WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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And as you can see I am not our director 
Maria Elisa Christie. I am Daniel Sumner.  

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I'm the assistant director for our Women and 
Gender in International Development program.  

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This is our second event this semester for 
the women and gender international development  

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speakers series. We're doing things a little bit 
different this year in the spring semester. We're  

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actually hosting a women and gender development 
conference here at Virginia Tech the end of  

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February and March love to see students there tell 
your students tell your friends other universities  

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love to have you here at that event. I'd also like 
to thank our sponsor Outreach and International  

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Affairs today and again as we always do we would 
just like to acknowledge first that this event is  

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being held on the traditional lands of the Tutelo 
and Monacan people, original custodians of this  

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land. while so we were passing out a sign-in sheet 
earlier please make sure if you don't see that  

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sheet running around just kind of sign in at the 
back sign out before you leave it always helps us  

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kind of track who we're serving their departments 
undergraduate students our graduate students  

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again the full calendar of our discussion series 
and information about the conference next semester  

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is on our website excellent so today the pres our 
presentation our speaker Dr. Ozzie Abaye will last  

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about 40 minutes with time for questions we do 
have the full room till two o'clock so if you  

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want to stand say afterwards and ask after buy a 
question feel free but around two o'clock we have  

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to clear out but grab a bagel on your way out. So 
again it's my immense pleasure now to introduce  

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our speaker today, Dr. Ozzie Abaye, who I've known 
a long time and she's known me since well before I  

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was here today. So Dr. Abaye is a professor in 
the School of Plant and Environmental Sciences  

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here at Virginia Tech and while she finds teaching 
international work extremely rewarding, the aspect  

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of her position that she prizes the most is 
her interaction with advisees. As an advisor  

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she strives to provide foster opportunities for 
meaningful interactions locally and globally.  

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For over 20 years she has been involved in 
international research development and education.  

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One of her highly valued research and development 
work is in Senegal where she is involved with a  

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project dealing with human and institutional 
capacity and agricultural teaching research  

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training and in order to serve public and private 
partner sectors in Senegal. So without further  

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ado I'm going to turn it over to Dr. Abaye and 
let's welcome here with a nice round of applause.  

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Well I'm going to shout so you can hear me. I'm 
not really shy person so if I look uh agitated  

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because i i came in late last night so uh but I'm 
okay uh thank you for coming and I can't believe  

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there's many people here to listen to me my 
students are here because i told them i'll  

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give them credits the rest of you that you know 
thank you for being here and uh keep more i am so  

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happy to see you i never thought i would say this 
because of our history i am so happy to see you  

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so and also i wanna i want you know i feel like 
that confessing I am not a gender specialist I  

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am an agronomist so please don't look into this 
presentation too deeply you know so I am an  

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agronomist who happened to be working with women 
so I just want to make sure that you know so uh  

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ah here is the outline of the presentation I'm 
going to talk about you know a little bit about  

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the project that actually took me to Senegal um a 
very um grateful for the project for eight years  

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uh we did uh assessment intervention uh for 
the first time i guess that uh maybe two  

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three months there and uh and i actually 
are one of the people that because it's  

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development uh developing countries and to do and 
development work talk to women i talk to women  

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and also that that uh so uh these projects i'm 
going to talk about two projects please don't  

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also look for data these are really 
like a story rather telling and so  

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they were women directed and as you all know 
that women directed projects end up uh men's hand  

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when they become profitable and that has happened 
to these two projects i'm going to talk about too  

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although that i have fought so i 
will talk about the two projects  

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so usa the era as a project actually took me 
to Senegal it was we started 2010. i was there  

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inauguration and i was there when they closed it 
eight years so it provided me tremendous amount  

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of um opportunities that's uh that's for sure 
so and i as you can see the number agriculture  

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is extremely vital for that country and as 
a person within agriculture agriculturalists  

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it was it was a tremendous opportunity for 
me to see and actually that to learn and  

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hopefully to contribute uh again that that 
you see this statistics that a lot of uh these  

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are agriculture-based countries that most 
of it the work is actually done by women so  

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do i know that before i got there yes i do but 
i just did not know the extent and so usaid  

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era i was involved in education research and 
governance and i was involved in education as well  

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i worked with we worked with at least 11 12 
institutions capacity building i was heavily  

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involved with schools and research also mainly 
that that conservation ag and also uh pedagogical  

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research also we have done there and a lot 
of outreach have done a lot of outreach  

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so here is senegal it's a sub-saharan africa 
country and so as the location actually indicated  

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that at least for the challenge for agronomists 
is that rainfall and growing season pretty pretty  

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interesting as compared to that watch i have 
i have done in virginia and surrounding states

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so this data actually clearly indicate 
that the 60 percent of the women actually  

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involved in agriculture in asia and africa 
and sub-saharan africa and that is to me that  

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that's staggering you know that although these 
this many women are involved in agriculture uh  

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they their input is not as much valued and also 
resources are not that available to them so uh  

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again that this was all uh first of the learning 
experience um the fact the factory meant that that  

