And as you can see I am not our director Maria Elisa Christie. I am Daniel Sumner.
I'm the assistant director for our Women and Gender in International Development program.
This is our second event this semester for the women and gender international development
speakers series. We're doing things a little bit different this year in the spring semester. We're
actually hosting a women and gender development conference here at Virginia Tech the end of
February and March love to see students there tell your students tell your friends other universities
love to have you here at that event. I'd also like to thank our sponsor Outreach and International
Affairs today and again as we always do we would just like to acknowledge first that this event is
being held on the traditional lands of the Tutelo and Monacan people, original custodians of this
land. while so we were passing out a sign-in sheet earlier please make sure if you don't see that
sheet running around just kind of sign in at the back sign out before you leave it always helps us
kind of track who we're serving their departments undergraduate students our graduate students
again the full calendar of our discussion series and information about the conference next semester
is on our website excellent so today the pres our presentation our speaker Dr. Ozzie Abaye will last
about 40 minutes with time for questions we do have the full room till two o'clock so if you
want to stand say afterwards and ask after buy a question feel free but around two o'clock we have
to clear out but grab a bagel on your way out. So again it's my immense pleasure now to introduce
our speaker today, Dr. Ozzie Abaye, who I've known a long time and she's known me since well before I
was here today. So Dr. Abaye is a professor in the School of Plant and Environmental Sciences
here at Virginia Tech and while she finds teaching international work extremely rewarding, the aspect
of her position that she prizes the most is her interaction with advisees. As an advisor
she strives to provide foster opportunities for meaningful interactions locally and globally.
For over 20 years she has been involved in international research development and education.
One of her highly valued research and development work is in Senegal where she is involved with a
project dealing with human and institutional capacity and agricultural teaching research
training and in order to serve public and private partner sectors in Senegal. So without further
ado I'm going to turn it over to Dr. Abaye and let's welcome here with a nice round of applause.
Well I'm going to shout so you can hear me. I'm not really shy person so if I look uh agitated
because i i came in late last night so uh but I'm okay uh thank you for coming and I can't believe
there's many people here to listen to me my students are here because i told them i'll
give them credits the rest of you that you know thank you for being here and uh keep more i am so
happy to see you i never thought i would say this because of our history i am so happy to see you
so and also i wanna i want you know i feel like that confessing I am not a gender specialist I
am an agronomist so please don't look into this presentation too deeply you know so I am an
agronomist who happened to be working with women so I just want to make sure that you know so uh
ah here is the outline of the presentation I'm going to talk about you know a little bit about
the project that actually took me to Senegal um a very um grateful for the project for eight years
uh we did uh assessment intervention uh for the first time i guess that uh maybe two
three months there and uh and i actually are one of the people that because it's
development uh developing countries and to do and development work talk to women i talk to women
and also that that uh so uh these projects i'm going to talk about two projects please don't
also look for data these are really like a story rather telling and so
they were women directed and as you all know that women directed projects end up uh men's hand
when they become profitable and that has happened to these two projects i'm going to talk about too
although that i have fought so i will talk about the two projects
so usa the era as a project actually took me to Senegal it was we started 2010. i was there
inauguration and i was there when they closed it eight years so it provided me tremendous amount
of um opportunities that's uh that's for sure so and i as you can see the number agriculture
is extremely vital for that country and as a person within agriculture agriculturalists
it was it was a tremendous opportunity for me to see and actually that to learn and
hopefully to contribute uh again that that you see this statistics that a lot of uh these
are agriculture-based countries that most of it the work is actually done by women so
do i know that before i got there yes i do but i just did not know the extent and so usaid
era i was involved in education research and governance and i was involved in education as well
i worked with we worked with at least 11 12 institutions capacity building i was heavily
involved with schools and research also mainly that that conservation ag and also uh pedagogical
research also we have done there and a lot of outreach have done a lot of outreach
so here is senegal it's a sub-saharan africa country and so as the location actually indicated
that at least for the challenge for agronomists is that rainfall and growing season pretty pretty
interesting as compared to that watch i have i have done in virginia and surrounding states
so this data actually clearly indicate that the 60 percent of the women actually
involved in agriculture in asia and africa and sub-saharan africa and that is to me that
that's staggering you know that although these this many women are involved in agriculture uh
they their input is not as much valued and also resources are not that available to them so uh
again that this was all uh first of the learning experience um the fact the factory meant that that
women actually are heavily involved in uh small they are smallholder farmers a lot of them and
