> 00:41:53.260 A:middle L:90%
amount. And the material is still a material in

759
00:41:53.260 --> 00:41:57.030 A:middle L:90%
there. Perhaps the condition muck is still in there

760
00:41:57.510 --> 00:41:59.670 A:middle L:90%
. It would be the condition mark, but it

761
00:41:59.670 --> 00:42:01.019 A:middle L:90%
caused some settlement. And it just happened that they

762
00:42:01.019 --> 00:42:04.460 A:middle L:90%
stopped right over an extent somber, and you could

763
00:42:04.460 --> 00:42:06.760 A:middle L:90%
see that happening. So those things are all proving

764
00:42:06.760 --> 00:42:08.320 A:middle L:90%
to us that actually what is happening here Is that

765
00:42:08.320 --> 00:42:12.289 A:middle L:90%
the pressure on the face? The muck is going

766
00:42:12.289 --> 00:42:17.699 A:middle L:90%
around the perimeter and and here we have what's happening

767
00:42:17.699 --> 00:42:20.320 A:middle L:90%
. We have the condition mark in the front.

768
00:42:20.550 --> 00:42:23.809 A:middle L:90%
We have the segments in the back that are under

769
00:42:23.809 --> 00:42:24.969 A:middle L:90%
pressure. And so this is kind of like a

770
00:42:24.969 --> 00:42:30.599 A:middle L:90%
pressure diagram. I gotta pressure here pressure by the

771
00:42:30.610 --> 00:42:32.159 A:middle L:90%
grout that's being pumped until it sets its under pressures

772
00:42:32.159 --> 00:42:35.900 A:middle L:90%
that are higher than the face pressure. Usually so

773
00:42:35.900 --> 00:42:37.420 A:middle L:90%
everything that's under pressure. But what's happening in here

774
00:42:37.800 --> 00:42:39.900 A:middle L:90%
, and I don't think people paid much attention to

775
00:42:39.900 --> 00:42:43.380 A:middle L:90%
that. In some cases, it was the e

776
00:42:43.380 --> 00:42:45.989 A:middle L:90%
. P B might not put the muck out here

777
00:42:45.989 --> 00:42:46.900 A:middle L:90%
. In some cases it will, and that may

778
00:42:46.900 --> 00:42:51.650 A:middle L:90%
be the difference between best performance and lesser performance with

779
00:42:51.650 --> 00:42:53.699 A:middle L:90%
these machines. And so what we found was that

780
00:42:53.699 --> 00:42:58.210 A:middle L:90%
the conduct condition muck was filling and pressurizing that large

781
00:42:58.210 --> 00:43:00.159 A:middle L:90%
over cut, and it was flowing around the front

782
00:43:00.170 --> 00:43:02.469 A:middle L:90%
and into that gap, which in this case was

783
00:43:02.469 --> 00:43:05.929 A:middle L:90%
four inches thick, some of the great the greatest

784
00:43:05.929 --> 00:43:07.619 A:middle L:90%
gap I've ever seen on a machine. And so

785
00:43:07.619 --> 00:43:10.630 A:middle L:90%
we did have pressure there, and that's something that

786
00:43:10.630 --> 00:43:14.400 A:middle L:90%
you had to maintain 24 7 when the machine is

787
00:43:14.400 --> 00:43:15.010 A:middle L:90%
operating. When it stopped. As long as you're

788
00:43:15.010 --> 00:43:17.309 A:middle L:90%
below the water table, you maintain that pressure.

789
00:43:19.599 --> 00:43:22.369 A:middle L:90%
What, so here's what we're doing now with a

790
00:43:22.369 --> 00:43:25.269 A:middle L:90%
face were pressurizing the face that's preventing the loss into

791
00:43:25.269 --> 00:43:29.860 A:middle L:90%
the face Large movement, the over cut and the

792
00:43:29.860 --> 00:43:32.489 A:middle L:90%
tail is being pressurized with the grouting and with the

793
00:43:32.489 --> 00:43:35.909 A:middle L:90%
filling of the condition muck, and in some cases

794
00:43:35.909 --> 00:43:37.980 A:middle L:90%
we pump bentonite into that over cut to make sure

795
00:43:37.980 --> 00:43:42.130 A:middle L:90%
we've got that over cut filled and So that is

796
00:43:42.130 --> 00:43:45.389 A:middle L:90%
what has made it possible for us to tunnel with

797
00:43:45.389 --> 00:43:51.019 A:middle L:90%
essentially no settlement. Mhm so that that, to

798
00:43:51.019 --> 00:43:52.980 A:middle L:90%
me, is a part of the revolution. The

799
00:43:52.980 --> 00:43:55.170 A:middle L:90%
Revolution is being able to tunnel deep under water ways

800
00:43:55.400 --> 00:43:58.820 A:middle L:90%
and to be able to tunnel under control in very

801
00:43:58.820 --> 00:44:00.579 A:middle L:90%
shallow conditions. I want to go to one more

802
00:44:00.579 --> 00:44:02.730 A:middle L:90%
case here, Uh, in a moment, Um

803
00:44:02.769 --> 00:44:06.900 A:middle L:90%
and so? Well, in fact, now we're

804
00:44:06.900 --> 00:44:09.510 A:middle L:90%
talking about going under I five in downtown Seattle is

805
00:44:09.510 --> 00:44:13.099 A:middle L:90%
right up on the hill next to downtown Seattle to

806
00:44:13.099 --> 00:44:15.309 A:middle L:90%
our left, the University of Washington Over here,

807
00:44:15.989 --> 00:44:21.030 A:middle L:90%
Uh, the station. And what could be better

808
00:44:21.030 --> 00:44:23.840 A:middle L:90%
than having a train running from a downtown center to

809
00:44:23.840 --> 00:44:30.230 A:middle L:90%
your university? Um and so been champagne Orban at

810
00:44:30.230 --> 00:44:35.050 A:middle L:90%
University of Illinois. That doesn't happen. But here

811
00:44:35.050 --> 00:44:37.349 A:middle L:90%
they're crossing I five with 13 ft of cover over

812
00:44:37.349 --> 00:44:43.329 A:middle L:90%
here. The five crossing their under their deeper.

813
00:44:43.329 --> 00:44:45.949 A:middle L:90%
They've had no settlement going from Capitol Hill down to

814
00:44:45.949 --> 00:44:47.900 A:middle L:90%
the down to the I five and they're going under

815
00:44:47.900 --> 00:44:51.300 A:middle L:90%
with 13 ft of cover. And they basically at

816
00:44:51.300 --> 00:44:53.210 A:middle L:90%
that location. Uh, those are kind of a

817
00:44:53.210 --> 00:44:57.409 A:middle L:90%
diagram of the tunnels going into the I five and

818
00:44:57.989 --> 00:45:00.500 A:middle L:90%
they got through and I had about a quarter inch

819
00:45:00.500 --> 00:45:01.989 A:middle L:90%
of settlement because they were, so shall they had

820
00:45:01.989 --> 00:45:05.250 A:middle L:90%
to hold the pressure because they put in this condition

821
00:45:05.260 --> 00:45:08.170 A:middle L:90%
, which could be full. It's basically a soap

822
00:45:08.179 --> 00:45:13.670 A:middle L:90%
form. And the main concern of of the contractor

823
00:45:13.670 --> 00:45:16.610 A:middle L:90%
was not to put soap foam on an interstate highway

824
00:45:17.090 --> 00:45:20.570 A:middle L:90%
. She makes made a lot of sense, and

825
00:45:20.570 --> 00:45:23.260 A:middle L:90%
here we are now with the machine coming through.