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women actually are heavily involved in uh small 
they are smallholder farmers a lot of them and  

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food security issues rely on them and the security 
of actually feeding a family heavily rely on them

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so uh we uh we actually the first uh i would say 
six months or so we did a lot of um assessment uh  

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rapid assessment we did and keith and i actually 
were in some of these villages and uh it's kind of  

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interesting that that for a person who is friend 
in um land grant institution you see a problem you  

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want to fix it right there and keith was actually 
my guide although that i fought with him a lot  

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he told me that that listen to the people talk to 
people and you know i see a problem i was anxious  

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i can't fix that you know and he grounded 
me i mean i really did not like him at all

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but you know what are you going to do that is 
a relationship now and so it was he listen he  

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said listen listen just sit after five minutes 
five minutes of listening actually is that you  

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learn tremendously but i wanna actually listen and 
do the work in the he wasn't about to have it you  

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know so i really learned to listen and uh i now 
i give him credit because i'm much older but uh  

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early on i just we had a fight we had fights not a 
fight so some of the things that that we actually  

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looked at in this village is i am actually trained 
in grassland and with grassland agriculturally so  

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it was so easy for me to see some of the problems 
associated with feed resources you know just  

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glaring glaring glaring at me you know right 
there and and so uh try to focus on that  

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and again this is institutional capacity building 
and uh as you may understand this that clearly i  

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was really out to do um like a human capacity 
building and keith was like pounding on me that  

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you have to have the institution with me so it's 
not true but i did and so here as you see that  

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livestock women are totally surrounded 
by livestock especially small romance  

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they tie them behind the house you know 
the first picture is actually that from  

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a small village that that uh i worked in in and 
out in senegal to akuta so again you know it's  

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easy to zero in that that uh how you know 
feed resources and lack of fuel resources  

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will affect these women directly because uh 
because they need the feed you know so um the  

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ownership of um you know livestock is an asset 
in a bank basically that that is something to  

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fall back on if cloud crop actually failed 
livestock is always highly dependable uh  

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they depend on that so in senegal situation that 
you see this unimodal rainfall that's all you have  

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no cloud you know before or after so everything 
that that you actually in terms of livestock feed  

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that has to be produced during that time but the 
problem is that it's also that the crop is isn't  

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so there's tremendous amount of conflict you 
know that that um and also the labor is not there  

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to save uh for people to get involved in 
saving conserving this fit no matter how  

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important they think it is and so during the 
dry period usually you see these animals dead  

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that is really the worst thing that that you 
see you they just die because it's nothing  

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and as you see that the green uh the pointer 
doesn't work it works on a wall what good is that  

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but not on the slide so it just doesn't make sense 
does it uh so danielle has nothing to do with you  

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and then you see that that during the growing 
season you see all these green forages  

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underutilized again because some of the reason is 
because they they actually take all the livestock  

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out of the village because they interfere with the 
crops so they are more fit during the rainy season  

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but no livestock really to utilize it 
so there's an excess during the rainy  

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season in those villages so uh again 
that by the when the animals come back  

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there's a crop residue but most of the natural 
forage uh is basically gone here is to just  

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illustrate what i'm talking about early on 
that for about four months you have access high  

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quality a high quantity fed and then that november 
december uh you have the quantity not the quality

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and mid-december january and until february 
you have i guess some crop residue again that's  

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also conflicting if you are actually trying 
to do soil fertility work or that i want to  

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maintain ground cover you can't because they 
will utilize it for livestock and so and there  

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is no biomass there's no quality or quantity 
and that's when you see actually animals dead  

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so uh as i said that that again this is a lesson 
that i learned from the social scientists that you  

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have to actually learn to develop although that 
you have the problem already isolated you know  

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what the problem is you cannot do anything unless 
you have relationship trust so i learned that very  

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quickly that's not something that i learned during 
my phd or afterward but that's something i learned  

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on the field and i i always tell my international 
students are involved in international work  

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that they have to take sociology course and i 
i they just have to learn how to uh organize  

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community and how to deal with communities that's 
important so meetings a lot of meetings talk to  

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talk to them and not really necessarily that 
to identify needs because we already know needs  

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but to actually do the work regardless 
you know so establish uh this relationship  

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so this is one of my favorite uh picture 
uh marching to the through the grassland i  

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am in the middle of that march 
every now and then that you see men  

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i mean there isn't much you can do about 
that um so and this was a woman project so uh  

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and uh so you see that the women harvesting the 
porridges there was one man actually that for  

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four years he followed us around that was that was 
painful so um and so what we did was we started  

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doing hay cutting it and drying it the 
problem is that in july rain for 24 days

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you understand cutting head no drying 
whether it did not work so he did not work  

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uh we actually they built the the rock and then uh 
it was going well later on they told me that that  

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actually range on low quality hay is better 
than zero feet later on that's what they told me  

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but that's true because you are not in the middle 
of actually the dry season you are not trying  

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to fight animals you are trying to keep animals 
alive you know so your goal actually shifts and so  

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uh we also try to dry stuff and again that's a 
drying issue but when they chop it up and dried  