food security issues rely on them and the security of actually feeding a family heavily rely on them
so uh we uh we actually the first uh i would say six months or so we did a lot of um assessment uh
rapid assessment we did and keith and i actually were in some of these villages and uh it's kind of
interesting that that for a person who is friend in um land grant institution you see a problem you
want to fix it right there and keith was actually my guide although that i fought with him a lot
he told me that that listen to the people talk to people and you know i see a problem i was anxious
i can't fix that you know and he grounded me i mean i really did not like him at all
but you know what are you going to do that is a relationship now and so it was he listen he
said listen listen just sit after five minutes five minutes of listening actually is that you
learn tremendously but i wanna actually listen and do the work in the he wasn't about to have it you
know so i really learned to listen and uh i now i give him credit because i'm much older but uh
early on i just we had a fight we had fights not a fight so some of the things that that we actually
looked at in this village is i am actually trained in grassland and with grassland agriculturally so
it was so easy for me to see some of the problems associated with feed resources you know just
glaring glaring glaring at me you know right there and and so uh try to focus on that
and again this is institutional capacity building and uh as you may understand this that clearly i
was really out to do um like a human capacity building and keith was like pounding on me that
you have to have the institution with me so it's not true but i did and so here as you see that
livestock women are totally surrounded by livestock especially small romance
they tie them behind the house you know the first picture is actually that from
a small village that that uh i worked in in and out in senegal to akuta so again you know it's
easy to zero in that that uh how you know feed resources and lack of fuel resources
will affect these women directly because uh because they need the feed you know so um the
ownership of um you know livestock is an asset in a bank basically that that is something to
fall back on if cloud crop actually failed livestock is always highly dependable uh
they depend on that so in senegal situation that you see this unimodal rainfall that's all you have
no cloud you know before or after so everything that that you actually in terms of livestock feed
that has to be produced during that time but the problem is that it's also that the crop is isn't
so there's tremendous amount of conflict you know that that um and also the labor is not there
to save uh for people to get involved in saving conserving this fit no matter how
important they think it is and so during the dry period usually you see these animals dead
that is really the worst thing that that you see you they just die because it's nothing
and as you see that the green uh the pointer doesn't work it works on a wall what good is that
but not on the slide so it just doesn't make sense does it uh so danielle has nothing to do with you
and then you see that that during the growing season you see all these green forages
underutilized again because some of the reason is because they they actually take all the livestock
out of the village because they interfere with the crops so they are more fit during the rainy season
but no livestock really to utilize it so there's an excess during the rainy
season in those villages so uh again that by the when the animals come back
there's a crop residue but most of the natural forage uh is basically gone here is to just
illustrate what i'm talking about early on that for about four months you have access high
quality a high quantity fed and then that november december uh you have the quantity not the quality
and mid-december january and until february you have i guess some crop residue again that's
also conflicting if you are actually trying to do soil fertility work or that i want to
maintain ground cover you can't because they will utilize it for livestock and so and there
is no biomass there's no quality or quantity and that's when you see actually animals dead
so uh as i said that that again this is a lesson that i learned from the social scientists that you
have to actually learn to develop although that you have the problem already isolated you know
what the problem is you cannot do anything unless you have relationship trust so i learned that very
quickly that's not something that i learned during my phd or afterward but that's something i learned
on the field and i i always tell my international students are involved in international work
that they have to take sociology course and i i they just have to learn how to uh organize
community and how to deal with communities that's important so meetings a lot of meetings talk to
talk to them and not really necessarily that to identify needs because we already know needs
but to actually do the work regardless you know so establish uh this relationship
so this is one of my favorite uh picture uh marching to the through the grassland i
am in the middle of that march every now and then that you see men
i mean there isn't much you can do about that um so and this was a woman project so uh
and uh so you see that the women harvesting the porridges there was one man actually that for
four years he followed us around that was that was painful so um and so what we did was we started
doing hay cutting it and drying it the problem is that in july rain for 24 days
you understand cutting head no drying whether it did not work so he did not work
uh we actually they built the the rock and then uh it was going well later on they told me that that
actually range on low quality hay is better than zero feet later on that's what they told me
but that's true because you are not in the middle of actually the dry season you are not trying
to fight animals you are trying to keep animals alive you know so your goal actually shifts and so