826
00:45:23.269 --> 00:45:25.719 A:middle L:90%
That's the front end of that machine. That's the

827
00:45:25.719 --> 00:45:30.619 A:middle L:90%
cutter head after it's gone 4000 ft. And and

828
00:45:30.619 --> 00:45:34.630 A:middle L:90%
there's some some of the cutter's got knocked off by

829
00:45:34.630 --> 00:45:37.449 A:middle L:90%
boulders. There's been some where it's the where on

830
00:45:37.449 --> 00:45:39.059 A:middle L:90%
the perimeter went from four inches to about an inch

831
00:45:39.059 --> 00:45:46.789 A:middle L:90%
and a half, and the the the the entire

832
00:45:46.789 --> 00:45:51.210 A:middle L:90%
run was out was done without requiring cutter changes or

833
00:45:51.210 --> 00:45:53.750 A:middle L:90%
repair of the hard facing the surface of that of

834
00:45:53.750 --> 00:45:57.400 A:middle L:90%
that, the face of that cutter head. And

835
00:45:57.400 --> 00:45:59.489 A:middle L:90%
that was Mike's goal. The reason he wanted four

836
00:45:59.489 --> 00:46:01.210 A:middle L:90%
Inches was he wanted to get through this project without

837
00:46:01.210 --> 00:46:04.929 A:middle L:90%
having to do a lot of interventions under compressed air

838
00:46:05.090 --> 00:46:07.159 A:middle L:90%
into the front of his tunnel. He made it

839
00:46:07.170 --> 00:46:10.809 A:middle L:90%
. He made the whole distance without any without any

840
00:46:10.809 --> 00:46:19.300 A:middle L:90%
interventions. Mm. The last one is Toronto Transit

841
00:46:19.300 --> 00:46:22.940 A:middle L:90%
. And we had I had an opportunity a year

842
00:46:22.940 --> 00:46:23.769 A:middle L:90%
ago. You could see last fall, September and

843
00:46:23.769 --> 00:46:29.079 A:middle L:90%
October, uh, to work with Toronto Transit on

844
00:46:29.079 --> 00:46:32.289 A:middle L:90%
there. Um, it's Medina line. It goes

845
00:46:32.289 --> 00:46:37.329 A:middle L:90%
up by York University, northern part of the down

846
00:46:37.340 --> 00:46:42.000 A:middle L:90%
of the Toronto area and contract was O H L

847
00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:45.869 A:middle L:90%
. A Spanish contractor experienced in running earth pressure balanced

848
00:46:45.869 --> 00:46:47.940 A:middle L:90%
machines. The tunnel boring machine was, but I

849
00:46:47.940 --> 00:46:52.980 A:middle L:90%
love it now. Caterpillar earned, um, out

850
00:46:52.980 --> 00:46:57.150 A:middle L:90%
of Toronto up to date machine that was actually purchased

851
00:46:57.159 --> 00:46:59.159 A:middle L:90%
by the owner. And then we had to go

852
00:46:59.159 --> 00:47:00.559 A:middle L:90%
under this building. This is called the Shoelace Building

853
00:47:00.559 --> 00:47:07.349 A:middle L:90%
at York University and the distance below the clearance was

854
00:47:07.360 --> 00:47:10.070 A:middle L:90%
to the footings and foundation was 6 m about the

855
00:47:10.070 --> 00:47:13.039 A:middle L:90%
diameter, one diameter of the tunnel in the tunnel

856
00:47:13.039 --> 00:47:14.769 A:middle L:90%
of 6 m in diameter below that. So it's

857
00:47:14.769 --> 00:47:19.760 A:middle L:90%
a closer ah, passage closer, less cover than

858
00:47:19.760 --> 00:47:22.969 A:middle L:90%
we would normally expect to have. And so they

859
00:47:22.969 --> 00:47:27.389 A:middle L:90%
had proposed in these soils or silty sandy soils,

860
00:47:27.389 --> 00:47:30.019 A:middle L:90%
a lot of pretty sandy tails again, we're entails

861
00:47:30.019 --> 00:47:32.090 A:middle L:90%
over consolidated materials. You can see the distance to

862
00:47:32.090 --> 00:47:37.090 A:middle L:90%
the foundations there. And, uh, they ran

863
00:47:37.090 --> 00:47:37.860 A:middle L:90%
an estimate and said, Well, we expect to

864
00:47:37.860 --> 00:47:40.920 A:middle L:90%
have a volume loss of about 1%. Now.

865
00:47:40.920 --> 00:47:44.960 A:middle L:90%
What I mentioned was that in, uh, in

866
00:47:44.960 --> 00:47:46.510 A:middle L:90%
L. A metro, they were getting 0.25%.

867
00:47:46.519 --> 00:47:49.840 A:middle L:90%
But this was the estimate in the design was a

868
00:47:49.840 --> 00:47:52.179 A:middle L:90%
few years ago when they did the design. So

869
00:47:52.179 --> 00:47:53.179 A:middle L:90%
this is what they were estimating. And it's something

870
00:47:53.179 --> 00:47:55.469 A:middle L:90%
that I've seen in some other projects. And from

871
00:47:55.469 --> 00:47:58.480 A:middle L:90%
that estimate, they then figured, looking at the

872
00:47:58.480 --> 00:48:00.750 A:middle L:90%
shape and all this, you can figure you can

873
00:48:00.750 --> 00:48:02.000 A:middle L:90%
do numerical things. You can do it from our

874
00:48:02.000 --> 00:48:05.710 A:middle L:90%
experience, Uh, and you can come up pretty

875
00:48:05.710 --> 00:48:08.329 A:middle L:90%
much with the same result that's expected about 30 31

876
00:48:08.329 --> 00:48:10.940 A:middle L:90%
millimeters of settlement. And that would give you an

877
00:48:10.940 --> 00:48:15.289 A:middle L:90%
average slope about 3.4 times 10 to the minus three

878
00:48:15.670 --> 00:48:19.150 A:middle L:90%
, about one over 300. And they wanted to

879
00:48:19.150 --> 00:48:22.519 A:middle L:90%
have less than 10 millimeters settlement a slope of about

880
00:48:22.519 --> 00:48:24.199 A:middle L:90%
one times 10 to the minus 31 over 1000.

881
00:48:25.489 --> 00:48:30.059 A:middle L:90%
So at three times 10 to the minus three,

882
00:48:30.059 --> 00:48:32.769 A:middle L:90%
there are 1% volume loss. They're up in this

883
00:48:32.769 --> 00:48:36.039 A:middle L:90%
range and moderate damage, and they didn't want that

884
00:48:36.039 --> 00:48:38.699 A:middle L:90%
was higher than they wanted to. Um, have

885
00:48:38.699 --> 00:48:42.199 A:middle L:90%
the agreement with the university is that we will not

886
00:48:42.199 --> 00:48:45.409 A:middle L:90%
have that type of settlement. And so the one

887
00:48:45.409 --> 00:48:47.519 A:middle L:90%
thing that would happen is that the building stiffness would

888
00:48:47.519 --> 00:48:51.349 A:middle L:90%
reduce the distortions and spread them out so that it

889
00:48:51.360 --> 00:48:53.670 A:middle L:90%
would be lesser damage. But with with the grounding

890
00:48:53.670 --> 00:48:57.480 A:middle L:90%
that they proposed a compensation grouting, they were going

891
00:48:57.480 --> 00:48:59.530 A:middle L:90%
to get down into the very slight range, which

892
00:48:59.530 --> 00:49:04.070 A:middle L:90%
was acceptable. And so they laid out a program

893
00:49:04.079 --> 00:49:06.710 A:middle L:90%
putting in three shafts and the program. And if

894
00:49:06.710 --> 00:49:08.289 A:middle L:90%
you can see it here, these are all the

895
00:49:08.289 --> 00:49:10.820 A:middle L:90%
compensation ground pipes and their sleeve ports where you can

896
00:49:10.820 --> 00:49:14.590 A:middle L:90%
go out at any location along this as the,

897
00:49:14.599 --> 00:49:16.739 A:middle L:90%
uh, tunneling machine that would run across here.