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the lower lift they can actually dry it inside a 
place that explosure so that was not bad so this  

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uh so these are the chopped materials and they 
were storing it in the building so that was fine  

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uh but then they said what about signage but 
in total in those kinds of climate signage  

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actually is not common you know so we we 
decided that it's just triple silage so  

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uh again that that um these are steps that to make 
silage um and you have to chop it and harvest it  

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and uh selection all the parking storage all that 
that we actually went through and a lot of our  

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back and forth biking for a long time you 
know uh to make them understand the concept  

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everybody in the village involved and again 
look at the amount of forage there and  

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the key was that i do i really i mean i know a lot 
about plants i actually have written book about  

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plants but not their plants so i say to the women 
you have to teach me what they are so uh what  

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we did was that i told them that goats are very 
smart i work with goats many years goats are have  

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what they call uh nutritional wisdom ghosts 
only eat good stuff so i said let's speak  

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what the goat eat so they showed me 
what goats eat so we follow the path  

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with no goats you know just we acting like goats 
so that's fine you know uh you have to improvise  

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and um so we collected all these footages that 
they believe they're not poisonous that's the key  

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they are not poisonous and they do understand that 
they know about those things you know utilizing  

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their knowledge was extremely important they 
understand all of it so it just teach me you know  

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what they are so collecting forages it was all all 
fun and they and then it seems to me that society  

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they're also socially organized so they like chit 
chatting and talking about things so that's fine i  

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just wish i understood what they're talking about 
and children also got involved in this election  

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and uh let's see daniel i have a video down here 
so again that that i was telling them because it's  

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the grasses actually you know very well the 
broadleaf plants i did not know very much so  

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uh i i we talked about that that the nutritional 
quality of all these species are different  

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the grasses and it gives not much 
legumes there's some legumes casia  

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so i told them that before they chart make sure 
that that you have a combination of oranges  

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with different nutritional status 
so they pick the grass they pick  

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the legume they pick the brony plants you 
can see them you see her sorting it out  

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she is actually sorting it out before she chop 
it you know so that was that was very good and uh  

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i i do have a video here actually dania we need 
to maybe if i touch it it will come up they look  

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like they are having fun now yeah yeah but in 
the background there's a man actually sitting

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he just want to make a point here doing 
nothing yeah oh he left he said he let's go  

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that's good he left okay so it's very interesting 
that that i formed a very strong opinion about men  

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after working in the villages before i didn't 
have it you know because i was trained by men  

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i work with men 99.9 percent of my colleagues 
or my training is all men so i didn't have that  

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much opinion when i got to the village i really 
formed opinion so now i am full of opinion so  

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here it is that that the parking was really hard 
for a woman and then we opened the silage five to  

00:19:29.520 --> 00:19:36.480
six days uh five to six weeks uh we evaluate the 
smell and stuff and you know donkeys are important  

00:19:36.480 --> 00:19:43.440
in society so we actually gave it to the donkey 
first so the donkey donkey survived it's nifty  

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there was a silence man did not like it first you 
know when went away and came back and ate that  

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and so horse also at the at the forage so that 
was okay this inside material was okay so again  

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we tried all kind of actually techniques remember 
that everything about the silage the harvesting  

00:20:03.200 --> 00:20:09.600
they thought it was a woman's job chopping the 
mainstays of women's job parking this is women's  

00:20:09.600 --> 00:20:16.400
job so all of it came out to be a woman's job so 
imagine that women are already burdened you know  

00:20:17.440 --> 00:20:25.200
and so this the solution i have for them actually 
was causing them i think pain and i was i was very  

00:20:25.200 --> 00:20:32.480
worried about that so trying to see what we can 
do but guess what the the parking was the hardest  

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one because they have to exclude oxygen from 
the silage material otherwise it will spoil it  

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but then i thought about this what about if we 
actually dig a pit guess what the men did not mind  

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stomping do you see the man stomping apparently 
that became a man's job something solved uh so  

00:20:54.400 --> 00:20:57.840
we also use this vacuum that 
you use to store clothing  

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but that's not really sustainable i didn't think 
that would work it worked but not necessarily uh  

00:21:04.720 --> 00:21:14.720
there and also that the colleague of mine from 
engineering um kevin cox coxburg said how is it  

00:21:14.720 --> 00:21:22.000
yeah kevin kevin actually that worked with me and 
uh designed this bicycle for chopping the chopping  

00:21:22.000 --> 00:21:28.400
as well too and then so when you pedal it uh at 
the bottom there is a knife in between the tires  

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it will actually chop very well but the flow 
in the problem is a woman couldn't mount it  

00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:40.960
you know so that's not good design 
i went after him about that um  

00:21:40.960 --> 00:21:47.440
so this what my understanding is that when you are 
a system designer you actually understand society  

00:21:47.440 --> 00:21:54.400
and culture that was just a strict design so it 
did not work the boys loved it so the boys were  

00:21:54.400 --> 00:21:59.840
actually chopping it so the women said that it 
would actually work for them if it's hand cranking  