uh we also try to dry stuff and again that's a drying issue but when they chop it up and dried
the lower lift they can actually dry it inside a place that explosure so that was not bad so this
uh so these are the chopped materials and they were storing it in the building so that was fine
uh but then they said what about signage but in total in those kinds of climate signage
actually is not common you know so we we decided that it's just triple silage so
uh again that that um these are steps that to make silage um and you have to chop it and harvest it
and uh selection all the parking storage all that that we actually went through and a lot of our
back and forth biking for a long time you know uh to make them understand the concept
everybody in the village involved and again look at the amount of forage there and
the key was that i do i really i mean i know a lot about plants i actually have written book about
plants but not their plants so i say to the women you have to teach me what they are so uh what
we did was that i told them that goats are very smart i work with goats many years goats are have
what they call uh nutritional wisdom ghosts only eat good stuff so i said let's speak
what the goat eat so they showed me what goats eat so we follow the path
with no goats you know just we acting like goats so that's fine you know uh you have to improvise
and um so we collected all these footages that they believe they're not poisonous that's the key
they are not poisonous and they do understand that they know about those things you know utilizing
their knowledge was extremely important they understand all of it so it just teach me you know
what they are so collecting forages it was all all fun and they and then it seems to me that society
they're also socially organized so they like chit chatting and talking about things so that's fine i
just wish i understood what they're talking about and children also got involved in this election
and uh let's see daniel i have a video down here so again that that i was telling them because it's
the grasses actually you know very well the broadleaf plants i did not know very much so
uh i i we talked about that that the nutritional quality of all these species are different
the grasses and it gives not much legumes there's some legumes casia
so i told them that before they chart make sure that that you have a combination of oranges
with different nutritional status so they pick the grass they pick
the legume they pick the brony plants you can see them you see her sorting it out
she is actually sorting it out before she chop it you know so that was that was very good and uh
i i do have a video here actually dania we need to maybe if i touch it it will come up they look
like they are having fun now yeah yeah but in the background there's a man actually sitting
he just want to make a point here doing nothing yeah oh he left he said he let's go
that's good he left okay so it's very interesting that that i formed a very strong opinion about men
after working in the villages before i didn't have it you know because i was trained by men
i work with men 99.9 percent of my colleagues or my training is all men so i didn't have that
much opinion when i got to the village i really formed opinion so now i am full of opinion so
here it is that that the parking was really hard for a woman and then we opened the silage five to
six days uh five to six weeks uh we evaluate the smell and stuff and you know donkeys are important
in society so we actually gave it to the donkey first so the donkey donkey survived it's nifty
there was a silence man did not like it first you know when went away and came back and ate that
and so horse also at the at the forage so that was okay this inside material was okay so again
we tried all kind of actually techniques remember that everything about the silage the harvesting
they thought it was a woman's job chopping the mainstays of women's job parking this is women's
job so all of it came out to be a woman's job so imagine that women are already burdened you know
and so this the solution i have for them actually was causing them i think pain and i was i was very
worried about that so trying to see what we can do but guess what the the parking was the hardest
one because they have to exclude oxygen from the silage material otherwise it will spoil it
but then i thought about this what about if we actually dig a pit guess what the men did not mind
stomping do you see the man stomping apparently that became a man's job something solved uh so
we also use this vacuum that you use to store clothing
but that's not really sustainable i didn't think that would work it worked but not necessarily uh
there and also that the colleague of mine from engineering um kevin cox coxburg said how is it
yeah kevin kevin actually that worked with me and uh designed this bicycle for chopping the chopping
as well too and then so when you pedal it uh at the bottom there is a knife in between the tires
it will actually chop very well but the flow in the problem is a woman couldn't mount it
you know so that's not good design i went after him about that um
so this what my understanding is that when you are a system designer you actually understand society
and culture that was just a strict design so it did not work the boys loved it so the boys were
actually chopping it so the women said that it would actually work for them if it's hand cranking
so at the bottom you can see that that was a hand cranking one that that that worked but my
understanding is the hand cranking actually they start chopping okra instead of silage
and so um the quality of the forage you know we did taste the forage at one of the institutions
uh insa uh hey as you see that it was raindrop quality not good you can see that it wasn't good
but silence is extremely good so uh the quality is good and then uh and in terms of that that you
have to make a lot of silage if you are feeding it to a large animals my plan was actually to feed
it to small remnants so when they open the silo it has to be faded within two three days so if