898
00:49:16.920 --> 00:49:21.869 A:middle L:90%
And you're grounding as the tunneling machine runs keep moving

899
00:49:21.869 --> 00:49:22.860 A:middle L:90%
this ground up or holding it in place while the

900
00:49:22.869 --> 00:49:27.869 A:middle L:90%
tunnel drops it. And so these there's 100.

901
00:49:27.869 --> 00:49:29.989 A:middle L:90%
Boring is here, and I'm not sure the links

902
00:49:29.989 --> 00:49:31.309 A:middle L:90%
, but they get up into the well over 100

903
00:49:31.309 --> 00:49:36.309 A:middle L:90%
ft links on these borns horizontal boring, that are

904
00:49:36.309 --> 00:49:38.400 A:middle L:90%
going to be installed underneath the building. The problem

905
00:49:38.400 --> 00:49:43.420 A:middle L:90%
was that the contractor had arrived about 150 m away

906
00:49:43.420 --> 00:49:46.099 A:middle L:90%
to the left, and the ground pipes were not

907
00:49:46.099 --> 00:49:49.639 A:middle L:90%
in place. The problems with the subcontract and all

908
00:49:49.639 --> 00:49:52.860 A:middle L:90%
that for the granting the grout pipes were not in

909
00:49:52.860 --> 00:49:55.159 A:middle L:90%
place, and the contractor was, in the meantime

910
00:49:55.159 --> 00:49:58.230 A:middle L:90%
, doing pretty well. He was getting a couple

911
00:49:58.230 --> 00:50:00.150 A:middle L:90%
of millimeters 34 millimeters at the ground surface. So

912
00:50:00.150 --> 00:50:02.539 A:middle L:90%
what? So the question was, can he go

913
00:50:02.539 --> 00:50:07.610 A:middle L:90%
under the building? And we said, Well,

914
00:50:07.610 --> 00:50:10.530 A:middle L:90%
we haven't checked this out 6 m above the tunnel

915
00:50:10.539 --> 00:50:13.590 A:middle L:90%
, But let's take a look at this. And

916
00:50:13.590 --> 00:50:16.690 A:middle L:90%
so they said, Let's run test sections in these

917
00:50:16.690 --> 00:50:20.280 A:middle L:90%
two sections And that's what we did in September to

918
00:50:20.280 --> 00:50:24.949 A:middle L:90%
see if he could achieve the 10 millimeters without compensation

919
00:50:24.949 --> 00:50:28.760 A:middle L:90%
grounding. If we could do that before it's the

920
00:50:28.760 --> 00:50:31.210 A:middle L:90%
building, then we could perhaps go ahead. The

921
00:50:31.210 --> 00:50:36.579 A:middle L:90%
designer agreed with that, and here's the building itself

922
00:50:37.360 --> 00:50:38.079 A:middle L:90%
, as we're going to come in from the right

923
00:50:38.159 --> 00:50:42.750 A:middle L:90%
and then underneath your that. These are some fairly

924
00:50:42.750 --> 00:50:45.969 A:middle L:90%
massive concrete walls in the basement, and so the

925
00:50:45.969 --> 00:50:47.630 A:middle L:90%
stiffness of the structure is such that you would probably

926
00:50:47.630 --> 00:50:51.800 A:middle L:90%
reduce the angular distortions below the average ground slope,

927
00:50:51.809 --> 00:50:54.260 A:middle L:90%
maybe to to evaluate 40% of that ground slope,

928
00:50:54.260 --> 00:50:58.070 A:middle L:90%
so we'd expect even less than we would have outside

929
00:50:58.090 --> 00:51:01.550 A:middle L:90%
before we hit the building and the operator, uh

930
00:51:01.559 --> 00:51:02.750 A:middle L:90%
, one of the things I went in and saw

931
00:51:02.750 --> 00:51:06.139 A:middle L:90%
the operator's console, and I said, It's important

932
00:51:06.139 --> 00:51:07.300 A:middle L:90%
that we have target levels for various things and I've

933
00:51:07.300 --> 00:51:10.659 A:middle L:90%
been talking to send to the Toronto Transit people and

934
00:51:10.659 --> 00:51:14.489 A:middle L:90%
went in the tunnel, and there it was,

935
00:51:14.489 --> 00:51:15.449 A:middle L:90%
he had he had all this right on the wall

936
00:51:15.460 --> 00:51:21.210 A:middle L:90%
. This is what I'm I'm operating to the The

937
00:51:21.219 --> 00:51:22.420 A:middle L:90%
tunnel operator is not a lone Ranger, and they're

938
00:51:22.420 --> 00:51:24.679 A:middle L:90%
doing what he wants. He's following a guide,

939
00:51:25.260 --> 00:51:29.730 A:middle L:90%
the guideline for alert alarm levels for things such as

940
00:51:30.159 --> 00:51:32.869 A:middle L:90%
the EPB pressures, pressures on the face, the

941
00:51:32.869 --> 00:51:36.619 A:middle L:90%
muck weights. And the one thing that I noticed

942
00:51:36.619 --> 00:51:38.190 A:middle L:90%
was that they hadn't pumped and bentonite through the shield

943
00:51:38.190 --> 00:51:39.610 A:middle L:90%
. They could do that, but they hadn't done

944
00:51:39.610 --> 00:51:45.639 A:middle L:90%
it, and certainly we might get get the ground

945
00:51:45.650 --> 00:51:47.670 A:middle L:90%
or the condition mark going over the top. But

946
00:51:47.670 --> 00:51:50.550 A:middle L:90%
in sandy soils, I was afraid they might.

947
00:51:50.559 --> 00:51:52.780 A:middle L:90%
It might block. We wouldn't get as much consistency

948
00:51:52.780 --> 00:51:55.199 A:middle L:90%
with filling that over cut. So one of the

949
00:51:55.199 --> 00:51:57.929 A:middle L:90%
things we asked them to do is say go ahead

950
00:51:57.929 --> 00:52:00.110 A:middle L:90%
and use the bentonite as you advance and they didn't

951
00:52:00.110 --> 00:52:02.440 A:middle L:90%
do that. And here's some of the data that

952
00:52:02.449 --> 00:52:07.469 A:middle L:90%
they got. Basically, they drove through and as

953
00:52:07.469 --> 00:52:10.619 A:middle L:90%
they drove through the tunnel, This is what's happening

954
00:52:10.619 --> 00:52:13.889 A:middle L:90%
in a period. Here is 24 hours, and

955
00:52:13.889 --> 00:52:15.500 A:middle L:90%
they're they're making some very good progress here. There's

956
00:52:15.510 --> 00:52:19.269 A:middle L:90%
a whole series of advances in here, and then

957
00:52:19.269 --> 00:52:21.840 A:middle L:90%
they got to the day off here on Sunday,

958
00:52:21.840 --> 00:52:24.690 A:middle L:90%
and I'm not sure. I think it's maybe Saturday

959
00:52:24.690 --> 00:52:29.239 A:middle L:90%
Sunday anyway. The pressures are dropping, dropping off

960
00:52:29.250 --> 00:52:30.570 A:middle L:90%
, so as they stop, they hold the face

961
00:52:30.570 --> 00:52:32.519 A:middle L:90%
. They're not doing anything now. They're just holding

962
00:52:32.519 --> 00:52:36.070 A:middle L:90%
it in place. And what happens is the pressure

963
00:52:36.070 --> 00:52:37.510 A:middle L:90%
in the face begins to drop down to the water

964
00:52:37.510 --> 00:52:39.880 A:middle L:90%
pressure. The more rapidly it drops, it would

965
00:52:39.880 --> 00:52:43.619 A:middle L:90%
be the more permeable the soils are, and so

966
00:52:43.630 --> 00:52:45.760 A:middle L:90%
so that is an indicator of what the actual ground

967
00:52:45.769 --> 00:52:49.679 A:middle L:90%
water pressures are, and they're operating above that.