00:22:00.720 --> 00:22:06.560
so at the bottom you can see that that was a 
hand cranking one that that that worked but my  

00:22:06.560 --> 00:22:12.160
understanding is the hand cranking actually 
they start chopping okra instead of silage  

00:22:13.520 --> 00:22:20.000
and so um the quality of the forage you know we 
did taste the forage at one of the institutions  

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:27.120
uh insa uh hey as you see that it was raindrop 
quality not good you can see that it wasn't good  

00:22:27.120 --> 00:22:34.160
but silence is extremely good so uh the quality 
is good and then uh and in terms of that that you  

00:22:34.160 --> 00:22:41.680
have to make a lot of silage if you are feeding 
it to a large animals my plan was actually to feed  

00:22:41.680 --> 00:22:47.840
it to small remnants so when they open the silo 
it has to be faded within two three days so if  

00:22:47.840 --> 00:22:59.280
you if we make it with a small container that was 
easy to do that so uh that the idea of including  

00:22:59.280 --> 00:23:06.000
silage is that that that there's a gap there's 
a gap in production the gap is during the dry  

00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:12.720
season so all this gap actually that particular 
gap can be filled by silage that was really the  

00:23:12.720 --> 00:23:17.520
point that there's a production gap whatever 
country you go to we have production go up here  

00:23:17.520 --> 00:23:23.600
too but we have so many options here so that was 
that was the point of putting that together so  

00:23:25.520 --> 00:23:32.880
and just uh switch on to another subject now uh 
uh mung bean we were also involved monkey bean  

00:23:32.880 --> 00:23:38.960
how did you remember came about in senegal 
a graduate student of mine patrick treyan  

00:23:38.960 --> 00:23:45.040
now who is in thailand he was interested in 
doing conservation act so conservation act  

00:23:46.160 --> 00:23:53.200
it has three components so reduced tillage 
nutella radio stillage and providing  

00:23:53.920 --> 00:24:03.840
ground cover to the soil is that that planted 
or leaf crop residue and also diversification  

00:24:03.840 --> 00:24:09.120
of the cropping system so that's where actually 
that that mung bean came about mung bean is very  

00:24:09.120 --> 00:24:15.280
similar to copy uh in terms of production but 
it has some attributes so here is mung bean  

00:24:15.280 --> 00:24:21.200
you know all mung bean has a sprout that's 
a mung bean you eat in the salad bar but

00:24:23.280 --> 00:24:31.280
they will not touch sprout but if you think 
about it one sprout translates to 145 seats  

00:24:33.120 --> 00:24:38.480
so uh also culturally i don't think they'll 
need it anyway you know i don't think that that  

00:24:38.480 --> 00:24:50.320
we we did actually show them the sprout but plus 
that that sprout is not a very good idea because  

00:24:50.320 --> 00:24:55.840
of salmonella or other as a problem so stay away 
from sprout that was not really what we want  

00:24:57.200 --> 00:25:07.520
so and why again that why mung bean you know it 
is drought tolerant it is uh uh also that that it  

00:25:07.520 --> 00:25:15.600
fits that climate it's originally from india but 
wherever coffee grows it will grow but beyond copy  

00:25:15.600 --> 00:25:21.040
beyond copy in senegal there is areas that that 
copy doesn't even do very well and mung bean  

00:25:21.840 --> 00:25:28.080
does well and temperature no issues and 
the key is that it shows short cycle  

00:25:28.880 --> 00:25:36.000
it will actually remember that from planting to 
harvest that's what is called hunger period so  

00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:42.320
anything that you can introduce to introduce to 
reduce the hunger period and diversify you know  

00:25:42.320 --> 00:25:48.080
the diet is very important so of course that 
um you can also harvest it at least five times  

00:25:49.120 --> 00:25:54.640
uh what it is is that the first one and second 
one the first one is 75 percent of the yield  

00:25:55.200 --> 00:26:01.920
and then they can go back and forth to harvest 
until the plant has one leaf left still produced  

00:26:03.040 --> 00:26:08.160
so it's a it's very good crop and of course 
it fixed nitrogen just like any other legumes  

00:26:09.280 --> 00:26:16.080
and so if in association if it's growing in 
association with millet it will increase yield uh  

00:26:16.720 --> 00:26:20.720
and so this is what it looks like 
as i said that that is many seeds  

00:26:21.760 --> 00:26:26.800
when it matures the seed part is black so 
that was also something that we have to talk  

00:26:26.800 --> 00:26:32.240
to them because we didn't want them to think 
that it's disease you know they never really  

00:26:32.240 --> 00:26:38.400
ever seen black seed part so a lot 
a lot of training a lot of them and  

00:26:39.840 --> 00:26:47.040
so and this is really the key uh look look 
at the nutritional profile of monk been  

00:26:47.040 --> 00:26:56.800
especially protein pretty high protein 
as compared to an iron so uh and i i took  

00:26:56.800 --> 00:27:02.640
about at least six months understanding how 
mung bean fits in senegal and why why mung  

00:27:02.640 --> 00:27:08.400
bean as compared to any other crop so this is 
some of the attribute of a monkey bean quality