you if we make it with a small container that was easy to do that so uh that the idea of including
silage is that that that there's a gap there's a gap in production the gap is during the dry
season so all this gap actually that particular gap can be filled by silage that was really the
point that there's a production gap whatever country you go to we have production go up here
too but we have so many options here so that was that was the point of putting that together so
and just uh switch on to another subject now uh uh mung bean we were also involved monkey bean
how did you remember came about in senegal a graduate student of mine patrick treyan
now who is in thailand he was interested in doing conservation act so conservation act
it has three components so reduced tillage nutella radio stillage and providing
ground cover to the soil is that that planted or leaf crop residue and also diversification
of the cropping system so that's where actually that that mung bean came about mung bean is very
similar to copy uh in terms of production but it has some attributes so here is mung bean
you know all mung bean has a sprout that's a mung bean you eat in the salad bar but
they will not touch sprout but if you think about it one sprout translates to 145 seats
so uh also culturally i don't think they'll need it anyway you know i don't think that that
we we did actually show them the sprout but plus that that sprout is not a very good idea because
of salmonella or other as a problem so stay away from sprout that was not really what we want
so and why again that why mung bean you know it is drought tolerant it is uh uh also that that it
fits that climate it's originally from india but wherever coffee grows it will grow but beyond copy
beyond copy in senegal there is areas that that copy doesn't even do very well and mung bean
does well and temperature no issues and the key is that it shows short cycle
it will actually remember that from planting to harvest that's what is called hunger period so
anything that you can introduce to introduce to reduce the hunger period and diversify you know
the diet is very important so of course that um you can also harvest it at least five times
uh what it is is that the first one and second one the first one is 75 percent of the yield
and then they can go back and forth to harvest until the plant has one leaf left still produced
so it's a it's very good crop and of course it fixed nitrogen just like any other legumes
and so if in association if it's growing in association with millet it will increase yield uh
and so this is what it looks like as i said that that is many seeds
when it matures the seed part is black so that was also something that we have to talk
to them because we didn't want them to think that it's disease you know they never really
ever seen black seed part so a lot a lot of training a lot of them and
so and this is really the key uh look look at the nutritional profile of monk been
especially protein pretty high protein as compared to an iron so uh and i i took
about at least six months understanding how mung bean fits in senegal and why why mung
bean as compared to any other crop so this is some of the attribute of a monkey bean quality
and so knowing that that again nitrogen is contribution to nitrogen or um as a legume crop
it has to be inoculated with bacteria in order to fix nitrogen because the soil
does not have that particular bacteria and so we actually went through training and
that i must say the idea of that that inoculum was larry's idea i did not like it first because
i was delayed with uh again i fight all the time you know it's kind of interesting
larry suggested that we must uh introduce monkvin i mean uh inoculum uh the reason i understood the
whole thing that that would work but my problem is that that i was so nervous about the growing
season delay you know because uh you cannot find inoculum very easily you have to work with the
microbiology lab and all that i just was nervous about putting the crop you know in the ground but
eventually larry won the the fight and uh and then start training people uh how to actually use
inaccurate and uh the women as you can see that we know in alkaline the bacteria is alive therefore
that that it has to be you know you have to take good care of the bacteria uh until it is
mixed with the seed it has to be kept in the cooler they all bring the color look at them
they understood so they are first you know uh we gave them the cooler one time and then
another time i went they all came with the cooler you know so um they they understood that that um
the bacteria need to be um kept on life that is a instruction from the microbiology lab we
gave them about 200 grams of you know 200 grams of seed enough in our column and at
a sticker so they went home and mixed it and planned it the idea is to plant it immediately
and so they they all understood that and so this is a little history of our monkvin we started
early on actually 2011 2012 in the villages and uh and then agenda was that the nutrition project
and so again that larry suggests that we should uh it's monkey bean to become actually the crop for
that country uh we need to we need to look into sustainability we need to look into also that that
that it is um working with the people that will do nutrition work so we partner with them that
was very good partnership um we worked very well with them uh three three regions uh bakkel
matam in kolak region um and um
and we actually had a field day and uh again people just loved mugman
they loved eating it they loved you know uh making it they the women told us that it's easy to handle
uh tastes good it tastes like meat africans don't say taste like meat i'm an african i don't
believe anything tastes like meat but meat i'm a meat eater no so when they say taste like meat
it's very positive they say it tastes like meat we like it it tastes like meat so
you know and so we had a big field day women cook and this picture that of me with a man i didn't
realize actually those are his wives so that was not a good thing for me to be in the middle of it
