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Thank everybody. So I started to have this this

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title here. But again, the idea is to

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give you a little bit of broad overview and I

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want to focus a little bit nano in mind,

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but I want to have the nano seniors very broad

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topic. And so what I thought I share with

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you today is a little bit, um, first

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of all, for example, when you look at

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our director divided, we combine energy and all the

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biological and climate science. So we'll have a couple

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of slides showing you why we've done this and this

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. And this is already mind to say that it's

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not, you cannot these days uncoupled basically energy from

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climate and never show a little bit why we believe

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that's the case. And then I want to show

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in general a lot of this new manufacturing trends and

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also with this a focus also a little bit around

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new materials and new process perhaps to get to some

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of these materials. So if you're starting out with

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this, uh world energy consumption and this is 1999-2035

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is an estimate, you probably all have seen this

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. We are increasing absolutely the need of our energy

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. So this will not go away. I mean

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, it's even accelerating even further and also very interesting

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. If you don't ask who are the countries who

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really need a lot of this energy, you can

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see us here in the United States, we are

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even relatively flat in comparison to other. Of course

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, after all, you've seen, this is all

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full of the newspaper, especially in in china.

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Uh, so I was in china a couple of

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weeks ago and every time I go, that's just

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amazing. You're seeing all this construction of all these

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new plants, mostly based also on cold everywhere.

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And so we see this trend will continue, which

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of course, as you all know, will continue

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to increase some problems here on our planet. So

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they C2 emissions also wears a lot of this greenhouse

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gas coming. You're seeing this in all the media

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and it's still interesting uh trend right now. And

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we also see that this might continue coal 41 right

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now or 34 gas and of course all cement industry

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. So the problem is not right now with the

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huge demand in electricity in china and also what they

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have on resources. We see that the trend continues

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in china to use coal, which, as you

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all know, uh has a lot of very negative

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effects. So what are the effects? So this

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is some of the I. P. C.

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C. Uh forecasts. I mean when you look

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at this, I mean, now this is a

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new thought India and we again falling very nicely the

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worst scenario this R. C. P. 85

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which is estimating that we would see about five degrees

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increase in temperature some estimates and even say that this

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might be even too too conservative. So we will

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have a big problem. So then I thought it's

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very interesting when you hear so where's all the C

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. U. To what's happening when we admitting all

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this year too? I thought through this slide in

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because I for me to also be interesting to see

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what's happened when we admitting all See you too.

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So this is the global sea to budget. This

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was for 2010. So this was a publishing in

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this review. Uh So this is what we admitting

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Roughly and then this is how it's splitting up.

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So 50 goes into the atmosphere about 27 goes into

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the land and about 23 goes and getting absorbed by

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the oceans. Of course, there's a lot of

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uncertainty in some of these numbers. As you can

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see, for example, here, land use change

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has a big uncertainty. It's very hard to capture

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how much C to be emitted by cutting out uh

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rainforest. For example, this big uncertainty number in

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this year. And as you can see also in

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the oceans, it's very hard to really quantify exactly

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how much do you two goes into the oceans,

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but that's that's roughly the estimate how we distribute this

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year to emitted by burning a fossil fuel. You

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have seen all these pictures? Probably. So the

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evidence, yes, we absolutely changing our environment.

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So this is some pictures out of the arctic sea

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ice 1979 2000 and seven. You see uh sea

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ice is absolutely shrinking. So, so there was

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a record low of 4.225 million square kilometers, 2007

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. It's definitely going down. Also interesting is that

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you see the sea level is rising. So there's

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now this data are getting getting more and more precise

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. We have new measurements now where we can with

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satellite ultimately really precisely measure what happens to the sea

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level. And again, we see definitely an increased

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trend continuing. Another very important thing is, so

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what happens when you're in warming up all the environment

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? So, one of the big issues and now

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this leads me to some of our experiments, what

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we're doing at Oak Ridge, what happens to the

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permafrost? So this is a simulation of the future

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in Northern Alaska to show up permafrost. And you

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see where we're going up there, That and the

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models predict right now by apart 20 180 of the

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near surface permafrost is lost. So we definitely see

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that we're changing the permafrost, thawing permafrost. And

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now the big question is what happens to all its

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carbon stored in this permafrost? And this again,

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when we come in and trying to do some of

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these very large scale environmental experiments to understand some of

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this phenomenon and see what this will bring to to

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our to our globe and never come back to this

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one in a second to do this. And this

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is now again the trend. And we also had

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during the whole day, there's this wonderful discussions around

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this that a lot of the very large problems with

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dealing with it at our planet cannot be solved by

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very one specific scientific disciplines. So it's not enough

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, for example, just to be what my background

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is a microbiologist, it's not enough to do only

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by our chemistry. It's not enough just to electrical

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engineering in new case or or mechanical or something like

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this. You need to have for a lot of

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these problems a holistic approach, how we addressing these

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issues. And that's the reason I like this slide

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too much to show what we're doing in some of

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these very large scale environmental experiments in the past,

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what we have done, that we only specialized in

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one very specific area in some of these experiments.

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But I will show you in in Alaska for example

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, that this is not enough. You need to

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look at this holistic through all these different scales.

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So what I'm showing here, for example, if

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you want to understand how we're changing the big outlook

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on climate on our planet, you need to also

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understand what happens in the genome with one very specific

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microorganisms. And then we'll come back to this example

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in a little bit to show you why this is

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so important. But basically you need to work through

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all these different scales from the genomes over proteins to

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the oceans and to the global carbon cycle. You

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need to understand all this to fully understand the picture

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, what will happen in some of these areas.

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So how do we do this? So this is

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the first large scale experiment I want to show it

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to you. This is the so called spruce experiment

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. So this is in Minnesota, northern Minnesota where

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we asking this question if you have in a certain

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environment and you're warming the environment and you're also increasing

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C. Two at the level, what will happen

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at all these different scales? So not only from

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some of this vegetation, what you're seeing, but

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also below ground. How does the microbial population change

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and how is all this intertwined? So how do

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you do this? And this is uh in in

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in build up as we speak. You see this

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is some of these platforms what we built and on

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this platform will be built this very large chambers.

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So this is some of these large chambers. You

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see one of these here which were built on on

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our side at the oak ridge to do all the

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modeling and that will be erected and that you can

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warm up this environment increases ceo to also warm up

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below ground to simulate the environment with about 45 degrees

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warm up. And then you're doing all these different

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analysis from the microbial population, all the way to

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the different geologic geo biochemistry going on onto the soil

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all the way up to some of the vegetation to

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see how all this is linked and changing together.

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And another big experiment. Now this brings me back

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to some of the of the genes what I showed

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you. This is another very large experiment with the

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doing in the arctic is called N. G.

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Arctic. So the next generation environmental experiments in the

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arctic and so the idea is there, what I

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showed you, what I showed you that we estimating

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the permafrost will disappear. So now when you're warming

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up all the soil, we know that there's a

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lot of carbon stored inside these sediments. What will

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happen to the sediments? Will they go toxic means

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in in areas like this Or will they go and

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toxic if they go and toxic if you're building this

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lake environments or speak. So if there is a

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certain ph limit, certain microorganisms might be turned on

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or off. So the best example you might have

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all seen this experiment. If you go out in

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a swampy area and go into some of this water

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and you stomp your feet, having all this gas

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bubbles coming up is a method, a chance there's

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this microorganisms produce methane and then then they would basically

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take a lot of the carbon and convert it over

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to to natural gas or speak. As you all

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know. Natural gas is much worse to our global

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environment from from a greenhouse gas S. C.

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02 So the idea is that can be one thing

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in species who might be responsible at the end to

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convert it over to methane. Or if you stay

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more in their city side, you can go to

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see you too. We do not understand what triggers

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this or these others. We have no idea.

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So this is an example where you it's not enough

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just to study some of the large, let's see

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masses or whatever you need to go and also understand

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how the microbial population changes by the warming of this

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environment. This is just one example where a single

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species might have a major impact on our climate modelling

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because as soon if you can can forecast that a

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lot of the carbon would get emitted into methane,

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then we really have a problem. So this is

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some of the we did this big visit in August

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2012. So last year in the summer you see

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this is one of the not so nice time.

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So this is wherever they end up in march to

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throw some of the course. But the idea again

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is to do this multidisciplinary research across all the different

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disciplines from by geochemistry to microbiology, through all the

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understanding of root penetration and so on. And you're

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linking all this from the experiments up to a global

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climate modeling perspective. So you're linking all these different

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disciplines together. So now this brings me now over

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to energy technologies. So what I showed you here

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from the environment again, what I said the same

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is what you need to do in energy technologies.

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First of all, you cannot uncouple this because what

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I said, it's definitely tight because we're all here

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on one planet together. And then the other point

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is what can we do to approach energy technology in

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the same way that we're going across the different disciplines

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and linking things together. So the first one I

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want to show you there is a little bit of

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this Mdf. Some of you might have heard this

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. This is a facility, this is one of

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this picture here, this manufacturing demonstration facility at Oak

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Ridge National Laboratory which is almost like a portal into

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the laboratory. Let me having gonna show you a

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couple of pictures from the inside where we're working with

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different technologies and the Mdf as a portfolio has a

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lot of work around additive manufacturing also around current fibre

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and composite. So the idea is using this to

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integrate and use some of them more fundamental science disciplines

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to apply to the problem of next generation of manufacturing

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technologies. So one of our solutions pollution nutrient source

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. So this is the world's fastest or most powerful

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way of creating nutrients. And it will show you

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all some of the of the technologies how we're using

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this to understand residual stress in some of this additive

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manufacturing. We have high performance computing. We have

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three very high performance computers at Oak Ridge. We're

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using this to a lot do a lot of model

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and simulation of some of these new processes. So

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I show you pictures of the carbon fiber technology and

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a lot of advanced materials. And this is honestly

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what I believe. One of the key elements new

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ways of new materials which you then combine with this

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new manufacturing technologies such as additive. And we feel

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that this is really important. And then of course

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, similar what I've seen today here at Virginia Tech

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that we have a science and technology park where you

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then encourage all some of the companies coming in working

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very close with us to take some of this technology

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to the market. So, so first thrust areas

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. This is called additive manufacturing. You all might

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have seen this, or this is one of the

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pictures, some of you might have seen this.

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This is a hand we made, it was actually

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one of the show pieces we made through through this

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out of titanium. Um and this was done for

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uh Secretary of Energy a while ago, where we

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show what this technology can do. But this is

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a so called layer by layer. So basically what

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you do is you're taking this element and you're cutting

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this in very thin slices and then you're using this

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almost like three dimensional printing to rebuild some of these

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devices. And you can see here we we build

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this hand. So the key is to really develop

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this technology and this is so a couple of years

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ago, europe was was very much ahead of us

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in this game. Uh They're focused a lot on

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titanium because what it's coming more and more, for

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example, if you need a hip replacement, what

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they do is the X ray, your hips and

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then they're taking this picture, digitalized your hip and

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then going and printing out the hip with titanium.

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This is one of the company's called Arkham out of

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Sweden there, the leader in this area and they

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specialize in their business on this replacement parts, how

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to speak from hips to knees and other elements.

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So this is where this technology started out and this

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is also by the youth titanium. But for a

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lot of other applications, we need to do different

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metals. So we're looking for example, into nickel

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, super large stainless steel, ultra high strength steels

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, carbon reinforced materials, polymers that will show pictures

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there. So the other big things that we need

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to figure out is uh controls, implementing advanced controls

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in see the feedback When you do the printing to

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see that if you let's do 1000 of these are

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always exactly the same. This is important, especially

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if you go and using this technology in the aerospace

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industry And of 2010 Wheeler said understanding material properties in

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geometric accuracy. A lot of this is really not

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understand understood how you do this very efficiently. So

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printing out certain parts is a little bit black art

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into this. So we're working very closely with our

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computation guys to develop the models, the algorithms to

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predict how you do this in a more efficient way

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to use additive for certain elements. So this is

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the newest machine. This is the the E B

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M A two X X. To be prototyping.