968
00:52:50.250 --> 00:52:52.960 A:middle L:90%
And that means that they are balancing the water pressure

969
00:52:52.960 --> 00:52:57.449 A:middle L:90%
and even adding some active pressure to reduce small movements

970
00:52:57.449 --> 00:53:01.349 A:middle L:90%
into the front of the tunnel. And so that's

971
00:53:01.349 --> 00:53:02.800 A:middle L:90%
one of the indicators. If at the end of

972
00:53:02.800 --> 00:53:06.769 A:middle L:90%
the show. Those water pressures go up, you're

973
00:53:06.769 --> 00:53:08.730 A:middle L:90%
in trouble. You probably lost ground. And so

974
00:53:08.730 --> 00:53:10.960 A:middle L:90%
that's the sort of thing that one of the indicators

975
00:53:10.960 --> 00:53:15.670 A:middle L:90%
of what you look at and, uh, here

976
00:53:15.670 --> 00:53:17.039 A:middle L:90%
they are now spread. I took that diagram and

977
00:53:17.039 --> 00:53:19.369 A:middle L:90%
spread it out of it, and you can see

978
00:53:19.369 --> 00:53:22.820 A:middle L:90%
each shop. So this is one shelf was bouncing

979
00:53:22.820 --> 00:53:23.480 A:middle L:90%
up and down. That's the end of the shove

980
00:53:23.519 --> 00:53:25.590 A:middle L:90%
waiting for the next show, and it's drops off

981
00:53:25.590 --> 00:53:28.269 A:middle L:90%
a little bit. And then the next one and

982
00:53:28.269 --> 00:53:29.880 A:middle L:90%
the pressures go up and down a little bit.

983
00:53:30.750 --> 00:53:35.179 A:middle L:90%
Uh, the lower pressure gauges show the highest pressure

984
00:53:35.179 --> 00:53:37.239 A:middle L:90%
, of course, and and they're they're they're doing

985
00:53:37.239 --> 00:53:38.940 A:middle L:90%
things a little different because the weight of the material

986
00:53:38.940 --> 00:53:40.920 A:middle L:90%
in the head is different than the weight of the

987
00:53:40.920 --> 00:53:44.469 A:middle L:90%
soil, the density of the soil. So you're

988
00:53:44.469 --> 00:53:45.909 A:middle L:90%
going to have a different gradient across the face of

989
00:53:45.909 --> 00:53:47.739 A:middle L:90%
the muck inside the head than you do in the

990
00:53:47.739 --> 00:53:52.699 A:middle L:90%
face in the water, and that causes some variations

991
00:53:52.699 --> 00:53:53.300 A:middle L:90%
between the gauges. Here we are, in one

992
00:53:53.300 --> 00:53:55.269 A:middle L:90%
case, I wanted to show you, and then

993
00:53:55.269 --> 00:53:58.050 A:middle L:90%
you get to the end of the drive and it's

994
00:53:58.050 --> 00:54:00.489 A:middle L:90%
almost a repeat of Seattle. They dropped the pressure

995
00:54:00.500 --> 00:54:02.519 A:middle L:90%
because they were going before they went into the building

996
00:54:02.519 --> 00:54:05.360 A:middle L:90%
. They're going to go through a head wall or

997
00:54:05.739 --> 00:54:09.199 A:middle L:90%
a place where they could check the cutters. Uh

998
00:54:09.210 --> 00:54:12.730 A:middle L:90%
, lean concrete mix wall, and they dropped the

999
00:54:12.730 --> 00:54:15.710 A:middle L:90%
pressure and they happened to have another extra Salvador right

1000
00:54:15.710 --> 00:54:17.099 A:middle L:90%
at that location. And this is what it showed

1001
00:54:17.110 --> 00:54:20.460 A:middle L:90%
. It showed. Instead of settlements of zero,

1002
00:54:20.460 --> 00:54:22.920 A:middle L:90%
it's suddenly dropped over the top of the shield,

1003
00:54:22.920 --> 00:54:25.030 A:middle L:90%
where they dropped the pressure at that exact time and

1004
00:54:25.030 --> 00:54:30.289 A:middle L:90%
they got immediate settlement of eight millimeters are about it's

1005
00:54:30.289 --> 00:54:31.349 A:middle L:90%
, you know, a third of an inch and

1006
00:54:32.340 --> 00:54:36.880 A:middle L:90%
and then we went back and evaluated all the all

1007
00:54:36.880 --> 00:54:38.510 A:middle L:90%
the pressure, all the, um, all the

1008
00:54:38.510 --> 00:54:40.519 A:middle L:90%
data that they had over the entire run. And

1009
00:54:40.519 --> 00:54:44.530 A:middle L:90%
this is the first Dr Plan view, Second drive

1010
00:54:44.530 --> 00:54:46.019 A:middle L:90%
and those numbers. I put those up and say

1011
00:54:46.019 --> 00:54:49.400 A:middle L:90%
, Well, that's the settlements. And so yeah

1012
00:54:49.409 --> 00:54:51.230 A:middle L:90%
, well, we think in the English system and

1013
00:54:51.230 --> 00:54:53.079 A:middle L:90%
we say, Well, this is one inch two

1014
00:54:53.079 --> 00:54:55.019 A:middle L:90%
inch three inches. No, these are millimeters.

1015
00:54:55.110 --> 00:55:00.429 A:middle L:90%
We had four millimeters settlement three millimeters Settlement two millimeters

1016
00:55:00.429 --> 00:55:00.949 A:middle L:90%
. On the second drive, they put the pressure

1017
00:55:00.949 --> 00:55:06.130 A:middle L:90%
up to millimeters settlement over the entire drive. Very

1018
00:55:06.130 --> 00:55:08.380 A:middle L:90%
consistent results as they went through there. So the

1019
00:55:08.380 --> 00:55:10.750 A:middle L:90%
question was, Can we go under the building now

1020
00:55:12.639 --> 00:55:15.139 A:middle L:90%
? That looks excellent. The other thing that was

1021
00:55:15.139 --> 00:55:19.869 A:middle L:90%
so excellent is the consistency of the operation. Consistency

1022
00:55:19.869 --> 00:55:21.320 A:middle L:90%
is the key to me. It's not that you

1023
00:55:21.329 --> 00:55:22.420 A:middle L:90%
managed to do it once. What am I going

1024
00:55:22.420 --> 00:55:23.969 A:middle L:90%
to do when I go into the building? The