so i said to myself to be one of the three or the one of the four wives
is better than being a singer i made that calculation so that's all right
so anyway the kids actually you see that that particular area back here
those kids are not really studying for food it's an economically very good area but they love the
taste you see them they're actually fighting for mung bean and and that was we had a whole day just
mung beans the women prepared about five dishes five different dishes out of mung bean
and it was a big celebration so we trained 306 people uh with um
in collaboration with the agenda the project the nutrition project and khao lak the extension i
mean the kowloon north carolina kowloon is a new project uh i'm talking about the extension people
yes ankar the extension organization was with us all the time so we trained this many people
and these are the people who understand mung bean and they understand the production so
one you all know the literature uh and i have heard a lot of things that just because you are
diversifying cropping system it doesn't mean that that their diet is diversified
that just doesn't translate you know that's what anyway the literature indicates so
we want to know if that's really is the case in this case you know because uh we kept hearing
that that monkview price apparently very good and the men were taking it to the uh to the market
so somebody's eating it but not the targeted you know people that that we want to eat it uh so uh
here is that one of the reasons that nutrition is important because there is malnutrition
in senegal as well just like any other west african or african countries in our develop
developing countries so and the quality of this grain and this grain is extremely important
to meet this nutri nutrition need but are they actually eating it so uh tyler virgil
from hnf he did experiment she did a survey work in synagogue and uh she really did extremely good
job with that and so it was that that uh the the dietary diversity assessment she did that
using dds uh 24 hours recall again that that this is that uh something that a learning experience
for me because i don't really i'm not heavily involved with uh this kind of uh work um social
social science so she she basically went through uh three regions where monkey bean is grown and so
there was a mixed method that she used quantitative and qualitative data and
in a quantitative quantitative data she she used women and children they all came with
children um and and with the quantitative we had we had focus focus group and here
is what it looks like they all brought their ideas and this is our irb um approved project
and they came with the ideas they came children some of their children doesn't look like they
are theirs i don't know they grabbed them from the village i don't know but but they off the
the right age so they were all um it was actually uh very good she did this three regions
and uh uh we we had actually that uh about 109 women and then children and it's uh it
was it was interesting that i will show you in detail and some of the the outcome of this
and overall average dds was 5.7 out of the 10 but again that when you look at this they also the
focus group also told us that i mean as you expect most of the the diet actually they eat comes from
their own farm not really purchased so that means that that growing manganese would be very good
and in terms of overall women versus children it's interestingly women eat mung bean and is
it at the expense of the children we don't know but it showed that that women ate mung bean and
which is very good because you know when i go to these meetings with uh to talk about mung bean
it was one occasion actually that that i wasn't really i was kind of mad because this man kept
telling me that my wife a milk milk product milk flour increases when she eats monkey bean why
can't the wife tells me you know why in the world is a man telling me about his wife's milk you know
is increasing so that was a bit irritating but i probably drew apparently true that that women are
eating it because they said that they get a lot of energy from it and you know usually that you
know that women eat at least the women in lust but they're eating monkey they say they get energized
and their milk flow is also high so here it is you know and here is also that what they're saying um
and again that that growing season has a lot to do with with some of this problem because it is in
in most of the the area they can only grow it once but uh the two three regions where they can
grow manga beans three four times so that is that that is very good you know here is the story that
they're telling us the intakes they are they are eating it because they feel good when they eat it
they they have they have energy when they eat it you know and the kids also eat it they mash it
up just like a peanut butter and they put it in a bread and then give the children uh like for
breakfast so they they're using it that way and also the mung bean is actually green when you take
the seed coat of actually yellow inside so they grind it and use it for different purposes as well
and health impact uh again they're telling us they have energy uh the women that in the focus
group they also told us that does increase milk flow i think that that has something to do with
probably that the combination of diet folic acid very high in folic acid my understanding is it's
it's actually involved in milk flow uh mugman uh again that that that is a crucial crucial
it it actually the first crop it comes in in the season and as i said that that uh
that that reduce that that was termed as hunger period it comes early on
and currently that we are screening monkvin those mug beans that we use in senegal hybrid
we are currently uh screening um about we screened about 600 open pollinated
lines and right now we have about 40 with good potential for different regions
we also looking at they're telling us that that they also want to eat the leaves as well
so we are evaluating the leaves because there are some cultures in the leaf that not on