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This machine needed Oakridge, which basically goes more and

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more to a larger print out space, that you

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can print big and bigger parts by by by doing

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this using this technology. So, so now a

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couple of things and this is again, this is

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one of the things for lifting. This is a

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turban plate which is pretty with this technology and you

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can see there's some of the cooling channels going through

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this turban plates. But by using this technology can

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imagine that this is just a million different welding points

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, what you do by using this, this materials

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and then you well then basically together violation, you're

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also introducing residual stress into this part. So now

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the key is you need to figure out what is

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, where is the residuals to, It's where some

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of these ports because this is some some weak points

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within, let's say, in this case, your

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blade. And so we're using nutrient sciences to understand

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what the residual stresses in some of these new parts

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. We? Re building out to then develop new

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algorithms to perhaps printed in a different way, also

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use different materials. So we're using different resolution capabilities

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here. So this is for for imaging. So

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we have current on Haifa, about 50 micron.

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And we're building a new instrument which goes to venus

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, which brings us down to about one micro micro

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uh, in resolution, which then really can't understand

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what the residual stresses by some of these new imaging

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technologies inside the processing is very important. So the

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idea is, could you value print, have some

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technology that you can tell the machine oh, there

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is something which has not really if used correctly.

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Can you then go back and fix it? And

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this is again while we're using different technologies, like

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with different camera systems visible near infrared high speed cameras

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and other technologies where you was built into your control

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loop while you're printing your part that you can go

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pause the machine fixed one of the poorest, for

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example, and then having a part which you know

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that they always are exactly identical. If you do

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it again with 1000 of these, we are very

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important for for validating some of these new technologies,

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especially if we're gonna go into into the airspace industry

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. So now in Poland the additive manufacturing and I

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personally, I feel that this is a really exciting

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area. I feel that this is re additive will

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take off and and make it make have a tremendous

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impact for all of us. So again, there's

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a couple of focus areas what we're doing in civic

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organization and control very similar. But its new.

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So the for example, is a thermal image when

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you deposit this material, how all this is done

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, high strength material so that it is very simple

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. Can you print out a plastic structure with the

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strength of aluminum? So that's what you want,

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because you can imagine if you do this, you

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can print this out and you might print, for

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example, out the whole air airplane wing. Or

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you can print out a big plate for windmills and

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so on. Uh And of course increasing see strength

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is important because it's layer by layer, so how

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to increase the sea strength that you're building the material

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that is not so easily to peel off and increasing

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the strength also in in the in the sea dimension

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. So this is some of the big areas what

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we're working on. Because the other big thing is

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, I don't know, some of you might have

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seen this machine. So you're very limited in the

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print space because a lot of these two uh or

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decreased warping doing this in a heated oven. So

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the idea is, can you take this outside of

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the ovens? And that's what we started. So

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this is one of our gantry system. So this

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is about 888 ft where you can see that,

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that we're using this system to do out of the

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oven, printing with different uh, plastic systems and

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also then using this to mix in carbon fiber into

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this. And so the first data coming out of

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this are very encouraging by having these new materials.

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We can go out of their oven, can print

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out materials without the warping. We can deposit a

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lot of more material, can print through their big

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parts and also creates strengths which are vehicles or even

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exceeding the strength of aluminum. So we feel that

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this is revolutionizing the debate. We're doing some of

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these polymers structures in in the future. So,

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so now the next thing where you need, you

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need to integrate and this this is again now coming

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down into the wave and giving a big program in

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using biofuels for transportation. So what we're working on

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is that of taking some of the two polymers that

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saying a tree or ingress cellos and heavy cellos.

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And they're going down this route to go to biofuel

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. I want to talk about this this pathway today

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. So the idea is, can you use some

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of this lignin to do something else with this materials

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? At the moment? We just burn it to

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get a couple of cents per pound. So there's

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almost no value in there. So the idea was

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, can you take lignin melt, spin it and

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produce carbon fiber and and creating a higher value stream

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in addition to the fuel you're creating with this by

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refineries. I want to focus a little bit on

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this whole topic around carbon fiber because what has told

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you before we see that this is a very nice

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synergy between additive and using carbon fiber as a new

412
00:20:03.329 --> 00:20:07.359 A:middle L:90%
material in this area. So I used this slide

413
00:20:07.359 --> 00:20:10.190 A:middle L:90%
because again, we still have this ongoing collaboration uh

414
00:20:10.200 --> 00:20:12.259 A:middle L:90%
within some of the chemistry department uh where you guys

415
00:20:12.259 --> 00:20:15.059 A:middle L:90%
working on precursor chemistry and micro structure. This is

416
00:20:15.059 --> 00:20:18.349 A:middle L:90%
for ultra high strength carbon fiber. So there's two

417
00:20:18.349 --> 00:20:22.049 A:middle L:90%
ongoing projects uh between us and and Virginia Tech.

418
00:20:22.440 --> 00:20:25.720 A:middle L:90%
We're also working on new processing, let's say,

419
00:20:25.720 --> 00:20:30.269 A:middle L:90%
in microwave, created internal heating processes and then also

420
00:20:30.269 --> 00:20:33.240 A:middle L:90%
in in plasma based conversions, were doing melt spinning

421
00:20:33.240 --> 00:20:34.259 A:middle L:90%
. And the idea is again, another show is

422
00:20:34.269 --> 00:20:37.589 A:middle L:90%
having a fully integrated pathway from creating something in the

423
00:20:37.589 --> 00:20:41.450 A:middle L:90%
laboratory and producing something at very large scale. And

424
00:20:41.450 --> 00:20:45.150 A:middle L:90%
now we have accomplished this with in Oak Ridge Also

425
00:20:45.150 --> 00:20:45.940 A:middle L:90%
, of course, including our partners language in your

426
00:20:45.940 --> 00:20:48.559 A:middle L:90%
take on this one And this is where it's all

427
00:20:48.559 --> 00:20:52.250 A:middle L:90%
come together. So this is the carbon fiber technology

428
00:20:52.250 --> 00:20:55.279 A:middle L:90%
facility. So this is a new facility which can

429
00:20:55.279 --> 00:20:57.740 A:middle L:90%
produce 25 tons of carbon fiber a year. So

430
00:20:57.740 --> 00:21:00.119 A:middle L:90%
it is designed from the beginning that you can be

431
00:21:00.119 --> 00:21:03.250 A:middle L:90%
very flexible in putting different precursors in there. So

432
00:21:03.250 --> 00:21:07.549 A:middle L:90%
for example, pan uh and others and also lignin

433
00:21:07.740 --> 00:21:10.480 A:middle L:90%
because the idea is creating enough material to give to

434
00:21:10.480 --> 00:21:14.359 A:middle L:90%
industry that they can then evaluate and test this materials

435
00:21:14.359 --> 00:21:17.089 A:middle L:90%
for different applications. So this is why Department of

436
00:21:17.089 --> 00:21:19.809 A:middle L:90%
Energy funded this facility, just to give you a

437
00:21:19.809 --> 00:21:23.460 A:middle L:90%
little bit the size feeling. So this is huge

438
00:21:23.460 --> 00:21:26.490 A:middle L:90%
. I mean that's the length of a football field

439
00:21:26.500 --> 00:21:27.809 A:middle L:90%
and you can also see there's people standing here.

440
00:21:27.809 --> 00:21:32.789 A:middle L:90%
So this is the current fiber facility it is designed

441
00:21:32.799 --> 00:21:37.099 A:middle L:90%
and the length is like like a traditional commercial plant

442
00:21:37.099 --> 00:21:40.380 A:middle L:90%
size. Just what's different is that we are not

443
00:21:40.380 --> 00:21:41.490 A:middle L:90%
as wide. So if you would do this in

444
00:21:41.490 --> 00:21:44.829 A:middle L:90%
a full scale commercial plant, you would come much

445
00:21:44.829 --> 00:21:45.470 A:middle L:90%
wider than what we do. So we don't need

446
00:21:45.470 --> 00:21:48.549 A:middle L:90%
this To create the 25 tons. The length.

447
00:21:48.609 --> 00:21:52.160 A:middle L:90%
And the way it's designed is the last basically before

448
00:21:52.160 --> 00:21:55.660 A:middle L:90%
scale it up to a full commercial scale plan.

449
00:21:56.839 --> 00:22:00.660 A:middle L:90%
So now bringing back why? Why you why this

450
00:22:00.660 --> 00:22:03.130 A:middle L:90%
? This is interesting. So within this facility we

451
00:22:03.130 --> 00:22:07.240 A:middle L:90%
also put this in that we can melt spin our

452
00:22:07.240 --> 00:22:11.500 A:middle L:90%
own fibers. So no other facility has this that

453
00:22:11.500 --> 00:22:15.240 A:middle L:90%
you can also create the fiber which they convert over

454
00:22:15.240 --> 00:22:18.289 A:middle L:90%
to current fiber in the same facility. And we

455
00:22:18.289 --> 00:22:21.690 A:middle L:90%
have done this again to create fibers which are very

456
00:22:21.690 --> 00:22:23.240 A:middle L:90%
very unique. And so this is a technology by

457
00:22:23.240 --> 00:22:26.750 A:middle L:90%
Hills who created this that you can can take these

458
00:22:26.750 --> 00:22:29.730 A:middle L:90%
fibers. So let's say in this case with islands

459
00:22:29.730 --> 00:22:32.029 A:middle L:90%
in the middle. So basically you're mixing two different

460
00:22:32.029 --> 00:22:36.130 A:middle L:90%
materials to create uh together and then spin and create

461
00:22:36.130 --> 00:22:37.680 A:middle L:90%
your fiber. And the next slide shows to this

462
00:22:37.680 --> 00:22:40.829 A:middle L:90%
, you can do all these different shapes and forms

463
00:22:40.839 --> 00:22:41.509 A:middle L:90%
. But of course what you can see now in

464
00:22:41.509 --> 00:22:45.319 A:middle L:90%
this case, look we we remove the island here

465
00:22:45.329 --> 00:22:47.410 A:middle L:90%
, but you also can flip it around. So

466
00:22:47.410 --> 00:22:49.049 A:middle L:90%
basically you can do that. This certainly getting you

467
00:22:49.049 --> 00:22:52.089 A:middle L:90%
nano fibers. So suddenly you having a technology where

468
00:22:52.089 --> 00:22:56.329 A:middle L:90%
it can create tremendous amount of nano fibers by using

469
00:22:56.329 --> 00:22:59.940 A:middle L:90%
this technology. And we feel this is important because

470
00:22:59.950 --> 00:23:02.750 A:middle L:90%
this man if I was thinking go straight into our

471
00:23:02.759 --> 00:23:04.319 A:middle L:90%
additive manufacturing process. But again, what I showed

472
00:23:04.319 --> 00:23:07.839 A:middle L:90%
you where we're combining carbon fiber with different plastics to

473
00:23:07.839 --> 00:23:11.650 A:middle L:90%
create the strength. So we're very excited about this

474
00:23:11.650 --> 00:23:15.269 A:middle L:90%
technology and how this to really now can link together

475
00:23:15.940 --> 00:23:18.869 A:middle L:90%
. So now let's go over to another area which

476
00:23:18.869 --> 00:23:21.640 A:middle L:90%
again comes comes back to my my old again I

477
00:23:21.640 --> 00:23:23.829 A:middle L:90%
originally well I'm a microbiologist and that's the reason I

478
00:23:23.829 --> 00:23:27.839 A:middle L:90%
I really excited about this new low temperature material synthesis

479
00:23:27.839 --> 00:23:30.859 A:middle L:90%
. And you were seen in a second uh why

480
00:23:30.859 --> 00:23:34.130 A:middle L:90%
? Why this is happening? Very excited. So

481
00:23:34.140 --> 00:23:38.490 A:middle L:90%
we started out and this again is was done by