1025
00:55:23.969 --> 00:55:28.610 A:middle L:90%
consistency of the opera control was something that it made

1026
00:55:28.610 --> 00:55:30.050 A:middle L:90%
it very apparent that they could go into that building

1027
00:55:30.440 --> 00:55:31.949 A:middle L:90%
. And they did. And so what? We

1028
00:55:31.949 --> 00:55:36.119 A:middle L:90%
measured in the test section. We're down here in

1029
00:55:36.119 --> 00:55:39.099 A:middle L:90%
this range and they went through the tests. This

1030
00:55:39.099 --> 00:55:43.239 A:middle L:90%
is actually going under the building now, I think

1031
00:55:43.239 --> 00:55:45.429 A:middle L:90%
, Yes, they we made the recommendation, went

1032
00:55:45.429 --> 00:55:47.860 A:middle L:90%
under the building. And here is the damage level

1033
00:55:49.440 --> 00:55:51.679 A:middle L:90%
. Half to one millimeter. You could actually see

1034
00:55:51.679 --> 00:55:53.590 A:middle L:90%
the ground, heave half a millimeter and then drop

1035
00:55:53.599 --> 00:55:57.849 A:middle L:90%
very precise measurements on the inside, the inside the

1036
00:55:57.849 --> 00:56:00.019 A:middle L:90%
building, and drop maybe a millimeter as the TBM

1037
00:56:00.019 --> 00:56:06.519 A:middle L:90%
went by. Uh huh. Outstanding performance without any

1038
00:56:06.519 --> 00:56:09.079 A:middle L:90%
compensation. Grouting. No drilling of conversation. Ground

1039
00:56:09.079 --> 00:56:14.369 A:middle L:90%
holds no compensation grouting and later conversation. Grounding.

1040
00:56:14.369 --> 00:56:16.909 A:middle L:90%
Trying to put conversation ground pipes under another part of

1041
00:56:16.920 --> 00:56:21.070 A:middle L:90%
one of the structures. They got at least five

1042
00:56:21.070 --> 00:56:23.460 A:middle L:90%
millimeters settlement due to the installing the compensation grab.

1043
00:56:24.130 --> 00:56:28.000 A:middle L:90%
So the tunneling is was doing a better job than

1044
00:56:28.000 --> 00:56:32.239 A:middle L:90%
the installation of the protection measures. Well, I'm

1045
00:56:32.239 --> 00:56:37.440 A:middle L:90%
working on the metro and and usually working with talking

1046
00:56:37.440 --> 00:56:40.210 A:middle L:90%
to a group of scholars, people that are writing

1047
00:56:40.219 --> 00:56:45.260 A:middle L:90%
thesis and you're referencing everything is this is not This

1048
00:56:45.260 --> 00:56:46.420 A:middle L:90%
is not a reference list. These are credit.

1049
00:56:46.420 --> 00:56:49.840 A:middle L:90%
So this is this is Hollywood, you know,

1050
00:56:49.849 --> 00:56:52.000 A:middle L:90%
roll credits. So I just wanted to do that

1051
00:56:52.010 --> 00:56:53.119 A:middle L:90%
. Okay, we start out with the Thames Tunnel

1052
00:56:53.119 --> 00:56:55.730 A:middle L:90%
, we have to give credit to Queen Victoria here

1053
00:56:55.730 --> 00:56:59.969 A:middle L:90%
and the city of Chicago in the 1939. Those

1054
00:56:59.969 --> 00:57:04.199 A:middle L:90%
are the key people. That that was the That

1055
00:57:04.199 --> 00:57:06.679 A:middle L:90%
was my president. When when I was in school

1056
00:57:06.690 --> 00:57:08.239 A:middle L:90%
, we're talking about They were telling us about that

1057
00:57:08.250 --> 00:57:10.210 A:middle L:90%
project. So I was learning not just from my

1058
00:57:10.210 --> 00:57:13.599 A:middle L:90%
experience, but from that of my mentors. And

1059
00:57:13.599 --> 00:57:15.489 A:middle L:90%
that's that's the way we work in our in our

1060
00:57:15.500 --> 00:57:19.449 A:middle L:90%
in our profession and geotechnical engineering. Civil engineering,

1061
00:57:19.829 --> 00:57:22.750 A:middle L:90%
Washington Metro. We made the measurements with a number

1062
00:57:22.750 --> 00:57:25.440 A:middle L:90%
of scratch students uh, Evanston. We had Larry

1063
00:57:25.440 --> 00:57:29.960 A:middle L:90%
Lenin ham with McNally tunneling that supported our research and

1064
00:57:29.969 --> 00:57:31.659 A:middle L:90%
ui thesis on it. And then, uh,

1065
00:57:31.670 --> 00:57:37.320 A:middle L:90%
Dan Eisenstein in l. A key to making the

1066
00:57:37.329 --> 00:57:42.340 A:middle L:90%
transition into the earth Pressure balanced systems in Seattle.

1067
00:57:43.010 --> 00:57:46.139 A:middle L:90%
The people working on that project and Nissan from Penn

1068
00:57:46.139 --> 00:57:50.250 A:middle L:90%
State is doing a thesis there and was out there

1069
00:57:50.250 --> 00:57:52.090 A:middle L:90%
working on the project. And here's some more.

1070
00:57:52.090 --> 00:57:54.550 A:middle L:90%
These are the credits for Toronto, and I asked

1071
00:57:55.030 --> 00:57:59.260 A:middle L:90%
, uh, Hussein bin Handy that really organized this

1072
00:57:59.260 --> 00:58:02.369 A:middle L:90%
and coordinated all this This effort and that was part

1073
00:58:02.369 --> 00:58:06.840 A:middle L:90%
of this is coordination and interaction between the Geo Tex

1074
00:58:06.860 --> 00:58:08.840 A:middle L:90%
and the machine people, the contractor. And,

1075
00:58:08.849 --> 00:58:12.710 A:middle L:90%
uh, that's those are a lot of the people

1076
00:58:12.710 --> 00:58:15.190 A:middle L:90%
that worked on that project. I wanted to go

1077
00:58:15.199 --> 00:58:17.750 A:middle L:90%
just a brief couple of brief comments in the minute

1078
00:58:17.800 --> 00:58:22.710 A:middle L:90%
that is left a minute or two. Is that

1079
00:58:22.719 --> 00:58:27.079 A:middle L:90%
control and design, or how do we design for

1080
00:58:27.079 --> 00:58:30.769 A:middle L:90%
control? And one of the toughest parts about our

1081
00:58:30.780 --> 00:58:37.070 A:middle L:90%
engineering profession is designing to achieve the results that we

1082
00:58:37.619 --> 00:58:39.090 A:middle L:90%
so that we achieve the results that we have been

1083
00:58:39.090 --> 00:58:43.090 A:middle L:90%
committed to. We're making committed commitments to third parties

1084
00:58:43.090 --> 00:58:45.440 A:middle L:90%
to the people around in the community were saying,

1085
00:58:45.440 --> 00:58:47.570 A:middle L:90%
We can do this without damage to your building or

1086
00:58:47.570 --> 00:58:51.110 A:middle L:90%
with small cracks and won't be any structural damage.