so one variety not going to fit every every region in that country so we're going to probably look at
various varieties and we have as i said that about 10 of them right now that performing
much better than the hybrid so which is good again we are also inoculating uh the the screening we're
not inoculating but uh we are uh and andre is doing a phd work right now there and his project
involves um mung bean and he inaugurated the manga beans and so this is basically the summary um
the you know focusing on women is very crucial and feeding uh feeding families and feeding society
the silent work i felt like that put too much work on the women and uh and that is
uh that wasn't really my intention so if there is actually uh a way to do it they really like
having the signage because uh they are saying that that the accession agents told me that
the women start meeting uh on on tuesday about four o'clock to make silages
so they obviously know the benefit and i'm also thinking that that that's probably also
their their time to be together you know socially that's not actually a bad idea you
know again that that women are overburdened already so i'm not really sure that that
putting more um work on them is a good idea but i mean that's something they have to decide
and uh so uh again i i didn't need to acknowledge all these people
especially the villagers you know and denver i think i have my former graduate student
who is great patrick trail and the first director of the program
i must acknowledge him and of course at pinta some of you know she is my partner always
fatu is a leading person of this project completely but okay just absolutely
and uh tom at the bottom uh and driver that took me around five seven years very important you know
and uh larry
i mean you know even if i don't like him i still have to acknowledge it
so what am i going to do you know and uh at the bottom there
and so kids if i had known you're coming i would have put your picture
thank you excellent so we'll now open it up for questions for ozzie um if you have to leave you
know here but we have about 10 minutes in the room for formal questions and then feel free to
ask that for you to catch up with her later okay i'll take any question or no question
yes will the monkeys be like by just people or people in lifestyle just people just people but
this the the part the seed part actually we we did some analysis and it's good for goats and sheep
they they've been feeding that but the mung bean right now they don't have it to feed animals there
is no way because they really mung bean supply is um in high demand but they don't have it yeah yeah
i think we have a question in the back
or you are yesterday it is it is introduced by the project usa idea
yeah and uh no west africa but now actually we uh it was a request by
uh some researchers in mali so it's grown in mali and then recently we also have a partner in uh
nigeria so it might actually be a west africa crop but in east africa it is it is one of the
uh like food legume crops yeah but it is new to uh west africa
yes it was probably in the 1970s when the tobacco farmers in southwest virginia and south side were
realizing the subsidy was coming off of tobacco right so we did a big project with extension and
horticulture and women in development mary rojas john caldwell and i was the extension coordinator
and what we found was that an alternative crop for tobacco would be broccoli of course the farmers
are going oh i got some flowers on my cabbage here so they've never grown broccoli before but as they
just because of the greenhouse you know yeah yeah yeah and they could grow two crops a year but the
point is we had a side-by-side project that did net economic benefit and nutritional benefit so
they introduced this entire concept of nnb where you look at what people were eating in their diet
before and then what got substituted i eat broccoli and you know then that nutritional
benefit was very high there so i just wanted to tell you that they they do have that nutritional
benefit to go along with non-economic benefit or community benefits eventually i think that
it will be uh economic analysis right now and now we don't have it yeah that's a good point yeah how
uh it's selling it how much yes 2 000 safer 2 500 safer per per kilo how is that john
yes you mentioned with the stylish importance of the the labor burden for the women that are
working in the project um two questions you mentioned your person like the the perception
on that process did they have any uh what they indicated on how that was affecting their overall
labor they never said it because uh the agent i didn't think they were doing it after a while
but the agents say they were meeting tuesdays you know
tuesdays and uh i i think it has something to do with the social also socialization is you know
like this kitchen space that is like a space you know for them to come together but also that that
i can see them that that sometimes they would be 10 or 20 chopping you can see the women coming
in for maybe like 15 to 20 minutes and they go back you you can see that they have some other
duties as well that's not the only thing they do so i mean i my my um my understanding is it is
additional work yeah i think as you just mentioned the social aspect that maybe that that trade
but also the agent the local agents are working with them
yes can you explain just again why they won't eat the sprouts i i missed a little bit of that
well that's proud uh culturally it's not it's not accepted you know they that we actually is proud
we i have a sprouted that that uh bozon gave me i took it there you know we sprouted it
they would not touch it uh but the other thing is i'm also worried about salmonella
and you know there's livestock and manure and everything no i don't want to really entertain
that but uh the other thing is that that listen to the calculation one sprout is over 100 seats
you know so it doesn't quite calculate right yeah yeah yeah you're welcome
any more questions well it's not a
massage thank you again for coming today