482
00:23:38.490 --> 00:23:41.829 A:middle L:90%
serendipity almost that that one of our scientists isolated these

483
00:23:41.829 --> 00:23:45.480 A:middle L:90%
microorganisms which they found that they always saw this this

484
00:23:45.480 --> 00:23:49.809 A:middle L:90%
nano materials particles produced in the in the in the

485
00:23:49.809 --> 00:23:52.230 A:middle L:90%
culture media. So we found out that we had

486
00:23:52.230 --> 00:23:56.819 A:middle L:90%
these organisms which actually produced out of oxidized port salts

487
00:23:56.819 --> 00:23:59.759 A:middle L:90%
. And then we found this peculiar and cheap sugar

488
00:23:59.940 --> 00:24:02.490 A:middle L:90%
. We were able to create a procedure to but

489
00:24:02.490 --> 00:24:06.299 A:middle L:90%
also nanoparticles. And we could see that we could

490
00:24:06.299 --> 00:24:10.140 A:middle L:90%
create magnetite semiconductor materials material for fault of attacking us

491
00:24:10.140 --> 00:24:11.589 A:middle L:90%
for phosphorus. And they will show you some of

492
00:24:11.599 --> 00:24:15.490 A:middle L:90%
this data what you can imagine is that this bacteria

493
00:24:15.490 --> 00:24:18.490 A:middle L:90%
it's very similar. They just pooping out these nano

494
00:24:18.490 --> 00:24:22.829 A:middle L:90%
materials. That's basically what they are doing. So

495
00:24:22.829 --> 00:24:25.970 A:middle L:90%
basically what this is. So you see this is

496
00:24:25.970 --> 00:24:27.990 A:middle L:90%
a material and then they're creating these nanoparticles. So

497
00:24:27.990 --> 00:24:32.009 A:middle L:90%
basically now we could create we can easily scale this

498
00:24:32.019 --> 00:24:34.869 A:middle L:90%
uh about 500 kg per month. Uh we could

499
00:24:34.880 --> 00:24:38.039 A:middle L:90%
really reduce the cost of some of these materials to

500
00:24:38.039 --> 00:24:41.490 A:middle L:90%
a dollar to$10 per gram. Which and you

501
00:24:41.490 --> 00:24:45.619 A:middle L:90%
know some of these nano materials extremely expensive. So

502
00:24:45.619 --> 00:24:48.220 A:middle L:90%
I showed you in some of these different different applications

503
00:24:48.220 --> 00:24:51.589 A:middle L:90%
where we are in this process. So this is

504
00:24:51.599 --> 00:24:53.880 A:middle L:90%
what we call the platform for this. So we

505
00:24:53.880 --> 00:24:57.109 A:middle L:90%
could do metal oxides which of course we all know

506
00:24:57.109 --> 00:25:00.089 A:middle L:90%
there's some hard disk and others superpower Magnetics. So

507
00:25:00.089 --> 00:25:03.960 A:middle L:90%
for for the new drug delivery system of course sequencing

508
00:25:03.970 --> 00:25:07.130 A:middle L:90%
and other big applications. So we have fair fluid

509
00:25:07.130 --> 00:25:11.430 A:middle L:90%
X for some ability speakers to some of the electric

510
00:25:11.430 --> 00:25:14.269 A:middle L:90%
engines, motors and so on and of course also

511
00:25:14.269 --> 00:25:17.519 A:middle L:90%
quantum thoughts which are interesting for lighting but also in

512
00:25:17.529 --> 00:25:19.190 A:middle L:90%
in the in the solar area. So we could

513
00:25:19.200 --> 00:25:22.970 A:middle L:90%
we feel that this really is a potential revolutionizing the

514
00:25:22.970 --> 00:25:26.710 A:middle L:90%
way we creating some of these nano materials in a

515
00:25:26.720 --> 00:25:29.910 A:middle L:90%
in a very cheap form. So and of course

516
00:25:29.910 --> 00:25:32.740 A:middle L:90%
there's a lot of companies who were interested in in

517
00:25:32.740 --> 00:25:33.950 A:middle L:90%
getting access to this and be working with with a

518
00:25:33.950 --> 00:25:37.650 A:middle L:90%
lot of these companies on on this chart, some

519
00:25:37.650 --> 00:25:40.759 A:middle L:90%
of them have our materials already to explore and test

520
00:25:40.769 --> 00:25:42.660 A:middle L:90%
what they can do with this new way because because

521
00:25:42.660 --> 00:25:45.319 A:middle L:90%
as you mentioned this is very differently. So you

522
00:25:45.319 --> 00:25:48.539 A:middle L:90%
need to understand when you have this nano materials,

523
00:25:48.539 --> 00:25:51.069 A:middle L:90%
how can you lay them down that might behave differently

524
00:25:51.069 --> 00:25:53.759 A:middle L:90%
? They're coming out of a hydra filic environment.

525
00:25:53.769 --> 00:25:56.269 A:middle L:90%
So how do you deal with this? Uh A

526
00:25:56.279 --> 00:25:59.140 A:middle L:90%
lot of things which we need to learn how we

527
00:25:59.140 --> 00:26:03.569 A:middle L:90%
actually work with this new nano materials. So what

528
00:26:03.569 --> 00:26:06.200 A:middle L:90%
we have done. So we demonstrated capability in in

529
00:26:06.200 --> 00:26:07.220 A:middle L:90%
some of this in magnetic oxides, we could do

530
00:26:07.220 --> 00:26:08.720 A:middle L:90%
pure, we can do this with a lot of

531
00:26:08.730 --> 00:26:12.680 A:middle L:90%
different dope magnetite. Uh so there's swimming also r

532
00:26:12.680 --> 00:26:15.220 A:middle L:90%
and. d 100 award in this one. So

533
00:26:15.220 --> 00:26:18.130 A:middle L:90%
this is really taking off very nicely. It's getting

534
00:26:18.130 --> 00:26:21.440 A:middle L:90%
used evolved with tiger mirrors. So we we focused

535
00:26:21.440 --> 00:26:23.130 A:middle L:90%
on captain sulfide and zinc sulfide. And again we

536
00:26:23.130 --> 00:26:26.589 A:middle L:90%
also now about the 24 liters stage at this at

537
00:26:26.589 --> 00:26:30.509 A:middle L:90%
this at this time. And then producing that materials

538
00:26:30.509 --> 00:26:33.329 A:middle L:90%
for further testing. You put this down into some

539
00:26:33.329 --> 00:26:36.160 A:middle L:90%
of the uh cells and and see how they're doing

540
00:26:36.740 --> 00:26:37.440 A:middle L:90%
, uh, and then also in folded, tight

541
00:26:37.440 --> 00:26:41.660 A:middle L:90%
absorbent spinal traction. Very extraordinary compounds. So we

542
00:26:41.660 --> 00:26:42.970 A:middle L:90%
also about the same stage we'll be having all these

543
00:26:42.970 --> 00:26:47.220 A:middle L:90%
materials and now be giving this to, to our

544
00:26:47.220 --> 00:26:49.009 A:middle L:90%
material folks to learn how to work with some of

545
00:26:49.009 --> 00:26:53.299 A:middle L:90%
these new materials and therefore calls for catalyst is something

546
00:26:53.299 --> 00:26:56.589 A:middle L:90%
where we, it's a little bit further behind.

547
00:26:56.599 --> 00:26:59.069 A:middle L:90%
But this is also an area what we're trying to

548
00:26:59.069 --> 00:27:00.930 A:middle L:90%
scale it up right now and some of these new

549
00:27:00.930 --> 00:27:03.920 A:middle L:90%
materials to hand over to some of our catalyst,

550
00:27:03.930 --> 00:27:07.009 A:middle L:90%
people to understand these materials. And of course,

551
00:27:07.009 --> 00:27:11.440 A:middle L:90%
then there's other applications in source good lighting and and

552
00:27:11.450 --> 00:27:15.799 A:middle L:90%
batteries and so on. So, another big area

553
00:27:15.799 --> 00:27:18.039 A:middle L:90%
, which I think is really exciting is this whole

554
00:27:18.039 --> 00:27:22.430 A:middle L:90%
idea about natural sub uh super hydrophobic substrate, uh

555
00:27:22.440 --> 00:27:26.069 A:middle L:90%
sub surfaces or surfaces. And I know, I

556
00:27:26.069 --> 00:27:27.819 A:middle L:90%
think there's also the china tech was engaged also in

557
00:27:27.819 --> 00:27:30.079 A:middle L:90%
a startup company in this area. What I've seen

558
00:27:30.089 --> 00:27:33.339 A:middle L:90%
a while ago as I looked into who is playing

559
00:27:33.339 --> 00:27:34.759 A:middle L:90%
in this area. So we have in this program

560
00:27:34.759 --> 00:27:37.339 A:middle L:90%
now for for a couple of years ongoing. And

561
00:27:37.339 --> 00:27:41.799 A:middle L:90%
the the data now showing that the results is pretty

562
00:27:41.809 --> 00:27:44.750 A:middle L:90%
interesting in my opinion for new materials. Of course

563
00:27:44.750 --> 00:27:47.029 A:middle L:90%
. Then this also links over to some of the

564
00:27:47.029 --> 00:27:49.000 A:middle L:90%
application of this technology in solar and in other areas

565
00:27:49.000 --> 00:27:52.859 A:middle L:90%
. Never show you some of the examples. So

566
00:27:52.240 --> 00:27:56.099 A:middle L:90%
if you take a drop of water and put this

567
00:27:56.099 --> 00:27:59.009 A:middle L:90%
on a cone spike, so this is basically what

568
00:27:59.009 --> 00:28:00.069 A:middle L:90%
you would get. So the drop cannot lay down

569
00:28:00.069 --> 00:28:03.200 A:middle L:90%
. And that's basically why this is showing this these

570
00:28:03.210 --> 00:28:07.559 A:middle L:90%
characteristics. So the idea is, can you mimic

571
00:28:07.559 --> 00:28:07.980 A:middle L:90%
this? And people have tried of course in a

572
00:28:07.980 --> 00:28:11.230 A:middle L:90%
long time, can you mimic this by some of

573
00:28:11.230 --> 00:28:14.619 A:middle L:90%
these materials? There were two different technologies where you

574
00:28:14.619 --> 00:28:17.259 A:middle L:90%
can make this bike systems. So there was a

575
00:28:17.259 --> 00:28:21.109 A:middle L:90%
photo lithographic based uh technology. This was hard,

576
00:28:21.109 --> 00:28:22.829 A:middle L:90%
it's hard to scale, is very expensive and then

577
00:28:22.829 --> 00:28:26.690 A:middle L:90%
a rough and polymer based which also was not durable

578
00:28:26.690 --> 00:28:30.259 A:middle L:90%
enough. So some of our scientists had this idea

579
00:28:30.259 --> 00:28:32.369 A:middle L:90%
to go back to some of the old technology,

580
00:28:32.369 --> 00:28:34.140 A:middle L:90%
what you're doing in class. So what they've done

581
00:28:34.140 --> 00:28:37.440 A:middle L:90%
, they use this micro nano glass array fabrication.

582
00:28:37.450 --> 00:28:40.670 A:middle L:90%
So basically what you do is you take an edge

583
00:28:40.670 --> 00:28:41.700 A:middle L:90%
of a tube with the left edge of the rod

584
00:28:41.710 --> 00:28:45.000 A:middle L:90%
and you draw this together in a drawing tower and

585
00:28:45.009 --> 00:28:48.380 A:middle L:90%
using this in the drawing tower is very, very

586
00:28:48.390 --> 00:28:52.029 A:middle L:90%
old technology almost. But the idea of combining the

587
00:28:52.029 --> 00:28:53.509 A:middle L:90%
two together, draw this out. And then when

588
00:28:53.509 --> 00:28:56.450 A:middle L:90%
you have this fiber, you bundle this and then

589
00:28:56.450 --> 00:28:59.130 A:middle L:90%
you re draw the fiber and then the end you

590
00:28:59.130 --> 00:29:00.740 A:middle L:90%
cut these bundles invaders. And then you etch the

591
00:29:00.740 --> 00:29:03.470 A:middle L:90%
vapors. So this is then what you do.