00:27:13.520 --> 00:27:23.840
and so knowing that that again nitrogen is 
contribution to nitrogen or um as a legume crop  

00:27:25.520 --> 00:27:30.000
it has to be inoculated with bacteria in 
order to fix nitrogen because the soil  

00:27:30.960 --> 00:27:37.280
does not have that particular bacteria and 
so we actually went through training and  

00:27:37.280 --> 00:27:43.840
that i must say the idea of that that inoculum 
was larry's idea i did not like it first because  

00:27:43.840 --> 00:27:48.640
i was delayed with uh again i fight all 
the time you know it's kind of interesting  

00:27:49.440 --> 00:28:01.040
larry suggested that we must uh introduce monkvin 
i mean uh inoculum uh the reason i understood the  

00:28:01.040 --> 00:28:05.840
whole thing that that would work but my problem 
is that that i was so nervous about the growing  

00:28:05.840 --> 00:28:11.920
season delay you know because uh you cannot find 
inoculum very easily you have to work with the  

00:28:11.920 --> 00:28:17.120
microbiology lab and all that i just was nervous 
about putting the crop you know in the ground but  

00:28:17.680 --> 00:28:25.280
eventually larry won the the fight and uh and 
then start training people uh how to actually use  

00:28:25.280 --> 00:28:32.960
inaccurate and uh the women as you can see that we 
know in alkaline the bacteria is alive therefore  

00:28:32.960 --> 00:28:38.800
that that it has to be you know you have to 
take good care of the bacteria uh until it is  

00:28:38.800 --> 00:28:44.560
mixed with the seed it has to be kept in the 
cooler they all bring the color look at them  

00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:52.320
they understood so they are first you know 
uh we gave them the cooler one time and then  

00:28:53.120 --> 00:28:59.200
another time i went they all came with the cooler 
you know so um they they understood that that um  

00:28:59.760 --> 00:29:05.840
the bacteria need to be um kept on life that 
is a instruction from the microbiology lab we  

00:29:05.840 --> 00:29:13.200
gave them about 200 grams of you know 200 
grams of seed enough in our column and at  

00:29:13.200 --> 00:29:19.040
a sticker so they went home and mixed it and 
planned it the idea is to plant it immediately  

00:29:20.160 --> 00:29:27.200
and so they they all understood that and so this 
is a little history of our monkvin we started  

00:29:27.200 --> 00:29:36.320
early on actually 2011 2012 in the villages and 
uh and then agenda was that the nutrition project  

00:29:37.360 --> 00:29:44.400
and so again that larry suggests that we should uh 
it's monkey bean to become actually the crop for  

00:29:44.400 --> 00:29:50.240
that country uh we need to we need to look into 
sustainability we need to look into also that that  

00:29:50.960 --> 00:29:57.360
that it is um working with the people that will 
do nutrition work so we partner with them that  

00:29:57.360 --> 00:30:04.640
was very good partnership um we worked very 
well with them uh three three regions uh bakkel  

00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:09.040
matam in kolak region um and um

00:30:11.440 --> 00:30:18.960
and we actually had a field day and 
uh again people just loved mugman  

00:30:19.760 --> 00:30:26.160
they loved eating it they loved you know uh making 
it they the women told us that it's easy to handle  

00:30:26.720 --> 00:30:33.120
uh tastes good it tastes like meat africans 
don't say taste like meat i'm an african i don't  

00:30:33.120 --> 00:30:39.520
believe anything tastes like meat but meat i'm 
a meat eater no so when they say taste like meat  

00:30:39.520 --> 00:30:44.880
it's very positive they say it tastes like 
meat we like it it tastes like meat so  

00:30:44.880 --> 00:30:52.320
you know and so we had a big field day women cook 
and this picture that of me with a man i didn't  

00:30:52.320 --> 00:30:58.560
realize actually those are his wives so that was 
not a good thing for me to be in the middle of it

00:31:01.040 --> 00:31:06.000
so i said to myself to be one of the 
three or the one of the four wives  

00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:09.440
is better than being a singer i made 
that calculation so that's all right

00:31:11.920 --> 00:31:17.040
so anyway the kids actually you see 
that that particular area back here  

00:31:17.600 --> 00:31:22.560
those kids are not really studying for food it's 
an economically very good area but they love the  

00:31:22.560 --> 00:31:30.160
taste you see them they're actually fighting for 
mung bean and and that was we had a whole day just  

00:31:30.160 --> 00:31:34.320
mung beans the women prepared about five 
dishes five different dishes out of mung bean  

00:31:35.680 --> 00:31:42.000
and it was a big celebration so 
we trained 306 people uh with um  

00:31:42.880 --> 00:31:49.520
in collaboration with the agenda the project the 
nutrition project and khao lak the extension i  

00:31:49.520 --> 00:31:56.080
mean the kowloon north carolina kowloon is a new 
project uh i'm talking about the extension people

00:31:58.640 --> 00:32:05.920
yes ankar the extension organization was with 
us all the time so we trained this many people  