1087
00:58:51.119 --> 00:58:53.480 A:middle L:90%
And so so why should they trust us on this

1088
00:58:53.480 --> 00:58:57.809 A:middle L:90%
? And how do we ensure that as we go

1089
00:58:57.809 --> 00:59:00.630 A:middle L:90%
through a contract process, we can tell through the

1090
00:59:00.630 --> 00:59:02.340 A:middle L:90%
contract and through our interaction with the contractor, how

1091
00:59:02.340 --> 00:59:06.940 A:middle L:90%
can we tell? Tell him what to do or

1092
00:59:06.949 --> 00:59:09.559 A:middle L:90%
or or given the guidelines that he will achieve what

1093
00:59:09.559 --> 00:59:12.670 A:middle L:90%
we promised, and that, to me, is

1094
00:59:12.670 --> 00:59:16.099 A:middle L:90%
one of the important things about our profession to ensure

1095
00:59:16.099 --> 00:59:19.519 A:middle L:90%
that this tunneling will be under control. That's why

1096
00:59:19.519 --> 00:59:22.039 A:middle L:90%
people went and put in the conversation grounding and said

1097
00:59:22.050 --> 00:59:23.329 A:middle L:90%
, We don't know where the contractor will achieve this

1098
00:59:23.340 --> 00:59:25.449 A:middle L:90%
. We're gonna put in something that will take care

1099
00:59:25.449 --> 00:59:28.670 A:middle L:90%
of it. And so that's the way the designer

1100
00:59:28.670 --> 00:59:34.900 A:middle L:90%
thinks about the project. And so this is kind

1101
00:59:34.900 --> 00:59:36.590 A:middle L:90%
of the way it goes. The owner and provides

1102
00:59:36.590 --> 00:59:38.250 A:middle L:90%
the contract delivery methods, the project design. It

1103
00:59:38.250 --> 00:59:43.050 A:middle L:90%
may be a preliminary design if we have a a

1104
00:59:43.059 --> 00:59:45.090 A:middle L:90%
design build project because the contractor, maybe a designer

1105
00:59:45.099 --> 00:59:49.800 A:middle L:90%
as well and then he's preparing specifications. He's doing

1106
00:59:49.800 --> 00:59:52.789 A:middle L:90%
project management and he wants to do that so that

1107
00:59:52.800 --> 00:59:57.539 A:middle L:90%
the tunnel contractor achieves the ground control minimizes impacts consistent

1108
00:59:57.550 --> 01:00:00.650 A:middle L:90%
with the owner's commitment to the third parties. Uh

1109
01:00:00.650 --> 01:00:06.190 A:middle L:90%
huh. And the owner, the owners. The

1110
01:00:06.190 --> 01:00:08.630 A:middle L:90%
third parties have been interacting, particularly the Metro.

1111
01:00:08.639 --> 01:00:12.460 A:middle L:90%
You're having community meetings. There's all sorts of things

1112
01:00:12.460 --> 01:00:14.989 A:middle L:90%
going on. Can we tunnel under Beverly Hills High

1113
01:00:14.989 --> 01:00:16.190 A:middle L:90%
School? Well, that's an issue that Beverly Hills

1114
01:00:16.190 --> 01:00:19.000 A:middle L:90%
High School is going to be and has been very

1115
01:00:19.000 --> 01:00:22.400 A:middle L:90%
involved with. And that goes for other parts of

1116
01:00:22.409 --> 01:00:25.119 A:middle L:90%
a major project. And one of the things that

1117
01:00:25.119 --> 01:00:30.170 A:middle L:90%
came out was a man. Mr. Singh had

1118
01:00:30.170 --> 01:00:32.130 A:middle L:90%
a had a Capitol building there at the end of

1119
01:00:32.130 --> 01:00:35.880 A:middle L:90%
the other Dr Going into Capitol Hill. This is

1120
01:00:35.880 --> 01:00:38.480 A:middle L:90%
the Trailer Frontier Kemper job that came out of the

1121
01:00:38.489 --> 01:00:42.940 A:middle L:90%
station right next to a heck stadium at at the

1122
01:00:42.940 --> 01:00:49.170 A:middle L:90%
University of Washington Football Stadium came across and to Capitol

1123
01:00:49.170 --> 01:00:51.730 A:middle L:90%
Hill. And just before you get the Capitol Hill

1124
01:00:52.110 --> 01:00:53.489 A:middle L:90%
, it was the capital building. It's a nice

1125
01:00:53.489 --> 01:00:57.369 A:middle L:90%
brick bearing wall structure, four stories, high apartment

1126
01:00:57.369 --> 01:01:00.780 A:middle L:90%
structure, department buildings, and we reviewed it several

1127
01:01:00.780 --> 01:01:04.230 A:middle L:90%
times, and we can investigate this and reviewed it

1128
01:01:04.610 --> 01:01:07.179 A:middle L:90%
. We determined that NPM telling could be accomplished.

1129
01:01:07.190 --> 01:01:10.469 A:middle L:90%
We're going about 40 50 ft below and without having

1130
01:01:10.469 --> 01:01:13.739 A:middle L:90%
to do conversation grounding now the shaft is right over

1131
01:01:13.739 --> 01:01:15.179 A:middle L:90%
here to the right. And so we could have

1132
01:01:15.250 --> 01:01:16.989 A:middle L:90%
if we had had to. We could have put

1133
01:01:16.989 --> 01:01:20.860 A:middle L:90%
in long holes across here, but we felt that

1134
01:01:20.869 --> 01:01:22.900 A:middle L:90%
it really was not needed, that we could tunnel

1135
01:01:22.900 --> 01:01:28.650 A:middle L:90%
under control. And, uh, then the question

1136
01:01:28.650 --> 01:01:31.360 A:middle L:90%
was, is trailer meeting that criteria And they we

1137
01:01:31.360 --> 01:01:36.460 A:middle L:90%
watched their performance. They were, as they approached

1138
01:01:36.469 --> 01:01:37.699 A:middle L:90%
, their tunneling was under control. They weren't getting

1139
01:01:37.699 --> 01:01:44.380 A:middle L:90%
ground settlement of any significance. And so they continued

1140
01:01:44.380 --> 01:01:45.550 A:middle L:90%
. And, uh, this was the paper two

1141
01:01:45.550 --> 01:01:50.500 A:middle L:90%
days a day before Seattle Times, the day before

1142
01:01:50.500 --> 01:01:53.230 A:middle L:90%
they tunneled beneath the building and he was still expressing

1143
01:01:53.230 --> 01:01:55.239 A:middle L:90%
concerns. And he had consultants. He had geotechnical

1144
01:01:55.239 --> 01:01:58.820 A:middle L:90%
consultants working with him and people saying, You know

1145
01:01:58.829 --> 01:02:01.980 A:middle L:90%
, trying to evaluate the issues and sound transit People

1146
01:02:01.980 --> 01:02:07.010 A:middle L:90%
were, uh, with Mr saying when he was

1147
01:02:07.500 --> 01:02:09.260 A:middle L:90%
when the tunneling went through and keeping an eye on

1148
01:02:09.260 --> 01:02:14.610 A:middle L:90%
things. And so he said he had indicated that

1149
01:02:15.099 --> 01:02:17.469 A:middle L:90%
he was at least some transit said, Well,

1150
01:02:17.469 --> 01:02:21.949 A:middle L:90%
the building owner is fearful, and I mean,

1151
01:02:21.949 --> 01:02:23.989 A:middle L:90%
it's his building, you know, and the sound

1152
01:02:23.989 --> 01:02:29.679 A:middle L:90%
Transit has either gotten an easement or has condemned an

1153
01:02:29.679 --> 01:02:32.599 A:middle L:90%
easement to go underneath his property. And so this

1154
01:02:32.599 --> 01:02:35.750 A:middle L:90%
is what we have as engineers we have to deal

1155
01:02:35.750 --> 01:02:37.510 A:middle L:90%
with. This is a public. These are public

1156
01:02:37.519 --> 01:02:39.949 A:middle L:90%
issues or issues with our projects, and that's that's

1157
01:02:39.949 --> 01:02:43.679 A:middle L:90%
a major part of heavy construction of the type of

1158
01:02:43.679 --> 01:02:45.510 A:middle L:90%
work we as civil engineers do. And so and

1159
01:02:45.510 --> 01:02:47.900 A:middle L:90%
on the 21st, the day after the sale,

1160
01:02:47.900 --> 01:02:52.920 A:middle L:90%
Times reports that the tunnel drivers successfully achieved with.