592
00:29:03.470 --> 00:29:07.140 A:middle L:90%
So you having this this drawn waivers and then you're

593
00:29:07.140 --> 00:29:10.549 A:middle L:90%
having these different edge surface and you're creating then spikes

594
00:29:10.559 --> 00:29:12.529 A:middle L:90%
your then code this with a hydrophobic material. And

595
00:29:12.529 --> 00:29:15.420 A:middle L:90%
you're ending up with your waivers which are having these

596
00:29:15.430 --> 00:29:19.650 A:middle L:90%
characteristics. So this is showing you here a live

597
00:29:19.650 --> 00:29:22.109 A:middle L:90%
shot. Uh This is some of the of the

598
00:29:22.109 --> 00:29:25.009 A:middle L:90%
of the images here when you see when you're watching

599
00:29:25.009 --> 00:29:27.450 A:middle L:90%
this and you're creating this this spikes here. So

600
00:29:27.450 --> 00:29:30.559 A:middle L:90%
you also can go and if if the breakup you

601
00:29:30.559 --> 00:29:34.269 A:middle L:90%
can regenerate the spikes and it's very easily to scale

602
00:29:37.140 --> 00:29:40.329 A:middle L:90%
. So this shows you have one uh more ECM

603
00:29:40.329 --> 00:29:41.670 A:middle L:90%
picture and more solution. So we have about one

604
00:29:41.670 --> 00:29:47.279 A:middle L:90%
million spikes prepare square centimeters in this technology. So

605
00:29:47.279 --> 00:29:48.460 A:middle L:90%
this shows a couple of videos what you then what

606
00:29:48.460 --> 00:29:52.170 A:middle L:90%
you create by doing this. So this shows you

607
00:29:52.240 --> 00:29:56.049 A:middle L:90%
a drop of water hitting some of these materials with

608
00:29:56.049 --> 00:29:59.170 A:middle L:90%
the high speed camera to see how how it bounces

609
00:29:59.170 --> 00:30:03.490 A:middle L:90%
off and it's basically not attaching. So this is

610
00:30:03.490 --> 00:30:06.579 A:middle L:90%
another one which you have a water stream hitting some

611
00:30:06.579 --> 00:30:08.890 A:middle L:90%
of these materials. Um and then if you slow

612
00:30:08.890 --> 00:30:11.900 A:middle L:90%
it down, you can see how the drops just

613
00:30:11.900 --> 00:30:18.009 A:middle L:90%
really completely bounce off this these materials. And then

614
00:30:18.009 --> 00:30:18.799 A:middle L:90%
another one, this is now comes back to self

615
00:30:18.799 --> 00:30:22.420 A:middle L:90%
cleaning. So this is an untreated surface. If

616
00:30:22.420 --> 00:30:23.779 A:middle L:90%
you have dirt on it, you see a water

617
00:30:23.779 --> 00:30:26.470 A:middle L:90%
drop just bounces around. But again, it's it's

618
00:30:26.470 --> 00:30:30.019 A:middle L:90%
not really very effective in clean surfaces, which of

619
00:30:30.019 --> 00:30:30.849 A:middle L:90%
course is very, very important. Let's in the

620
00:30:30.849 --> 00:30:33.230 A:middle L:90%
solar area. And here you see when you have

621
00:30:33.240 --> 00:30:37.259 A:middle L:90%
the surface treated like this, a drop comes and

622
00:30:37.259 --> 00:30:41.099 A:middle L:90%
really cleans out the whole surface because also dirt is

623
00:30:41.109 --> 00:30:44.380 A:middle L:90%
sitting very differently on some of these materials. It's

624
00:30:44.380 --> 00:30:48.390 A:middle L:90%
a very effective way of clean use surfaces. So

625
00:30:48.390 --> 00:30:51.490 A:middle L:90%
then this started as okay, what are the natural

626
00:30:51.500 --> 00:30:53.160 A:middle L:90%
substrates out there? Which having this this kind of

627
00:30:53.160 --> 00:30:56.990 A:middle L:90%
spikes And of course, data tombs coming to mind

628
00:30:57.000 --> 00:30:59.759 A:middle L:90%
there, You probably have seen this, you know

629
00:30:59.759 --> 00:31:02.710 A:middle L:90%
, this this marine little little creatures, they haven't

630
00:31:02.710 --> 00:31:04.329 A:middle L:90%
despite systems. So the idea is, can you

631
00:31:04.329 --> 00:31:07.910 A:middle L:90%
use some of this material? So even a lower

632
00:31:07.910 --> 00:31:11.700 A:middle L:90%
cost of of material using this. So so we

633
00:31:11.700 --> 00:31:15.140 A:middle L:90%
use the item of earth and created this chemical modifications

634
00:31:15.150 --> 00:31:18.039 A:middle L:90%
, basically what U. two. I don't want

635
00:31:18.039 --> 00:31:18.460 A:middle L:90%
to go into all these details. But what you're

636
00:31:18.470 --> 00:31:22.940 A:middle L:90%
doing is you're putting blinkers on this on this director

637
00:31:22.940 --> 00:31:25.539 A:middle L:90%
of earth that you then can tie it and link

638
00:31:25.539 --> 00:31:27.289 A:middle L:90%
it to different materials. There's two different ways.

639
00:31:27.289 --> 00:31:30.859 A:middle L:90%
There's the one step hydrologists and two step paralysis.

640
00:31:30.240 --> 00:31:33.269 A:middle L:90%
But basically what you're creating is a link system on

641
00:31:33.269 --> 00:31:37.650 A:middle L:90%
some of this material that you then can put it

642
00:31:37.650 --> 00:31:40.980 A:middle L:90%
on. Two reasons. You can couple it uh

643
00:31:40.990 --> 00:31:42.170 A:middle L:90%
, and and sprayed on or bind it on two

644
00:31:42.180 --> 00:31:45.990 A:middle L:90%
different materials and then I can show you on some

645
00:31:45.990 --> 00:31:49.140 A:middle L:90%
of this. So this is a water droplet coded

646
00:31:49.150 --> 00:31:52.710 A:middle L:90%
. So basically when you take some of the fabric

647
00:31:52.710 --> 00:31:55.069 A:middle L:90%
and what you create with this new, the infamous

648
00:31:55.079 --> 00:31:57.240 A:middle L:90%
Earth bound to this materials, you can spray it

649
00:31:57.240 --> 00:32:00.130 A:middle L:90%
onto some of the fabric. And again, this

650
00:32:00.130 --> 00:32:01.660 A:middle L:90%
is a drop on this fabric. So I've seen

651
00:32:01.660 --> 00:32:04.380 A:middle L:90%
this myself in your spray, you will tell your

652
00:32:04.380 --> 00:32:06.269 A:middle L:90%
shirt and you can dunk the shirt into water.

653
00:32:06.269 --> 00:32:08.470 A:middle L:90%
It comes out, it's completely dry. A big

654
00:32:08.470 --> 00:32:12.029 A:middle L:90%
application. And this also was funded or it's still

655
00:32:12.029 --> 00:32:15.279 A:middle L:90%
funded from from the Office of Electricity. Uh,

656
00:32:15.289 --> 00:32:16.200 A:middle L:90%
we all know be having some of these ice storms

657
00:32:16.200 --> 00:32:20.109 A:middle L:90%
on our power lines, there's building ice, which

658
00:32:20.119 --> 00:32:21.960 A:middle L:90%
can then put all the spit on and then it

659
00:32:21.960 --> 00:32:24.170 A:middle L:90%
collapsed. So you see that this is a coded

660
00:32:24.180 --> 00:32:28.970 A:middle L:90%
wire done in our climate chambers versus uncoated wire.

661
00:32:28.980 --> 00:32:31.140 A:middle L:90%
You can see you can really avoid the build up

662
00:32:31.150 --> 00:32:35.190 A:middle L:90%
of of some of these eyes. And then this

663
00:32:35.190 --> 00:32:37.500 A:middle L:90%
is another experiment, what we have done against anti

664
00:32:37.500 --> 00:32:39.650 A:middle L:90%
fouling. So this was also funded uh is to

665
00:32:39.650 --> 00:32:45.130 A:middle L:90%
funded from um uh some of the military applications uh

666
00:32:45.140 --> 00:32:45.299 A:middle L:90%
as you know, for example, if you have

667
00:32:45.299 --> 00:32:49.019 A:middle L:90%
a ship or some other stuff floating in the ocean

668
00:32:49.019 --> 00:32:51.410 A:middle L:90%
, if you can avoid that some of the microbes

669
00:32:51.829 --> 00:32:54.829 A:middle L:90%
allergy going and attacking something of the structures It helps

670
00:32:54.829 --> 00:32:58.359 A:middle L:90%
to to save energy and so on. And again

671
00:32:58.359 --> 00:33:00.190 A:middle L:90%
this shows you some of these uh these waivers we

672
00:33:00.190 --> 00:33:04.450 A:middle L:90%
have done for 12 weeks experiments and we can show

673
00:33:04.450 --> 00:33:07.720 A:middle L:90%
that it really reduces the settlement of some of these

674
00:33:07.730 --> 00:33:13.839 A:middle L:90%
uh different microorganisms um on this substrate. And the

675
00:33:13.839 --> 00:33:15.990 A:middle L:90%
last two slides is again now then the newest thing

676
00:33:15.990 --> 00:33:17.230 A:middle L:90%
what we're what we're doing. So again what I

677
00:33:17.230 --> 00:33:20.900 A:middle L:90%
showed you so how how do you tie a lot

678
00:33:20.900 --> 00:33:22.970 A:middle L:90%
of this together? So if we now go and

679
00:33:22.970 --> 00:33:24.640 A:middle L:90%
saying we do all moving in towards the electrification of

680
00:33:24.640 --> 00:33:29.720 A:middle L:90%
our fleet suddenly we are worried it's a lot of

681
00:33:29.730 --> 00:33:32.400 A:middle L:90%
the uh new materials will be a limiting factor for

682
00:33:32.400 --> 00:33:36.170 A:middle L:90%
especially if they made out of this critical materials.