00:32:05.920 --> 00:32:12.640
and these are the people who understand mung 
bean and they understand the production so  

00:32:12.640 --> 00:32:19.680
one you all know the literature uh and i have 
heard a lot of things that just because you are  

00:32:19.680 --> 00:32:24.160
diversifying cropping system it doesn't 
mean that that their diet is diversified  

00:32:24.880 --> 00:32:28.640
that just doesn't translate you know that's 
what anyway the literature indicates so  

00:32:29.360 --> 00:32:35.360
we want to know if that's really is the case in 
this case you know because uh we kept hearing  

00:32:35.360 --> 00:32:43.360
that that monkview price apparently very good and 
the men were taking it to the uh to the market  

00:32:43.360 --> 00:32:50.720
so somebody's eating it but not the targeted you 
know people that that we want to eat it uh so uh  

00:32:52.560 --> 00:32:56.960
here is that one of the reasons that nutrition 
is important because there is malnutrition  

00:32:56.960 --> 00:33:03.360
in senegal as well just like any other west 
african or african countries in our develop  

00:33:03.360 --> 00:33:11.520
developing countries so and the quality of this 
grain and this grain is extremely important  

00:33:12.240 --> 00:33:19.600
to meet this nutri nutrition need but are 
they actually eating it so uh tyler virgil  

00:33:19.600 --> 00:33:27.440
from hnf he did experiment she did a survey work 
in synagogue and uh she really did extremely good  

00:33:27.440 --> 00:33:35.920
job with that and so it was that that uh the 
the dietary diversity assessment she did that  

00:33:36.720 --> 00:33:43.840
using dds uh 24 hours recall again that that this 
is that uh something that a learning experience  

00:33:43.840 --> 00:33:50.080
for me because i don't really i'm not heavily 
involved with uh this kind of uh work um social  

00:33:51.040 --> 00:34:01.120
social science so she she basically went through 
uh three regions where monkey bean is grown and so  

00:34:01.680 --> 00:34:07.920
there was a mixed method that she used 
quantitative and qualitative data and  

00:34:07.920 --> 00:34:13.680
in a quantitative quantitative data she she 
used women and children they all came with  

00:34:14.320 --> 00:34:21.760
children um and and with the quantitative 
we had we had focus focus group and here  

00:34:21.760 --> 00:34:28.800
is what it looks like they all brought their 
ideas and this is our irb um approved project  

00:34:29.440 --> 00:34:33.760
and they came with the ideas they came children 
some of their children doesn't look like they  

00:34:33.760 --> 00:34:39.360
are theirs i don't know they grabbed them from 
the village i don't know but but they off the  

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:47.840
the right age so they were all um it was 
actually uh very good she did this three regions  

00:34:49.520 --> 00:34:58.640
and uh uh we we had actually that uh about 
109 women and then children and it's uh it  

00:34:58.640 --> 00:35:05.680
was it was interesting that i will show you 
in detail and some of the the outcome of this

00:35:08.720 --> 00:35:16.880
and overall average dds was 5.7 out of the 10 but 
again that when you look at this they also the  

00:35:16.880 --> 00:35:24.640
focus group also told us that i mean as you expect 
most of the the diet actually they eat comes from  

00:35:24.640 --> 00:35:30.880
their own farm not really purchased so that means 
that that growing manganese would be very good  

00:35:32.720 --> 00:35:41.760
and in terms of overall women versus children 
it's interestingly women eat mung bean and is  

00:35:41.760 --> 00:35:49.200
it at the expense of the children we don't know 
but it showed that that women ate mung bean and  

00:35:49.200 --> 00:35:55.360
which is very good because you know when i go to 
these meetings with uh to talk about mung bean

00:35:57.440 --> 00:36:03.600
it was one occasion actually that that i wasn't 
really i was kind of mad because this man kept  

00:36:03.600 --> 00:36:10.800
telling me that my wife a milk milk product milk 
flour increases when she eats monkey bean why  

00:36:10.800 --> 00:36:16.160
can't the wife tells me you know why in the world 
is a man telling me about his wife's milk you know  

00:36:16.160 --> 00:36:22.800
is increasing so that was a bit irritating but i 
probably drew apparently true that that women are  

00:36:22.800 --> 00:36:29.440
eating it because they said that they get a lot 
of energy from it and you know usually that you  

00:36:29.440 --> 00:36:36.000
know that women eat at least the women in lust but 
they're eating monkey they say they get energized  

00:36:36.720 --> 00:36:45.280
and their milk flow is also high so here it is you 
know and here is also that what they're saying um  

00:36:46.640 --> 00:36:53.520
and again that that growing season has a lot to 
do with with some of this problem because it is in  

00:36:53.520 --> 00:37:00.080
in most of the the area they can only grow it 
once but uh the two three regions where they can  

00:37:00.080 --> 00:37:06.240
grow manga beans three four times so that is that 
that is very good you know here is the story that  

00:37:06.240 --> 00:37:12.000
they're telling us the intakes they are they are 
eating it because they feel good when they eat it  