1161
01:02:52.500 --> 01:02:55.719 A:middle L:90%
And I don't have exact numbers on all the information

1162
01:02:55.719 --> 01:03:01.849 A:middle L:90%
but no significant effects. And the comment came from

1163
01:03:01.929 --> 01:03:07.840 A:middle L:90%
people working with Mr saying that it performed better than

1164
01:03:07.849 --> 01:03:08.869 A:middle L:90%
perhaps they had anticipated. This is the shaft that

1165
01:03:08.869 --> 01:03:12.210 A:middle L:90%
they came back into, and here, this is

1166
01:03:12.210 --> 01:03:15.019 A:middle L:90%
the one that the other contractor had started out to

1167
01:03:15.019 --> 01:03:17.320 A:middle L:90%
go down. JD had gone across here from,

1168
01:03:19.199 --> 01:03:22.880 A:middle L:90%
um, had had driven, uh, with the

1169
01:03:22.880 --> 01:03:27.880 A:middle L:90%
four inch over cut. So these are some of

1170
01:03:27.880 --> 01:03:29.780 A:middle L:90%
the things that we do in control and design we

1171
01:03:29.780 --> 01:03:32.960 A:middle L:90%
focus on, uh, we note that that our

1172
01:03:32.960 --> 01:03:36.539 A:middle L:90%
first focus should be on the machine and controlling it

1173
01:03:36.539 --> 01:03:37.260 A:middle L:90%
. We may do other things, but that's our

1174
01:03:37.260 --> 01:03:39.429 A:middle L:90%
first focus, and these are some of the other

1175
01:03:39.429 --> 01:03:42.579 A:middle L:90%
things that we do to make it work. And

1176
01:03:42.579 --> 01:03:45.519 A:middle L:90%
so the question is, have we met Bernal's objective

1177
01:03:45.530 --> 01:03:46.380 A:middle L:90%
? And it's not that we did meet it.

1178
01:03:46.389 --> 01:03:49.420 A:middle L:90%
We if we're gonna meet it, if we're gonna

1179
01:03:49.429 --> 01:03:51.880 A:middle L:90%
have no ground loss, we have to do certain

1180
01:03:51.880 --> 01:03:55.530 A:middle L:90%
things. And so it's being achieved with the capabilities

1181
01:03:55.530 --> 01:04:00.349 A:middle L:90%
of these machines, with the electronic monitoring with understanding

1182
01:04:00.349 --> 01:04:01.400 A:middle L:90%
those machine functions, not a bunch of data that

1183
01:04:01.400 --> 01:04:03.440 A:middle L:90%
you don't know how to evaluate. And with this

1184
01:04:03.440 --> 01:04:06.320 A:middle L:90%
coordinated team effort and controlling and operating it, the

1185
01:04:06.320 --> 01:04:10.710 A:middle L:90%
operator is not working alone. We have monitoring coordinated

1186
01:04:10.710 --> 01:04:12.500 A:middle L:90%
team effort in real time, and that's what we're

1187
01:04:12.500 --> 01:04:15.340 A:middle L:90%
dealing with the Alaskan Way Viaduct. And that's why

1188
01:04:15.340 --> 01:04:19.000 A:middle L:90%
it's possible now to build the world's largest, uh

1189
01:04:19.889 --> 01:04:25.420 A:middle L:90%
, earth pressure balanced tunnel in downtown Seattle. Because

1190
01:04:25.429 --> 01:04:30.070 A:middle L:90%
we're able we were able to achieve Ah, it's

1191
01:04:30.070 --> 01:04:32.159 A:middle L:90%
not just that we can go and do it with

1192
01:04:32.170 --> 01:04:36.489 A:middle L:90%
. We have these things in place for evaluating as

1193
01:04:36.489 --> 01:04:42.409 A:middle L:90%
the project goes on. So I've enjoyed time talking

1194
01:04:42.409 --> 01:04:45.670 A:middle L:90%
with you, and that's at the end of the

1195
01:04:45.679 --> 01:04:50.719 A:middle L:90%
presentation. Do we have time for questions? Want

1196
01:04:50.719 --> 01:04:54.550 A:middle L:90%
to interrupt the food back there. So important things

1197
01:04:54.559 --> 01:05:04.250 A:middle L:90%
. First, a couple questions. Dave. It

1198
01:05:04.260 --> 01:05:08.119 A:middle L:90%
is the extended over cuts, something that's being more

1199
01:05:08.119 --> 01:05:10.710 A:middle L:90%
widely looked at in the industry, with other contractors

1200
01:05:10.719 --> 01:05:15.230 A:middle L:90%
being on board with that. Not necessarily. It

1201
01:05:15.230 --> 01:05:16.309 A:middle L:90%
could be. I mean, he did that because

1202
01:05:16.320 --> 01:05:18.389 A:middle L:90%
he was able to cut where, particularly in the

1203
01:05:18.389 --> 01:05:21.800 A:middle L:90%
gravelly bouldering ground. But I think the thing that

1204
01:05:21.800 --> 01:05:25.679 A:middle L:90%
the point that I've made here is that that he

1205
01:05:25.679 --> 01:05:27.510 A:middle L:90%
was able to get that material into the over cut

1206
01:05:28.190 --> 01:05:30.940 A:middle L:90%
. But I think that what we're if we're if

1207
01:05:30.940 --> 01:05:33.019 A:middle L:90%
we're uncertain about it, we're requiring that they pump

1208
01:05:33.019 --> 01:05:35.380 A:middle L:90%
the bet night and keep it under pressure. So

1209
01:05:35.380 --> 01:05:38.809 A:middle L:90%
we have that, and we're requiring that on all

1210
01:05:38.820 --> 01:05:42.099 A:middle L:90%
all our projects now. And that's the difference between

1211
01:05:42.659 --> 01:05:44.920 A:middle L:90%
three quarters of an inch. Settled under or not

1212
01:05:45.190 --> 01:05:47.599 A:middle L:90%
is that they confessed to us that they used the

1213
01:05:47.599 --> 01:05:50.460 A:middle L:90%
larger over cut on the project in Ohio without telling

1214
01:05:50.460 --> 01:05:54.230 A:middle L:90%
anybody, and found it helpful. Syracuse. I

1215
01:05:54.230 --> 01:05:57.400 A:middle L:90%
was on the dispute reviewed for that as Dave Dispute

1216
01:05:57.400 --> 01:05:59.340 A:middle L:90%
Review board for that, as Dave Walls knows that

1217
01:05:59.349 --> 01:06:01.630 A:middle L:90%
well knows. And so we've had discussions after the

1218
01:06:01.630 --> 01:06:05.019 A:middle L:90%
fact, and he was trying not had a shafts

1219
01:06:05.019 --> 01:06:08.030 A:middle L:90%
down. He didn't want to hit. It was