683
00:33:36.640 --> 00:33:37.430 A:middle L:90%
Uh So how do you deal with this? So

684
00:33:37.430 --> 00:33:39.430 A:middle L:90%
the U. S. Department of Energy had a

685
00:33:39.430 --> 00:33:44.670 A:middle L:90%
new hub around this critical materials. So we be

686
00:33:44.670 --> 00:33:46.490 A:middle L:90%
teamed up with AMES Laboratory then I. Nl and

687
00:33:46.490 --> 00:33:50.960 A:middle L:90%
Lawrence livermore in some universities and companies and we created

688
00:33:50.960 --> 00:33:52.710 A:middle L:90%
the Critical Materials Institute. So we just got this

689
00:33:52.710 --> 00:33:58.059 A:middle L:90%
hub awarded uh nine months or six months ago roughly

690
00:33:58.440 --> 00:34:00.880 A:middle L:90%
. Uh And now we're working on this idea of

691
00:34:00.890 --> 00:34:04.970 A:middle L:90%
how can we work on new methods that we cannot

692
00:34:04.980 --> 00:34:07.619 A:middle L:90%
or that we will not be running down into this

693
00:34:07.619 --> 00:34:10.059 A:middle L:90%
next bottleneck let's say on some of these critical materials

694
00:34:10.739 --> 00:34:14.039 A:middle L:90%
. So the Al Qaeda Material Institute has a three

695
00:34:14.039 --> 00:34:15.349 A:middle L:90%
D. Approach how we call this. So we

696
00:34:15.349 --> 00:34:19.320 A:middle L:90%
want to divide diversify the supply. So we're working

697
00:34:19.320 --> 00:34:21.260 A:middle L:90%
around from the mining. So with some of these

698
00:34:21.269 --> 00:34:24.059 A:middle L:90%
materials so new sources how you can get access to

699
00:34:24.059 --> 00:34:27.119 A:middle L:90%
this. How can you separate them out a lot

700
00:34:27.119 --> 00:34:28.949 A:middle L:90%
of times. If you look at these minds they

701
00:34:28.949 --> 00:34:31.170 A:middle L:90%
are not only having critic materials in their earth,

702
00:34:31.170 --> 00:34:34.519 A:middle L:90%
how they call it, there's other metals in there

703
00:34:34.530 --> 00:34:36.949 A:middle L:90%
. How do you separate this in more efficient way

704
00:34:36.960 --> 00:34:39.699 A:middle L:90%
? What some of the transformative processes and also that

705
00:34:39.699 --> 00:34:42.550 A:middle L:90%
you're looking for new uses of some of the core

706
00:34:42.550 --> 00:34:45.829 A:middle L:90%
products. A lot of these minds only can survive

707
00:34:45.840 --> 00:34:49.070 A:middle L:90%
and cost using many of the different elements that could

708
00:34:49.079 --> 00:34:51.440 A:middle L:90%
isolate into the market. So if you look for

709
00:34:51.440 --> 00:34:52.619 A:middle L:90%
one with Earth but this is the only way you

710
00:34:52.619 --> 00:34:54.869 A:middle L:90%
have a function and the rest you have no use

711
00:34:54.869 --> 00:34:57.739 A:middle L:90%
for them. It's very hard for some of these

712
00:34:57.739 --> 00:35:00.730 A:middle L:90%
minds to survive. The other d is to develop

713
00:35:00.730 --> 00:35:02.860 A:middle L:90%
substitutes. So for example we're working on some new

714
00:35:02.860 --> 00:35:07.440 A:middle L:90%
magnets which avoiding rare earth. A new ways of

715
00:35:07.440 --> 00:35:10.389 A:middle L:90%
lighting without this and new material development framework. Can

716
00:35:10.400 --> 00:35:14.199 A:middle L:90%
this a lot of this manufacturing technology is also tied

717
00:35:14.199 --> 00:35:16.739 A:middle L:90%
linked back to our manufacturing demonstration facility. What I

718
00:35:16.750 --> 00:35:20.539 A:middle L:90%
showed you earlier and then the last one is of

719
00:35:20.539 --> 00:35:22.690 A:middle L:90%
course his driver used recycling inefficient use of materials in

720
00:35:22.690 --> 00:35:27.369 A:middle L:90%
manufacturing, uh separation and concentration. I mean,

721
00:35:27.369 --> 00:35:29.469 A:middle L:90%
you all know in all our cell phones, we

722
00:35:29.469 --> 00:35:30.699 A:middle L:90%
have rare earth India and some of our speakers,

723
00:35:30.710 --> 00:35:32.960 A:middle L:90%
but the amount is really low. How do you

724
00:35:32.960 --> 00:35:35.539 A:middle L:90%
deal with this? I mean a lot of times

725
00:35:35.539 --> 00:35:37.920 A:middle L:90%
right now we're not recycling because to get access to

726
00:35:37.920 --> 00:35:40.539 A:middle L:90%
this material is more expensive than trusting it out again

727
00:35:40.550 --> 00:35:44.360 A:middle L:90%
. So the idea is what new processes can be

728
00:35:44.360 --> 00:35:46.670 A:middle L:90%
developed to go and drive to reuse and the recycling

729
00:35:46.739 --> 00:35:51.769 A:middle L:90%
of some of these very precious metals. And this

730
00:35:51.769 --> 00:35:52.679 A:middle L:90%
brings me to my last slide. And now what

731
00:35:52.679 --> 00:35:54.519 A:middle L:90%
I showed you in some of the new ways of

732
00:35:54.530 --> 00:35:58.460 A:middle L:90%
from the manufacturing side, from the environmental side,

733
00:35:58.469 --> 00:36:00.690 A:middle L:90%
how do you even tie this up higher? And

734
00:36:00.690 --> 00:36:02.659 A:middle L:90%
this is why I will like to end with this

735
00:36:02.659 --> 00:36:06.579 A:middle L:90%
, what we call sustainable communities. So now let's

736
00:36:06.579 --> 00:36:08.829 A:middle L:90%
let's go into a time machine and fly forward,

737
00:36:08.829 --> 00:36:12.710 A:middle L:90%
let's say 100 years. So I will predict that

738
00:36:12.710 --> 00:36:15.210 A:middle L:90%
we will live in a very different way. So

739
00:36:15.210 --> 00:36:16.969 A:middle L:90%
I think the way we even having our cities will

740
00:36:16.969 --> 00:36:20.969 A:middle L:90%
be very different. Some of the big city planners

741
00:36:20.969 --> 00:36:22.159 A:middle L:90%
I talked to, it's very interesting. They predict

742
00:36:22.159 --> 00:36:25.710 A:middle L:90%
that we might move backwards in time, we might

743
00:36:25.719 --> 00:36:30.980 A:middle L:90%
develop cities more in the medieval time frame. So

744
00:36:30.980 --> 00:36:31.929 A:middle L:90%
that what what what he meant with this is when

745
00:36:31.929 --> 00:36:34.900 A:middle L:90%
you look back, let's say 100 years. Look

746
00:36:34.900 --> 00:36:36.949 A:middle L:90%
at some of the cities in europe, they were

747
00:36:36.949 --> 00:36:38.670 A:middle L:90%
to sign all around the people. So there was

748
00:36:38.679 --> 00:36:43.210 A:middle L:90%
people, there were small manufacturing, the agriculture was

749
00:36:43.210 --> 00:36:46.469 A:middle L:90%
around through the city. Also self sustained in in

750
00:36:46.480 --> 00:36:51.409 A:middle L:90%
their kind of boundaries. Of course we all especially

751
00:36:51.409 --> 00:36:52.510 A:middle L:90%
in the US we were crawling out so I was

752
00:36:52.510 --> 00:36:55.230 A:middle L:90%
serious, getting broader and broader with this, uh

753
00:36:55.239 --> 00:36:58.179 A:middle L:90%
, I'm guilty as well. We have, we

754
00:36:58.179 --> 00:36:59.860 A:middle L:90%
have a little farm in, in, in,

755
00:36:59.869 --> 00:37:01.599 A:middle L:90%
in Knoxville with this, my carbon footprint is much

756
00:37:01.599 --> 00:37:06.090 A:middle L:90%
high as I would live in Manhattan in an apartment

757
00:37:06.090 --> 00:37:07.659 A:middle L:90%
and have no cars because I couldn't afford it.

758
00:37:07.929 --> 00:37:08.679 A:middle L:90%
So this is, for example, some of the

759
00:37:08.690 --> 00:37:12.079 A:middle L:90%
big questions we, as a country, as a

760
00:37:12.090 --> 00:37:15.110 A:middle L:90%
nation, as a globe will have to to rattle

761
00:37:15.119 --> 00:37:17.199 A:middle L:90%
to see how we can tie all this together with

762
00:37:17.199 --> 00:37:21.659 A:middle L:90%
our started out by having a problem on our environment

763
00:37:22.030 --> 00:37:23.920 A:middle L:90%
, by increasing and changing our our climate. And

764
00:37:23.920 --> 00:37:25.329 A:middle L:90%
how do we do this? That at the end

765
00:37:25.329 --> 00:37:29.380 A:middle L:90%
we all want to have a certain quality of life

766
00:37:29.389 --> 00:37:32.690 A:middle L:90%
freedom by driving around traveling, working, having fun

767
00:37:32.690 --> 00:37:35.599 A:middle L:90%
. So how do you tie all this together?

768
00:37:35.610 --> 00:37:37.940 A:middle L:90%
And I think this will lead us that we need

769
00:37:37.940 --> 00:37:40.690 A:middle L:90%
to look at all different angles of our communities from

770
00:37:40.690 --> 00:37:45.280 A:middle L:90%
building to smart, great renewables, the climate impact

771
00:37:45.289 --> 00:37:46.659 A:middle L:90%
transportation will not go away. And also of course

772
00:37:46.659 --> 00:37:49.659 A:middle L:90%
industry, we all have to work one way or

773
00:37:49.659 --> 00:37:51.400 A:middle L:90%
the other. So how do we tie all this

774
00:37:51.400 --> 00:37:53.199 A:middle L:90%
together and what do we need to do right now

775
00:37:53.210 --> 00:37:59.360 A:middle L:90%
that our next generation or your Children's Children have the

776
00:37:59.360 --> 00:38:01.280 A:middle L:90%
same freedom and quality of life like we have.

777
00:38:01.289 --> 00:38:06.019 A:middle L:90%
And this is something which I'm sometimes very concerned because

778
00:38:06.030 --> 00:38:07.320 A:middle L:90%
I don't want to be seen as the generation who

779
00:38:07.320 --> 00:38:10.480 A:middle L:90%
screwed it up for our grandchildren basically. And and

780
00:38:10.480 --> 00:38:14.539 A:middle L:90%
that's something we we need to start worrying how we

781
00:38:14.550 --> 00:38:16.610 A:middle L:90%
putting this in place that they have the same freedom

782
00:38:16.610 --> 00:38:20.710 A:middle L:90%
like we enjoy and the end is having a good

783
00:38:20.710 --> 00:38:23.030 A:middle L:90%
environment, good climate and energy to do all this

784
00:38:23.030 --> 00:38:25.599 A:middle L:90%
what we need to do so with this, I

785
00:38:25.599 --> 00:38:28.449 A:middle L:90%
don't know if if you have time for questions.

786
00:38:30.619 --> 00:38:43.750 A:middle L:90%
25 okay. Yeah. Mhm. This one.

787
00:38:44.420 --> 00:38:58.599 A:middle L:90%
Uh huh. So so again, how does this

788
00:38:58.599 --> 00:39:00.699 A:middle L:90%
hubs Getting structured, this, this, this is

789
00:39:00.699 --> 00:39:06.150 A:middle L:90%
large, this$20 million dollars hub structure Idaho is

790
00:39:06.150 --> 00:39:08.829 A:middle L:90%
to lead on the recycling side. Um so so

791
00:39:08.829 --> 00:39:10.360 A:middle L:90%
again, what I said there, there is at

792
00:39:10.360 --> 00:39:13.480 A:middle L:90%
the moment, there's a lot of this concept,

793
00:39:13.489 --> 00:39:15.360 A:middle L:90%
development can be working and you also can see this

794
00:39:15.360 --> 00:39:17.769 A:middle L:90%
on some of our industry, we have some of

795
00:39:17.769 --> 00:39:21.920 A:middle L:90%
the large recycling companies being part of this. So

796
00:39:21.920 --> 00:39:23.769 A:middle L:90%
there the idea is how to tackle this problem that

797
00:39:23.780 --> 00:39:28.650 A:middle L:90%
you have some of this earth in very small quantities

798
00:39:28.820 --> 00:39:31.050 A:middle L:90%
in for example the best example cell phones as you

799
00:39:31.050 --> 00:39:32.860 A:middle L:90%
know in the speaker, there is some of this

800
00:39:32.860 --> 00:39:36.239 A:middle L:90%
rare thing there but how to get access to,

801
00:39:36.250 --> 00:39:39.130 A:middle L:90%
so so I don't know all the details honestly exactly

802
00:39:39.130 --> 00:39:42.429 A:middle L:90%
how they tackle some of this. But I mean

803
00:39:42.429 --> 00:39:45.570 A:middle L:90%
there is there is there is a big concept going

804
00:39:45.570 --> 00:39:47.659 A:middle L:90%
on to see how from from the collection way into

805
00:39:47.659 --> 00:39:52.440 A:middle L:90%
the separation way because where for example you can melt