00:37:12.000 --> 00:37:17.120
they they have they have energy when they eat it 
you know and the kids also eat it they mash it  

00:37:17.120 --> 00:37:23.840
up just like a peanut butter and they put it in 
a bread and then give the children uh like for  

00:37:23.840 --> 00:37:31.680
breakfast so they they're using it that way and 
also the mung bean is actually green when you take  

00:37:31.680 --> 00:37:37.760
the seed coat of actually yellow inside so they 
grind it and use it for different purposes as well

00:37:40.800 --> 00:37:48.000
and health impact uh again they're telling us 
they have energy uh the women that in the focus  

00:37:48.640 --> 00:37:54.400
group they also told us that does increase milk 
flow i think that that has something to do with  

00:37:54.400 --> 00:37:59.760
probably that the combination of diet folic acid 
very high in folic acid my understanding is it's  

00:37:59.760 --> 00:38:07.440
it's actually involved in milk flow uh mugman 
uh again that that that is a crucial crucial  

00:38:07.440 --> 00:38:14.480
it it actually the first crop it comes in 
in the season and as i said that that uh  

00:38:15.200 --> 00:38:19.440
that that reduce that that was termed 
as hunger period it comes early on

00:38:24.880 --> 00:38:29.680
and currently that we are screening monkvin 
those mug beans that we use in senegal hybrid  

00:38:30.320 --> 00:38:36.320
we are currently uh screening um about 
we screened about 600 open pollinated  

00:38:36.960 --> 00:38:45.040
lines and right now we have about 40 
with good potential for different regions  

00:38:45.040 --> 00:38:49.280
we also looking at they're telling us that 
that they also want to eat the leaves as well  

00:38:50.640 --> 00:38:55.760
so we are evaluating the leaves because there 
are some cultures in the leaf that not on  

00:38:56.480 --> 00:39:05.040
so one variety not going to fit every every region 
in that country so we're going to probably look at  

00:39:05.040 --> 00:39:10.640
various varieties and we have as i said that 
about 10 of them right now that performing  

00:39:11.200 --> 00:39:17.440
much better than the hybrid so which is good again 
we are also inoculating uh the the screening we're  

00:39:17.440 --> 00:39:24.720
not inoculating but uh we are uh and andre is 
doing a phd work right now there and his project  

00:39:25.280 --> 00:39:31.760
involves um mung bean and he inaugurated the manga 
beans and so this is basically the summary um  

00:39:32.320 --> 00:39:38.400
the you know focusing on women is very crucial and 
feeding uh feeding families and feeding society  

00:39:39.040 --> 00:39:44.720
the silent work i felt like that put too 
much work on the women and uh and that is  

00:39:44.720 --> 00:39:50.960
uh that wasn't really my intention so if there 
is actually uh a way to do it they really like  

00:39:50.960 --> 00:39:56.400
having the signage because uh they are saying 
that that the accession agents told me that  

00:39:57.440 --> 00:40:04.800
the women start meeting uh on on tuesday 
about four o'clock to make silages  

00:40:05.600 --> 00:40:12.320
so they obviously know the benefit and i'm 
also thinking that that that's probably also  

00:40:12.320 --> 00:40:18.160
their their time to be together you know 
socially that's not actually a bad idea you  

00:40:18.160 --> 00:40:23.840
know again that that women are overburdened 
already so i'm not really sure that that  

00:40:24.720 --> 00:40:29.680
putting more um work on them is a good idea 
but i mean that's something they have to decide  

00:40:31.120 --> 00:40:37.840
and uh so uh again i i didn't need 
to acknowledge all these people  

00:40:38.720 --> 00:40:46.480
especially the villagers you know and denver 
i think i have my former graduate student  

00:40:46.480 --> 00:40:53.520
who is great patrick trail and 
the first director of the program  

00:40:54.400 --> 00:41:00.560
i must acknowledge him and of course at pinta 
some of you know she is my partner always  

00:41:02.240 --> 00:41:07.120
fatu is a leading person of this project 
completely but okay just absolutely  

00:41:07.120 --> 00:41:16.320
and uh tom at the bottom uh and driver that took 
me around five seven years very important you know

00:41:18.480 --> 00:41:19.840
and uh larry

00:41:22.800 --> 00:41:26.400
i mean you know even if i don't like 
him i still have to acknowledge it  

00:41:27.520 --> 00:41:33.120
so what am i going to do you 
know and uh at the bottom there  

00:41:34.080 --> 00:41:37.440
and so kids if i had known you're 
coming i would have put your picture  

00:41:40.720 --> 00:41:52.960
thank you excellent so we'll now open it up for 
questions for ozzie um if you have to leave you  

00:41:52.960 --> 00:41:56.640
know here but we have about 10 minutes in the 
room for formal questions and then feel free to  

00:41:56.640 --> 00:42:01.840
ask that for you to catch up with her later 
okay i'll take any question or no question

00:42:05.520 --> 00:42:12.480
yes will the monkeys be like by just people or 
people in lifestyle just people just people but  

00:42:13.120 --> 00:42:20.800
this the the part the seed part actually we we did 
some analysis and it's good for goats and sheep  