1220
01:06:08.030 --> 01:06:09.769 A:middle L:90%
going between a couple of shafts. You don't want

1221
01:06:09.769 --> 01:06:11.840 A:middle L:90%
to go down in the shaft and take care of

1222
01:06:11.840 --> 01:06:13.510 A:middle L:90%
the machine is going to jump a shaft. And

1223
01:06:13.510 --> 01:06:15.539 A:middle L:90%
so I think that's when he decided you don't put

1224
01:06:15.550 --> 01:06:21.510 A:middle L:90%
a little bigger cutter on bigger overcome. The other

1225
01:06:21.510 --> 01:06:27.659 A:middle L:90%
question we had, uh we had, uh,

1226
01:06:27.670 --> 01:06:29.079 A:middle L:90%
had somebody out. There is a kind of a

1227
01:06:29.079 --> 01:06:30.260 A:middle L:90%
shell to give me a question, and then she

1228
01:06:30.260 --> 01:06:34.070 A:middle L:90%
won't go there. There you go. Yeah,

1229
01:06:34.079 --> 01:06:36.030 A:middle L:90%
I would have been nice if you could share with

1230
01:06:36.030 --> 01:06:40.789 A:middle L:90%
us your thoughts. And why is it that people

1231
01:06:40.789 --> 01:06:45.230 A:middle L:90%
service structure I'm serving? Yeah. We were talking

1232
01:06:45.230 --> 01:06:47.769 A:middle L:90%
about this at lunch. It's interesting, because just

1233
01:06:47.769 --> 01:06:49.739 A:middle L:90%
briefly, you know, when you build, when

1234
01:06:49.739 --> 01:06:53.030 A:middle L:90%
we build high rise structures, we build your parking

1235
01:06:53.030 --> 01:06:57.739 A:middle L:90%
garages. We build beams. Uh, a 10

1236
01:06:57.750 --> 01:07:00.409 A:middle L:90%
in the 10th or 12 10, 12 centuries.

1237
01:07:00.409 --> 01:07:03.039 A:middle L:90%
They built arches, big arches for the gorgeous cathedrals

1238
01:07:03.050 --> 01:07:05.280 A:middle L:90%
. Couldn't take any attention. They build arches,

1239
01:07:05.630 --> 01:07:08.070 A:middle L:90%
And in order to make the art stable, they

1240
01:07:08.070 --> 01:07:11.079 A:middle L:90%
put on buttresses flying buttresses. We can't build a

1241
01:07:11.079 --> 01:07:15.079 A:middle L:90%
high rise like they built cathedrals. And so our

1242
01:07:15.090 --> 01:07:18.780 A:middle L:90%
structural engineers build beams and maybe a trust or whatever

1243
01:07:18.780 --> 01:07:20.800 A:middle L:90%
. It's still a beam and they can go hundreds

1244
01:07:20.800 --> 01:07:24.090 A:middle L:90%
of stories up in there. And so when we

1245
01:07:24.090 --> 01:07:26.389 A:middle L:90%
get to the underground, what do we do if

1246
01:07:26.389 --> 01:07:28.329 A:middle L:90%
you put a beam in on the underground? The

1247
01:07:28.329 --> 01:07:31.610 A:middle L:90%
loads are way above on a beam with soil,

1248
01:07:31.619 --> 01:07:33.760 A:middle L:90%
10 ft of soil is far above the loads that

1249
01:07:33.760 --> 01:07:36.300 A:middle L:90%
are out floor loads of several£100 per square foot

1250
01:07:36.780 --> 01:07:41.300 A:middle L:90%
for other structures and for high rise structures. And

1251
01:07:41.300 --> 01:07:45.610 A:middle L:90%
the other thing is, we have an infinite buttress

1252
01:07:45.849 --> 01:07:47.349 A:middle L:90%
. We've got buttress all around us, so we

1253
01:07:47.349 --> 01:07:49.980 A:middle L:90%
build arches underground and we get that reaction from the

1254
01:07:49.980 --> 01:07:54.030 A:middle L:90%
ground. And, uh, that reduces the moments

1255
01:07:54.030 --> 01:07:56.119 A:middle L:90%
and you can you can build it. We can

1256
01:07:56.119 --> 01:07:57.989 A:middle L:90%
, I can. We can build tunnel endings without

1257
01:07:57.989 --> 01:08:00.190 A:middle L:90%
any any reinforcement. Some cases we do in other

1258
01:08:00.190 --> 01:08:03.070 A:middle L:90%
cases. We want to make sure we reduce yeah

1259
01:08:03.670 --> 01:08:06.210 A:middle L:90%
, fractures with the reinforcement, so that's very interesting

1260
01:08:06.210 --> 01:08:09.579 A:middle L:90%
. And it's a little different than what a structural

1261
01:08:09.579 --> 01:08:13.300 A:middle L:90%
engineer thinks about when he's doing above ground structure.

1262
01:08:13.489 --> 01:08:15.389 A:middle L:90%
That's kind of an aside. It doesn't quite follow

1263
01:08:15.389 --> 01:08:15.579 A:middle L:90%
this, and I know why. You didn't want

1264
01:08:15.579 --> 01:08:18.279 A:middle L:90%
to mention it, but I just thought that we

1265
01:08:19.069 --> 01:08:25.500 A:middle L:90%
you thought it was something worth discussing. Okay.

1266
01:08:25.510 --> 01:08:27.770 A:middle L:90%
Okay. Dr. Corday, I'd like to leave

1267
01:08:27.770 --> 01:08:29.390 A:middle L:90%
you with this, This hat. So when you're

1268
01:08:29.390 --> 01:08:30.859 A:middle L:90%
out in Seattle, you'll remember where to find the

1269
01:08:30.869 --> 01:08:34.689 A:middle L:90%
brightest future engineers to work on these projects. That's

1270
01:08:34.689 --> 01:08:38.109 A:middle L:90%
excellent. Are you all willing to go west?

1271
01:08:38.109 --> 01:08:41.239 A:middle L:90%
I mean, you've had some good faculty that have

1272
01:08:41.239 --> 01:08:44.409 A:middle L:90%
come west to east. You know that some of

1273
01:08:44.409 --> 01:08:47.000 A:middle L:90%
our colleagues here, uh, it's not a bad

1274
01:08:47.000 --> 01:08:48.449 A:middle L:90%
place to visit, But you don't want to stay

1275
01:08:48.449 --> 01:08:51.970 A:middle L:90%
out there. Thank you very much as well.

1276
01:08:51.970 --> 01:08:55.510 A:middle L:90%
That's wonderful. I appreciate that. That's excellent.

1277
01:08:55.510 --> 01:08:57.189 A:middle L:90%
Good. Thank you. Very. Thank you very

1278
01:08:57.189 --> 01:09:09.189 A:middle L:90%
much. That complaints that part of the afternoon.

1279
01:09:09.189 --> 01:09:13.090 A:middle L:90%
Thank you very much, Ed and and Alan again

1280
01:09:13.569 --> 01:09:16.560 A:middle L:90%
. And I don't know if you all have turned

1281
01:09:16.560 --> 01:09:18.399 A:middle L:90%
your head and look to the back of the room

1282
01:09:18.399 --> 01:09:23.399 A:middle L:90%
, but there's quite a bit of good looking food

1283
01:09:23.399 --> 01:09:26.010 A:middle L:90%
back there. And so I hope you'll partake.

1284
01:09:26.020 --> 01:09:30.289 A:middle L:90%
Partake of that before you leave here. Thank you

1285
 -->  A:middle L:90%
.