806
00:39:52.449 --> 00:39:54.219 A:middle L:90%
a lot of this together and create a mixture of

807
00:39:54.219 --> 00:39:55.980 A:middle L:90%
all your medals. But then how do you then

808
00:39:55.980 --> 00:39:59.829 A:middle L:90%
separate it back out again? Or do you do

809
00:39:59.829 --> 00:40:01.420 A:middle L:90%
this like like you're doing the aluminum recycling which is

810
00:40:01.420 --> 00:40:05.730 A:middle L:90%
relatively easy in comparison to some of these metals,

811
00:40:05.730 --> 00:40:07.980 A:middle L:90%
which is not so easy to separate out. So

812
00:40:07.980 --> 00:40:08.920 A:middle L:90%
this is where it goes. I mean it goes

813
00:40:08.920 --> 00:40:13.449 A:middle L:90%
all the way from collection to new ways to then

814
00:40:13.460 --> 00:40:15.820 A:middle L:90%
take it apart and get access by separating them the

815
00:40:15.829 --> 00:40:20.519 A:middle L:90%
precious metals back out. So all the details I

816
00:40:20.530 --> 00:40:27.320 A:middle L:90%
honestly don't have for you right now. Absolutely correct

817
00:40:27.329 --> 00:40:29.769 A:middle L:90%
. Absolutely. So this again, what this reason

818
00:40:29.769 --> 00:40:31.579 A:middle L:90%
we picked these three different areas. Go go into

819
00:40:31.579 --> 00:40:36.400 A:middle L:90%
new processing from the mind. But then even avoiding

820
00:40:36.400 --> 00:40:38.489 A:middle L:90%
it, for example, can you make magnets without

821
00:40:38.500 --> 00:40:42.590 A:middle L:90%
uh rare earth? But then also how do you

822
00:40:42.590 --> 00:40:45.320 A:middle L:90%
then get it back in the case you really have

823
00:40:45.320 --> 00:40:50.670 A:middle L:90%
to use it? Okay, what is the outlook

824
00:40:50.679 --> 00:40:58.380 A:middle L:90%
for carbon fiber? Yeah. So so there so

825
00:40:58.380 --> 00:41:00.300 A:middle L:90%
the outlook. So now I give you a couple

826
00:41:00.300 --> 00:41:05.599 A:middle L:90%
of different scenarios. So in lignin based carbon fiber

827
00:41:05.599 --> 00:41:07.449 A:middle L:90%
, we're having this what we call the stage program

828
00:41:07.460 --> 00:41:10.309 A:middle L:90%
. So the very next step, what we have

829
00:41:10.309 --> 00:41:15.030 A:middle L:90%
shown already is that you can take lignin carbon fiber

830
00:41:15.210 --> 00:41:19.119 A:middle L:90%
and use it for non structural lingering carbon fiber of

831
00:41:19.119 --> 00:41:21.690 A:middle L:90%
all carbon fiber. Uh so for example, if

832
00:41:21.690 --> 00:41:24.429 A:middle L:90%
there's one company who is interested in invalidated the lignin

833
00:41:24.429 --> 00:41:28.889 A:middle L:90%
carbon fiber material, whether taking recruiting this match and

834
00:41:28.889 --> 00:41:31.340 A:middle L:90%
depressing this in some of this insulation material for high

835
00:41:31.340 --> 00:41:35.860 A:middle L:90%
temperature furnaces. So this company gets the fiber right

836
00:41:35.860 --> 00:41:37.289 A:middle L:90%
now from china and they're worried that they're getting cut

837
00:41:37.289 --> 00:41:40.989 A:middle L:90%
out out of their uh, the distribution list because

838
00:41:40.989 --> 00:41:43.940 A:middle L:90%
china might want to have the fiber more and more

839
00:41:43.940 --> 00:41:45.630 A:middle L:90%
for themselves. So we know what the prices,

840
00:41:45.630 --> 00:41:49.539 A:middle L:90%
we know we can produce it at a much cheaper

841
00:41:49.550 --> 00:41:52.000 A:middle L:90%
value out of uh, lignin. It has all

842
00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:55.449 A:middle L:90%
the specs they would need about 600 tons. So

843
00:41:55.449 --> 00:41:58.519 A:middle L:90%
, so what we still need to work on is

844
00:41:58.530 --> 00:42:00.119 A:middle L:90%
that the time right now? To when you have

845
00:42:00.130 --> 00:42:04.820 A:middle L:90%
this so called stabilization time, when five goes through

846
00:42:04.820 --> 00:42:07.570 A:middle L:90%
your your plant, we need to decrease this.

847
00:42:07.570 --> 00:42:08.519 A:middle L:90%
This is still too long to be economically. So

848
00:42:08.519 --> 00:42:12.300 A:middle L:90%
we need to shrink the time, which it needs

849
00:42:12.300 --> 00:42:15.250 A:middle L:90%
to heat up to stabilize the carbon and then and

850
00:42:15.250 --> 00:42:17.320 A:middle L:90%
then and then get the structure done. We will

851
00:42:17.329 --> 00:42:20.849 A:middle L:90%
we will fix this. The next thing is then

852
00:42:20.849 --> 00:42:22.880 A:middle L:90%
to create a login carbon fiber at the strength.

853
00:42:22.880 --> 00:42:25.300 A:middle L:90%
What you need an automotive. So you take about

854
00:42:25.309 --> 00:42:29.420 A:middle L:90%
250 K. S. I. So we are

855
00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:32.090 A:middle L:90%
we still need to go about so we have a

856
00:42:32.090 --> 00:42:35.469 A:middle L:90%
third of the strength were there, so we still

857
00:42:35.469 --> 00:42:37.369 A:middle L:90%
need to do some more work. And this is

858
00:42:37.369 --> 00:42:42.110 A:middle L:90%
again the complexity with witness that the molecules very different

859
00:42:42.119 --> 00:42:44.039 A:middle L:90%
if you compare this with pan and it's a very

860
00:42:44.039 --> 00:42:45.369 A:middle L:90%
nice stretched fiber. So if you look at at

861
00:42:45.369 --> 00:42:49.159 A:middle L:90%
lignin, our problem is that you can you can

862
00:42:49.159 --> 00:42:51.880 A:middle L:90%
spin it, but then as soon as you have

863
00:42:51.880 --> 00:42:54.039 A:middle L:90%
it on a spool, it's getting oxidized and then

864
00:42:54.039 --> 00:42:57.010 A:middle L:90%
it's getting very brittle. You cannot unwind it.

865
00:42:57.599 --> 00:43:00.130 A:middle L:90%
So we're still working on some of the of the

866
00:43:00.130 --> 00:43:02.190 A:middle L:90%
chemistry of the lignin side. The way also you

867
00:43:02.190 --> 00:43:05.369 A:middle L:90%
treat it so we can do it in maths and

868
00:43:05.369 --> 00:43:07.429 A:middle L:90%
we can do this in this facility which is is

869
00:43:07.800 --> 00:43:09.219 A:middle L:90%
no problem. But as soon as you put it

870
00:43:09.219 --> 00:43:12.989 A:middle L:90%
onto a fiber to stretch it to align the current

871
00:43:12.989 --> 00:43:15.659 A:middle L:90%
molecules to get the strength, this is where the

872
00:43:15.659 --> 00:43:19.119 A:middle L:90%
leading carbon fiber is very brittle. So so there's

873
00:43:19.119 --> 00:43:21.329 A:middle L:90%
different ways to to work on this one. So

874
00:43:21.329 --> 00:43:22.960 A:middle L:90%
the first one is to be going all the way

875
00:43:22.960 --> 00:43:24.909 A:middle L:90%
back and now linking different signs together. We're working

876
00:43:24.920 --> 00:43:30.070 A:middle L:90%
on the modification of lignin through the modification of plant

877
00:43:30.070 --> 00:43:32.250 A:middle L:90%
cell wall synthesis implants. So having a big program

878
00:43:32.260 --> 00:43:36.780 A:middle L:90%
in in populous and also in switch grass. We'll

879
00:43:36.780 --> 00:43:39.230 A:middle L:90%
see can you modify the lignin structure that you're creating

880
00:43:39.230 --> 00:43:43.519 A:middle L:90%
lignin which is better suitable for carbon fiber spinning.

881
00:43:44.300 --> 00:43:45.949 A:middle L:90%
The other processes that we're working on on the chemistry

882
00:43:45.949 --> 00:43:50.269 A:middle L:90%
side, they can you pre treatment pre treat lignin

883
00:43:50.280 --> 00:43:52.909 A:middle L:90%
differently, for example, to make the molecule high

884
00:43:52.909 --> 00:43:54.639 A:middle L:90%
molecular and more stretched. And then we're also working

885
00:43:54.639 --> 00:43:58.070 A:middle L:90%
on the process side. So what is the ultimate

886
00:43:58.079 --> 00:43:59.730 A:middle L:90%
goal? And this isn't the face number three.

887
00:44:00.889 --> 00:44:04.340 A:middle L:90%
So, so now, hypothetically, if you could

888
00:44:04.340 --> 00:44:07.719 A:middle L:90%
create Ligon carbon fiber at the cost of steel,

889
00:44:08.190 --> 00:44:12.090 A:middle L:90%
you would completely revolutionize the way we're doing everything from

890
00:44:12.099 --> 00:44:15.090 A:middle L:90%
architecture to construction to everything. So what would this

891
00:44:15.090 --> 00:44:19.690 A:middle L:90%
mean? So at the moment, uh steel is

892
00:44:19.690 --> 00:44:22.199 A:middle L:90%
about 30 cents a pound, roughly. So,

893
00:44:22.199 --> 00:44:25.320 A:middle L:90%
and then they're still called displacement factor of current.

894
00:44:25.320 --> 00:44:29.599 A:middle L:90%
Fire to steal is 1-10. It's not completely correct

895
00:44:29.610 --> 00:44:30.889 A:middle L:90%
because this is without the composite, but you still

896
00:44:30.889 --> 00:44:34.579 A:middle L:90%
need, but just Roughly. So, if you

897
00:44:34.579 --> 00:44:37.449 A:middle L:90%
can go and produce linking carbon fiber about three,

898
00:44:37.480 --> 00:44:42.349 A:middle L:90%
let's make it more realistic to$52 a pound,

899
00:44:42.360 --> 00:44:45.219 A:middle L:90%
you're competing with steel. So suddenly you could create

900
00:44:45.230 --> 00:44:49.489 A:middle L:90%
beams like in this building, bridges, tunnels could

901
00:44:49.489 --> 00:44:52.179 A:middle L:90%
make them out of current fiber beams. And when

902
00:44:52.179 --> 00:44:54.349 A:middle L:90%
you talk to some of the very large construction companies

903
00:44:54.530 --> 00:44:58.090 A:middle L:90%
, they would love to go down this path at

904
00:44:58.090 --> 00:45:00.329 A:middle L:90%
the moment, nobody can afford it. Same when

905
00:45:00.329 --> 00:45:00.989 A:middle L:90%
you go to California and look at some of the

906
00:45:01.000 --> 00:45:04.199 A:middle L:90%
bridges, you've probably seen this, they are wrapped

907
00:45:04.199 --> 00:45:07.630 A:middle L:90%
with these black maths, this is earthquake kind of

908
00:45:07.630 --> 00:45:09.050 A:middle L:90%
protection, that is carbon fiber maths. So we

909
00:45:09.050 --> 00:45:12.909 A:middle L:90%
all know that current fiber has a lot of big

910
00:45:12.920 --> 00:45:15.639 A:middle L:90%
benefits in the construction side. The same. There's

911
00:45:15.639 --> 00:45:17.570 A:middle L:90%
no corrosion if you have carbon fiber reinforced concrete,

912
00:45:17.579 --> 00:45:20.739 A:middle L:90%
if you have carbon fiber in there, so it's

913
00:45:20.739 --> 00:45:22.920 A:middle L:90%
not corroding like what you have in in in steel