00:42:21.520 --> 00:42:27.120
they they've been feeding that but the mung bean 
right now they don't have it to feed animals there  

00:42:27.120 --> 00:42:34.720
is no way because they really mung bean supply is 
um in high demand but they don't have it yeah yeah

00:42:36.880 --> 00:42:38.080
i think we have a question in the back

00:42:43.360 --> 00:42:47.920
or you are yesterday it is it is 
introduced by the project usa idea

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:57.360
yeah and uh no west africa but now 
actually we uh it was a request by  

00:42:57.360 --> 00:43:04.160
uh some researchers in mali so it's grown in mali 
and then recently we also have a partner in uh  

00:43:04.800 --> 00:43:11.840
nigeria so it might actually be a west africa 
crop but in east africa it is it is one of the  

00:43:12.400 --> 00:43:19.600
uh like food legume crops yeah 
but it is new to uh west africa

00:43:22.560 --> 00:43:31.200
yes it was probably in the 1970s when the tobacco 
farmers in southwest virginia and south side were  

00:43:32.480 --> 00:43:38.400
realizing the subsidy was coming off of tobacco 
right so we did a big project with extension and  

00:43:38.400 --> 00:43:44.000
horticulture and women in development mary rojas 
john caldwell and i was the extension coordinator  

00:43:44.000 --> 00:43:52.240
and what we found was that an alternative crop for 
tobacco would be broccoli of course the farmers  

00:43:52.240 --> 00:43:59.200
are going oh i got some flowers on my cabbage here 
so they've never grown broccoli before but as they  

00:43:59.200 --> 00:44:04.960
just because of the greenhouse you know yeah yeah 
yeah and they could grow two crops a year but the  

00:44:04.960 --> 00:44:13.520
point is we had a side-by-side project that did 
net economic benefit and nutritional benefit so  

00:44:13.520 --> 00:44:19.600
they introduced this entire concept of nnb where 
you look at what people were eating in their diet  

00:44:19.600 --> 00:44:24.720
before and then what got substituted i eat 
broccoli and you know then that nutritional  

00:44:24.720 --> 00:44:30.080
benefit was very high there so i just wanted to 
tell you that they they do have that nutritional  

00:44:30.080 --> 00:44:36.240
benefit to go along with non-economic benefit 
or community benefits eventually i think that  

00:44:36.240 --> 00:44:49.840
it will be uh economic analysis right now and now 
we don't have it yeah that's a good point yeah how  

00:44:51.200 --> 00:45:02.000
uh it's selling it how much yes 2 000 safer 
2 500 safer per per kilo how is that john

00:45:11.760 --> 00:45:16.720
yes you mentioned with the stylish importance 
of the the labor burden for the women that are  

00:45:16.720 --> 00:45:22.960
working in the project um two questions you 
mentioned your person like the the perception  

00:45:22.960 --> 00:45:28.320
on that process did they have any uh what they 
indicated on how that was affecting their overall  

00:45:28.320 --> 00:45:36.960
labor they never said it because uh the agent 
i didn't think they were doing it after a while  

00:45:37.680 --> 00:45:40.960
but the agents say they were 
meeting tuesdays you know  

00:45:42.240 --> 00:45:48.560
tuesdays and uh i i think it has something to do 
with the social also socialization is you know  

00:45:48.560 --> 00:45:56.400
like this kitchen space that is like a space you 
know for them to come together but also that that  

00:45:57.600 --> 00:46:04.240
i can see them that that sometimes they would be 
10 or 20 chopping you can see the women coming  

00:46:04.240 --> 00:46:11.920
in for maybe like 15 to 20 minutes and they go 
back you you can see that they have some other  

00:46:11.920 --> 00:46:20.720
duties as well that's not the only thing they do 
so i mean i my my um my understanding is it is  

00:46:20.720 --> 00:46:26.960
additional work yeah i think as you just mentioned 
the social aspect that maybe that that trade  

00:46:28.880 --> 00:46:32.000
but also the agent the local 
agents are working with them

00:46:34.320 --> 00:46:39.920
yes can you explain just again why they won't 
eat the sprouts i i missed a little bit of that  

00:46:39.920 --> 00:46:50.240
well that's proud uh culturally it's not it's not 
accepted you know they that we actually is proud  

00:46:50.240 --> 00:46:57.040
we i have a sprouted that that uh bozon gave 
me i took it there you know we sprouted it  

00:46:57.040 --> 00:47:03.200
they would not touch it uh but the other 
thing is i'm also worried about salmonella  

00:47:03.760 --> 00:47:08.720
and you know there's livestock and manure and 
everything no i don't want to really entertain  

00:47:08.720 --> 00:47:15.440
that but uh the other thing is that that listen 
to the calculation one sprout is over 100 seats  

00:47:16.480 --> 00:47:23.840
you know so it doesn't quite calculate 
right yeah yeah yeah you're welcome

00:47:26.160 --> 00:47:29.680
any more questions well it's not a

00:47:29.680 --> 00:47:42.560
massage thank you again for coming today