<front xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <journal-meta>
        <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAD</journal-id>
        <journal-title-group>
            <journal-title>Journal of Addiction</journal-title>
        </journal-title-group>
        <issn pub-type="epub">2090-7850</issn>
        <issn pub-type="ppub">2090-7834</issn>
        <publisher>
            <publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
        </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/189853</article-id>
        <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">189853</article-id>
        <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                <subject>Research Article</subject>
            </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <title-group>
            <article-title>Choosing Money over Drugs: The Neural Underpinnings of Difficult Choice in Chronic Cocaine Users</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U90207826">
                <name>
                    <surname>Wesley</surname>
                    <given-names>Michael J.</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>mjwesley@vtc.vt.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                </xref>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U59705941">
                <name>
                    <surname>Lohrenz</surname>
                    <given-names>Terry</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>tlohrenz@vtc.vt.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                </xref>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U62928937">
                <name>
                    <surname>Koffarnus</surname>
                    <given-names>Mikhail N.</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>mickyk@vtc.vt.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
                    <sup>1,3</sup>
                </xref>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U62310298">
                <name>
                    <surname>McClure</surname>
                    <given-names>Samuel M.</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>smcclure@stanford.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">
                    <sup>4</sup>
                </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U31595270">
                <name>
                    <surname>De La Garza</surname>
                    <given-names>Richard</given-names>
                    <suffix>II</suffix>
                </name>
                <email>rg12@bcm.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">
                    <sup>5</sup>
                </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U49759207">
                <name>
                    <surname>Salas</surname>
                    <given-names>Ramiro</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>rsalas@bcm.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">
                    <sup>5</sup>
                </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U17325801">
                <name>
                    <surname>Thompson-Lake</surname>
                    <given-names>Daisy G. Y.</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>dgthomps@bcm.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">
                    <sup>5</sup>
                </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U29429878">
                <name>
                    <surname>Newton</surname>
                    <given-names>Thomas F.</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>tnewton@bcm.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">
                    <sup>5</sup>
                </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U96181354">
                <name>
                    <surname>Bickel</surname>
                    <given-names>Warren K.</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>wkbickel@vtc.vt.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
                    <sup>1,3</sup>
                </xref>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U10831396" corresp="yes">
                <name>
                    <surname>Montague</surname>
                    <given-names>P. Read</given-names>
                </name>
                <email>read@vtc.vt.edu</email>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                </xref>
                <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="Academic Editor" id="U39503802">
                <name>
                    <surname>Zacny</surname>
                    <given-names>James</given-names>
                </name>
            </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
        <aff id="I1">
            <sup>1</sup>
            <addr-line>Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Virginia Tech</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Roanoke, VA 24016</addr-line>
            <country>USA</country>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="domain-name">vt.edu</ext-link>   
        </aff>
        <aff id="I2">
            <sup>2</sup>
            <addr-line>Human Neuroimaging Laboratory</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute</addr-line>
            <addr-line>2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016</addr-line>
            <country>USA</country>
                     <ext-link ext-link-type="domain-name">vt.edu</ext-link>   
        </aff>
        <aff id="I3">
            <sup>3</sup>
            <addr-line>Addiction Recovery Research Center</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Virginia Tech</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Roanoke, VA 24016</addr-line>
            <country>USA</country>
                     <ext-link ext-link-type="domain-name">vt.edu</ext-link>   
        </aff>
        <aff id="I4">
            <sup>4</sup>
            <addr-line>Department of Psychology</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Stanford University</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Stanford, CA 94305</addr-line>
            <country>USA</country>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="domain-name">stanford.edu</ext-link>
        </aff>
        <aff id="I5">
            <sup>5</sup>
            <addr-line>Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Baylor College of Medicine</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Houston, TX 77030</addr-line>
            <country>USA</country>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="domain-name">bcm.edu</ext-link>
        </aff>
        <pub-date pub-type="publication-year">
            <year>2014</year>
        </pub-date>
        <pub-date pub-type="archival-date">
            <day>14</day>
            <month>8</month>
            <year>2014</year>
        </pub-date>
        <volume>2014</volume>
        <history>
            <date date-type="received">
                <day>31</day>
                <month>03</month>
                <year>2014</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="rev-recd">
                <day>06</day>
                <month>06</month>
                <year>2014</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="accepted">
                <day>25</day>
                <month>06</month>
                <year>2014</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="pub">
                <day>14</day>
                <month>8</month>
                <year>2014</year>
            </date>
        </history>
        <permissions>
            <copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
            <copyright-holder>Copyright &#xA9; 2014 Michael J. Wesley et al.</copyright-holder>
            <license license-type="open-access">
                <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the <ext-link xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
            </license>
        </permissions>
        <abstract>
            <p>Addiction is considered a disorder that drives individuals to choose drugs at the expense of healthier alternatives. However, chronic cocaine users (CCUs)
who meet addiction criteria retain the ability to choose money in the presence of the opportunity to choose cocaine. The neural mechanisms that differentiate CCUs from non-cocaine using controls (Controls) while executing these preferred choices remain unknown. Thus, therapeutic strategies aimed at shifting preferences towards healthier alternatives remain somewhat uninformed. This study used BOLD neuroimaging to examine brain activity as fifty CCUs and Controls performed single- and cross-commodity intertemporal choice tasks for money and/or cocaine. Behavioral analyses revealed preferences for each commodity type. Imaging analyses revealed the brain activity that differentiated CCUs from Controls while choosing money over cocaine. We observed that
CCUs devalued future commodities more than Controls. Choices for money as opposed to cocaine correlated with greater activity in dorsal striatum of CCUs, compared to Controls. In addition, choices for future money as opposed to immediate cocaine engaged the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of CCUs more than Controls. These data suggest that the ability of CCUs to execute choices away from cocaine relies on activity in the dorsal striatum and left DLPFC.</p>
        </abstract>
        <funding-group>
            <award-group>
                <funding-source>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026 National Institute on Drug Abuse</funding-source>
                <award-id>R01DA030241</award-id>
            </award-group>
            <award-group>
                <funding-source>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026 National Institute on Drug Abuse</funding-source>
                <award-id>R01DA024080</award-id>
            </award-group>
            <award-group>
                <funding-source>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026 National Institute on Drug Abuse</funding-source>
                <award-id>R01DA012997</award-id>
            </award-group>
            <award-group>
                <funding-source>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000027 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</funding-source>
                <award-id>R01DA024080-02S1</award-id>
            </award-group>
        </funding-group>
        <counts>
            <ref-count count="37"/>
            <page-count count="14"/>
        </counts>
    </article-meta>
</front>