914
00:45:22.929 --> 00:45:25.639 A:middle L:90%
, but again, it's too expensive. If you

915
00:45:25.650 --> 00:45:30.210 A:middle L:90%
hypothetically now could achieve this, you would make a

916
00:45:30.210 --> 00:45:32.579 A:middle L:90%
change what I would say from a steel economy to

917
00:45:32.579 --> 00:45:37.170 A:middle L:90%
a carbon fiber economy, this would suddenly change the

918
00:45:37.170 --> 00:45:40.119 A:middle L:90%
whole scope on biofuels because suddenly there's much more value

919
00:45:40.119 --> 00:45:43.199 A:middle L:90%
than in the carbon fiber than it is in fuel

920
00:45:43.289 --> 00:45:45.880 A:middle L:90%
, and it would be created here in the US

921
00:45:45.889 --> 00:45:49.599 A:middle L:90%
, You would not basically take this and take a

922
00:45:49.599 --> 00:45:51.710 A:middle L:90%
plant from china and bring it here, you would

923
00:45:51.719 --> 00:45:52.510 A:middle L:90%
grow the plant here and we in the US to

924
00:45:52.510 --> 00:45:57.289 A:middle L:90%
the world leaders in productivity in agriculture, so you

925
00:45:57.289 --> 00:46:00.019 A:middle L:90%
would have your agriculture to produce the lignin to create

926
00:46:00.030 --> 00:46:02.639 A:middle L:90%
the current five, and it would suddenly create a

927
00:46:02.650 --> 00:46:07.380 A:middle L:90%
good technology jobs in the rural area where you produce

928
00:46:07.380 --> 00:46:09.389 A:middle L:90%
the biomass. So the idea is really linking this

929
00:46:09.400 --> 00:46:13.239 A:middle L:90%
to the biofuel industry and having this as a synergy

930
00:46:13.250 --> 00:46:15.579 A:middle L:90%
and the reason why steal, because if you do

931
00:46:15.579 --> 00:46:16.900 A:middle L:90%
fuel, you need to have a market which is

932
00:46:16.900 --> 00:46:21.199 A:middle L:90%
big and you need to have even a bigger market

933
00:46:21.199 --> 00:46:22.469 A:middle L:90%
than than steel is, but it would be a

934
00:46:22.480 --> 00:46:25.619 A:middle L:90%
very good start. So a little bit long minded

935
00:46:25.619 --> 00:46:28.849 A:middle L:90%
answer, but it's, it's, that's what we

936
00:46:28.849 --> 00:46:34.820 A:middle L:90%
would like to go. It's gonna resonate with period

937
00:46:34.820 --> 00:46:37.289 A:middle L:90%
, just open it over here. Or is it

938
00:46:37.449 --> 00:46:42.099 A:middle L:90%
pretty much this one specific here, this kind of

939
00:46:42.099 --> 00:46:44.380 A:middle L:90%
thing. So it's, it's both. So when

940
00:46:44.380 --> 00:46:46.429 A:middle L:90%
we have the sustainable campus initiative, so where we

941
00:46:46.429 --> 00:46:50.090 A:middle L:90%
, of course this is also do we order where

942
00:46:50.090 --> 00:46:53.170 A:middle L:90%
we're looking into everything from recycling too. We have

943
00:46:53.170 --> 00:46:57.550 A:middle L:90%
violence charging program, we have solar stations. So

944
00:46:57.550 --> 00:46:59.300 A:middle L:90%
we're doing a lot of this within Oak Ridge,

945
00:46:59.679 --> 00:47:02.699 A:middle L:90%
but then there's also the overarching theme and that's mostly

946
00:47:02.699 --> 00:47:06.250 A:middle L:90%
because all if you look at this, a lot

947
00:47:06.250 --> 00:47:09.110 A:middle L:90%
of the areas what I have here on on this

948
00:47:09.110 --> 00:47:13.150 A:middle L:90%
slide is run out of how directorate. So when

949
00:47:13.150 --> 00:47:15.530 A:middle L:90%
we're doing buildings were doing great. we're doing a

950
00:47:15.530 --> 00:47:17.119 A:middle L:90%
lot of the energy technology, we're doing climate,

951
00:47:17.280 --> 00:47:21.409 A:middle L:90%
we do transportation and we do manufacturing. So,

952
00:47:21.409 --> 00:47:22.389 A:middle L:90%
so what I showed you and some of the elements

953
00:47:22.400 --> 00:47:25.389 A:middle L:90%
be from our management, also trying to integrate this

954
00:47:25.400 --> 00:47:29.469 A:middle L:90%
up to see what how do you link this together

955
00:47:29.469 --> 00:47:31.239 A:middle L:90%
? So, for example, a very interesting idea

956
00:47:31.250 --> 00:47:35.849 A:middle L:90%
right now, can you create a building without going

957
00:47:35.860 --> 00:47:37.409 A:middle L:90%
being grid lists? And then of course, the

958
00:47:37.409 --> 00:47:39.519 A:middle L:90%
idea, the interesting thing is if you look at

959
00:47:39.519 --> 00:47:43.070 A:middle L:90%
the way we're doing transportation, there's all the building

960
00:47:43.070 --> 00:47:46.300 A:middle L:90%
technology and then there's transportation. So hypothetically if you

961
00:47:46.300 --> 00:47:49.480 A:middle L:90%
would create a car and you know, you're using

962
00:47:49.480 --> 00:47:52.460 A:middle L:90%
your quality five of the day, so you're having

963
00:47:52.460 --> 00:47:54.750 A:middle L:90%
a very interesting power plant sitting outside your parking lot

964
00:47:54.760 --> 00:47:58.130 A:middle L:90%
. That's not the way we're looking at transportation a

965
00:47:58.130 --> 00:48:00.789 A:middle L:90%
car. If you just drive, Let's see here

966
00:48:00.789 --> 00:48:02.099 A:middle L:90%
for Prius and you're driving on the highway with about

967
00:48:02.099 --> 00:48:05.639 A:middle L:90%
60. Do you create so much energy that you

968
00:48:05.639 --> 00:48:08.170 A:middle L:90%
can power to houses? So what would happen if

969
00:48:08.170 --> 00:48:13.000 A:middle L:90%
you design a car that you can create electricity markets

970
00:48:13.000 --> 00:48:15.079 A:middle L:90%
sitting in your garage and you're charging your house?

971
00:48:15.469 --> 00:48:16.619 A:middle L:90%
So when this is this is some of these elements

972
00:48:16.619 --> 00:48:21.420 A:middle L:90%
which uh its we're you know, we're not designed

973
00:48:21.420 --> 00:48:22.829 A:middle L:90%
like this because building and transportation is a very different

974
00:48:22.840 --> 00:48:25.690 A:middle L:90%
beast. But I think from a form of sustainable

975
00:48:25.699 --> 00:48:29.500 A:middle L:90%
sustainability concept, we need to bring some of these

976
00:48:29.510 --> 00:49:02.360 A:middle L:90%
stovepipes together please. Thank you. Mhm. So

977
00:49:02.360 --> 00:49:05.750 A:middle L:90%
I'm not exactly sure if I understood your questions but

978
00:49:05.760 --> 00:49:07.320 A:middle L:90%
how you separate this. So you know this is

979
00:49:07.320 --> 00:49:12.079 A:middle L:90%
very easy because the nanoparticle is uh segment to the

980
00:49:12.090 --> 00:49:14.010 A:middle L:90%
to the bottom of the permanent, so many permanent

981
00:49:14.010 --> 00:49:19.039 A:middle L:90%
like this you just stop stirring and then the nanoparticles

982
00:49:19.050 --> 00:49:22.070 A:middle L:90%
sediment faster than the bacteria and you just suck it

983
00:49:22.070 --> 00:49:25.190 A:middle L:90%
off from the bottom and it's almost pure and then

984
00:49:25.190 --> 00:49:29.519 A:middle L:90%
bacteria later they're floating longer. So basically you just

985
00:49:29.519 --> 00:49:30.980 A:middle L:90%
stop it, the other part of the sediment,

986
00:49:31.170 --> 00:49:34.900 A:middle L:90%
you take them off and then you continue the growth

987
00:49:49.570 --> 00:49:52.159 A:middle L:90%
. So we have seen this and this is honestly

988
00:49:52.159 --> 00:49:52.949 A:middle L:90%
was one of the big problems at the beginning that

989
00:49:52.949 --> 00:49:54.769 A:middle L:90%
you have the same, that all the narrow products

990
00:49:54.769 --> 00:49:58.139 A:middle L:90%
they aggregated into this big clumps. And they were

991
00:49:58.139 --> 00:50:00.389 A:middle L:90%
also so and I don't know the details, honesty

992
00:50:00.400 --> 00:50:04.079 A:middle L:90%
. Uh but they figured out a way that they

993
00:50:04.079 --> 00:50:07.219 A:middle L:90%
are not aggregating altogether. So they're still they're still

994
00:50:07.230 --> 00:50:09.909 A:middle L:90%
nicely and separated. So then they then they are

995
00:50:09.909 --> 00:50:13.590 A:middle L:90%
. But then then and this is perhaps what?

996
00:50:13.599 --> 00:50:15.389 A:middle L:90%
But I think the biggest challenges right now that if

997
00:50:15.389 --> 00:50:20.920 A:middle L:90%
you have chemically synthesized nanoparticles versus nanoparticles produced by this

998
00:50:20.920 --> 00:50:23.150 A:middle L:90%
technology, a lot of our material guys do not

999
00:50:23.159 --> 00:50:25.510 A:middle L:90%
know or have to learn how to work with them

1000
00:50:25.510 --> 00:50:29.480 A:middle L:90%
because they behave very differently. Because a lot if

1001
00:50:29.480 --> 00:50:31.480 A:middle L:90%
you do some of the chemical synthesis, this particles

1002
00:50:31.480 --> 00:50:35.329 A:middle L:90%
come out and and having a very different characteristics,

1003
00:50:35.329 --> 00:50:37.599 A:middle L:90%
they're they're more hydrophobic. These guys are hydro filic

1004
00:50:37.610 --> 00:50:40.619 A:middle L:90%
. So I rethink that there still might be some

1005
00:50:40.619 --> 00:50:45.119 A:middle L:90%
small protein residues left on on there nanoparticles, which

1006
00:50:45.130 --> 00:50:47.070 A:middle L:90%
creates a very different behavior if you want to make

1007
00:50:47.070 --> 00:50:50.550 A:middle L:90%
some thin films. So it's very different to bring

1008
00:50:50.550 --> 00:50:52.969 A:middle L:90%
them out in a thin film. Clumping is a

1009
00:50:52.969 --> 00:50:55.739 A:middle L:90%
problem. So this is exactly were we working on

1010
00:50:55.750 --> 00:50:59.389 A:middle L:90%
the production is, in my opinion, done.

1011
00:50:59.760 --> 00:51:00.980 A:middle L:90%
So that's not the problem. But then how to

1012
00:51:00.980 --> 00:51:04.159 A:middle L:90%
work with these materials, How can how can you

1013
00:51:04.159 --> 00:51:07.829 A:middle L:90%
create uniform films that they're all touching to create the

1014
00:51:07.039 --> 00:51:12.190 A:middle L:90%
properties you want and so on. Thank you.

1015
00:51:16.559 --> 00:51:22.300 A:middle L:90%
So if you look if you look under uh,

1016
00:51:22.309 --> 00:51:25.780 A:middle L:90%
Tommy Phelps P. H E L. P S

1017
00:51:27.559 --> 00:51:29.980 A:middle L:90%
. And so he, he published some of his

1018
00:51:29.980 --> 00:51:34.800 A:middle L:90%
papers and probably also chat duty. D. U

1019
00:51:34.800 --> 00:51:37.780 A:middle L:90%
. T. Y D U T Y. Yeah

1020
00:51:37.789 --> 00:51:40.449 A:middle L:90%
. So he's actually Virginia tech graph. So he

1021
00:51:40.460 --> 00:51:45.320 A:middle L:90%
is also working with this one. The question one

1022
00:51:45.320 --> 00:51:49.139 A:middle L:90%
thing missing from your talk that can receive from the

1023
00:51:49.139 --> 00:51:52.369 A:middle L:90%
favorite game. Mm praying to see a two problems

1024
00:51:52.380 --> 00:51:54.489 A:middle L:90%
. Was hoping to see a magic bullet. God

1025
00:51:54.860 --> 00:51:58.199 A:middle L:90%
is the answer to sustainable community. Is that,

1026
00:51:58.210 --> 00:52:00.050 A:middle L:90%
is that what we really have to get out or

1027
00:52:00.329 --> 00:52:02.940 A:middle L:90%
in your opinion that are now the energy research,

1028
00:52:02.940 --> 00:52:05.960 A:middle L:90%
If you see what, what makes a dent in

1029
00:52:05.960 --> 00:52:08.909 A:middle L:90%
that problem, it's not battlefields, right? Because

1030
00:52:08.909 --> 00:52:14.570 A:middle L:90%
that's uh, yeah. Honestly, if you would

1031
00:52:14.570 --> 00:52:15.329 A:middle L:90%
have talked to me five years ago, I would

1032
00:52:15.329 --> 00:52:20.619 A:middle L:90%
have told you that the metric bullet is a combination

1033
00:52:20.630 --> 00:52:23.239 A:middle L:90%
of uh, different renewables such as power, fuel

1034
00:52:23.250 --> 00:52:27.980 A:middle L:90%
, solar and wind. Um, I think it

1035
00:52:27.980 --> 00:52:30.869 A:middle L:90%
will not happen right now because the natural gas we

1036
00:52:30.869 --> 00:52:35.710 A:middle L:90%
discovered is changing everything. So I'll tell you what

1037
00:52:35.710 --> 00:52:38.980 A:middle L:90%
I'm worried is we could see and use natural gas

1038
00:52:38.980 --> 00:52:43.500 A:middle L:90%
as a tremendous opportunity for a country to take the

1039
00:52:43.500 --> 00:52:46.179 A:middle L:90%
20 years. create a long term energy policy using

1040
00:52:46.179 --> 00:52:49.599 A:middle L:90%
this gas instead of now what we're doing and we're

1041
00:52:49.599 --> 00:52:52.179 A:middle L:90%
starting to build a building all these terminals. We

1042
00:52:52.190 --> 00:52:53.300 A:middle L:90%
, we, we, we take this the gas

1043
00:52:53.300 --> 00:52:54.989 A:middle L:90%
out of the ground, bring it to the terminal's

1044
00:52:55.000 --> 00:52:58.639 A:middle L:90%
shipping to china that they can continue to produce our

1045
00:52:58.639 --> 00:53:01.469 A:middle L:90%
goods. We then import again, Instead of creating

1046
00:53:01.469 --> 00:53:05.630 A:middle L:90%
a long-term energy policy to use the cheap natural gas

1047
00:53:05.639 --> 00:53:07.829 A:middle L:90%
on a long term, 20 years to create the

1048
00:53:07.829 --> 00:53:10.619 A:middle L:90%
renewables what you need after the natural gas. Unfortunately

1049
00:53:10.619 --> 00:53:14.090 A:middle L:90%
, think we will not do this. Um,

1050
00:53:14.099 --> 00:53:15.809 A:middle L:90%
it's also interesting if you then talk and you've probably

1051
00:53:15.809 --> 00:53:19.590 A:middle L:90%
seen all the reports, we will be, uh

1052
00:53:19.599 --> 00:53:23.159 A:middle L:90%
, exporter of crude oil very soon. Uh,

1053
00:53:23.170 --> 00:53:27.320 A:middle L:90%
but then now what's happening is that other countries also

1054
00:53:27.320 --> 00:53:30.119 A:middle L:90%
developing the same drilling technologies like we do. If

1055
00:53:30.119 --> 00:53:30.750 A:middle L:90%
you talk to some of these guys, they think

1056
00:53:30.750 --> 00:53:35.710 A:middle L:90%
we just have about 7-9 year advantage and they will

1057
00:53:35.710 --> 00:53:38.590 A:middle L:90%
find natural gas in other areas because we don't,

1058
00:53:38.599 --> 00:53:42.480 A:middle L:90%
we are not the only country has these resources there

1059
00:53:43.050 --> 00:53:46.469 A:middle L:90%
. So means we were not unwind burning fossil fuel

1060
00:53:46.849 --> 00:53:51.280 A:middle L:90%
, which means honestly between us, we will not

1061
00:53:51.280 --> 00:53:54.889 A:middle L:90%
stop the bombing. There's no chance. So the

1062
00:53:54.900 --> 00:54:00.570 A:middle L:90%
only hope what I have is that we learn when

1063
00:54:00.570 --> 00:54:04.030 A:middle L:90%
we reach this tipping point and this is this is

1064
00:54:04.039 --> 00:54:06.230 A:middle L:90%
this is my big fear. Always make this at

1065
00:54:06.230 --> 00:54:07.550 A:middle L:90%
this tough discussion with a couple of folks there,

1066
00:54:07.550 --> 00:54:09.769 A:middle L:90%
of course in some cells, a lot of people

1067
00:54:09.769 --> 00:54:13.300 A:middle L:90%
still think it's all bogus about changing the climate and

1068
00:54:13.300 --> 00:54:15.639 A:middle L:90%
the environment. But I would say because we all

1069
00:54:15.650 --> 00:54:19.429 A:middle L:90%
know in in in Knoxville Tennessee because of T.

1070
00:54:19.429 --> 00:54:20.440 A:middle L:90%
V. A. We have a lot of nuclear

1071
00:54:20.440 --> 00:54:22.050 A:middle L:90%
power plants. And I said, okay, what

1072
00:54:22.050 --> 00:54:23.699 A:middle L:90%
would you do if you live in the radius?

1073
00:54:23.699 --> 00:54:27.380 A:middle L:90%
Lots of 20 miles of our nuclear power plant.

1074
00:54:27.389 --> 00:54:29.630 A:middle L:90%
And the ceo of T. V. A.

1075
00:54:29.630 --> 00:54:30.400 A:middle L:90%
Would get up and said, guys, I'm really

1076
00:54:30.400 --> 00:54:34.590 A:middle L:90%
sorry, but there's about 5 to 10% likelihood that

1077
00:54:34.590 --> 00:54:37.880 A:middle L:90%
the nuclear power plant has a major male function.

1078
00:54:37.880 --> 00:54:40.760 A:middle L:90%
And we're emitting all the Iraqi activity In the next

1079
00:54:40.769 --> 00:54:44.500 A:middle L:90%
20 to 50 years. People wake up ballistic,

1080
00:54:44.510 --> 00:54:45.820 A:middle L:90%
I wouldn't like to live beside a power plant which

1081
00:54:45.820 --> 00:54:50.260 A:middle L:90%
has let's say 10 probability to To melt in in

1082
00:54:50.269 --> 00:54:52.110 A:middle L:90%
in in the next 20 to 50 years. So

1083
00:54:52.110 --> 00:54:54.940 A:middle L:90%
now let's talk about climate. So if a climate

1084
00:54:54.940 --> 00:54:58.989 A:middle L:90%
scientist says, well, there there's a 5-10 chance

1085
00:54:59.019 --> 00:55:00.699 A:middle L:90%
that our data are correct, and this is very

1086
00:55:00.699 --> 00:55:04.679 A:middle L:90%
conservative, but we don't worry about it. We

1087
00:55:04.679 --> 00:55:07.150 A:middle L:90%
don't have we don't have an emergency plan. If

1088
00:55:07.150 --> 00:55:09.070 A:middle L:90%
you if you run a nuclear power plant, you

1089
00:55:09.070 --> 00:55:12.380 A:middle L:90%
have an emergency plan. You know what you would

1090
00:55:12.389 --> 00:55:15.570 A:middle L:90%
do in this case for from from the climate side

1091
00:55:15.579 --> 00:55:16.110 A:middle L:90%
, we don't have an emergency. We don't know

1092
00:55:16.110 --> 00:55:19.889 A:middle L:90%
anything. We don't even know what is the natural

1093
00:55:19.889 --> 00:55:22.519 A:middle L:90%
way of of what could we do? We don't

1094
00:55:22.519 --> 00:55:25.920 A:middle L:90%
even worry about it. And this is a lot

1095
00:55:25.920 --> 00:55:29.210 A:middle L:90%
of interesting discussion, especially if you go to Washington

1096
00:55:29.219 --> 00:55:32.610 A:middle L:90%
because uh, none of our politicians are voice about

1097
00:55:32.619 --> 00:55:36.820 A:middle L:90%
this. And look, I'm not saying That we

1098
00:55:36.829 --> 00:55:37.980 A:middle L:90%
all need to become treehugger, that's not what I'm

1099
00:55:37.980 --> 00:55:39.530 A:middle L:90%
saying. So, look, we are the best

1100
00:55:39.530 --> 00:55:43.099 A:middle L:90%
example. I have a F350 to pull my horses

1101
00:55:43.110 --> 00:55:45.260 A:middle L:90%
, so I'm not saying we need to do this

1102
00:55:45.639 --> 00:55:46.789 A:middle L:90%
, but it would be nice to take the smartest

1103
00:55:46.800 --> 00:55:50.789 A:middle L:90%
people around the whole world together and and talk about

1104
00:55:50.789 --> 00:55:53.420 A:middle L:90%
this. What would we do if we would hit

1105
00:55:53.420 --> 00:55:55.610 A:middle L:90%
some of the tipping points? And then I'm talking

1106
00:55:55.610 --> 00:55:58.869 A:middle L:90%
about the tipping points. The model predicts that at

1107
00:55:58.869 --> 00:56:01.909 A:middle L:90%
a certain concentration and we don't know when or when

1108
00:56:01.909 --> 00:56:06.199 A:middle L:90%
we reach this level, that we might see significant

1109
00:56:06.199 --> 00:56:08.059 A:middle L:90%
changes. You probably all read this that that some

1110
00:56:08.059 --> 00:56:10.530 A:middle L:90%
of the hydrates might come up or some of the

1111
00:56:10.530 --> 00:56:15.039 A:middle L:90%
jet stream might might change. So, so we

1112
00:56:15.039 --> 00:56:17.409 A:middle L:90%
see tremendous potential. The model suggests that this has

1113
00:56:17.409 --> 00:56:21.460 A:middle L:90%
huge impacts, potentially. We don't worry about it

1114
00:56:21.929 --> 00:56:23.340 A:middle L:90%
. And and that's that's what the sometimes would like

1115
00:56:23.340 --> 00:56:28.190 A:middle L:90%
to see. Just an idea. How would we

1116
00:56:28.190 --> 00:56:30.090 A:middle L:90%
deal with this province, Because frankly, I gave

1117
00:56:30.090 --> 00:56:31.849 A:middle L:90%
up that we're stopping it. It will not happen

1118
00:56:32.929 --> 00:56:35.610 A:middle L:90%
. So we all have to move further north.

1119
00:56:35.619 --> 00:56:36.960 A:middle L:90%
And again, I said, I don't want to

1120
00:56:37.429 --> 00:56:39.110 A:middle L:90%
I wouldn't like to live in florida. Well,

1121
00:56:39.119 --> 00:56:44.940 A:middle L:90%
you know that someone has been positive, but that

1122
00:56:44.949 --> 00:56:45.960 A:middle L:90%
doctor we would have a small gift for you from

1123
00:56:46.429 --> 00:56:51.320 A:middle L:90%
. Because thank you again for speaking with us.

1124
00:56:51.320 --> 00:56:59.349 A:middle L:90%
And let's give Dr Keller thank you. Thank you

1125
 -->  A:middle L:90%
.