WEBVTT

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Good morning, everybody.
Thank you so much for coming.

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[OVERLAPPING] If you
ask for more coffee,

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you will get more coffee.

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We are very excited.

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We are very excited that we have

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our key note speaker
Dr. Agnes Quisumbing,

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who has waded through
the snow in Boston.

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I have nothing, funny to say

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about her so I'm just
going to [inaudible]

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She says she had some
interesting food she likes to

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take food pictures [inaudible].

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Today we have a different
kind of program.

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We have our keynote speaker,

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we have our panel.

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We will have a careers
discussion over

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lunch and we will announce
the poster winner.

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There is an amazing poster
session every luncheon.

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Thank you for those
amazing posters.

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[APPLAUSE] It is really
hard, poster making.

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They worked many more
hours than they expected

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because there are so
many amazing posters.

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We have another panel this
afternoon and it will have

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some workshops and a couple

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of guests and then
a closing session.

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Let me introduce
Dr. Quisumbing with

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some further
information and you can

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click on previous bios
on the online program.

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She's a Senior
Research Fellow with

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the Food Consumption and
Nutrition Division of IFPRI,

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International Food Policy
Research Institute

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in Washington DC.

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She leads the cross-cutting
research team on gender.

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It is really amazing that we

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got her to agree to come out of

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her busy schedule
even though she

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only had 24 hours to do it.

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Well, if I'm hearing that,

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so we really appreciate
you for doing this.

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All of the speakers
that we brought,

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because they work in
international development,

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they travel all
over the world and

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their schedules are booked
like months in advance,

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and so for them to agree
to set aside a day in

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the end of February and March,

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that is really amazing
and we really appreciate

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all of you who did that to
make this conference happen.

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Everybody give them a hand.

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[APPLAUSE].

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Dr. Quisumbing received
her PhD and MA in

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economics from the University
of the Philippines.

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She was a full bred
case fellow at

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the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.

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Business fellow at
Economic Growth Center at

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Yale University and an
economist at the World Bank.

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She is published widely

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on gender, intrahousehold
allocation,

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property rights, poverty,
and economic mobility.

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She has done field work in

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Bangladesh, Ethiopia,
Ghana, Indonesia,

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and Philippines, and
she has worked with

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data from many more
sites than that.

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Dr. Quisumbing is undertaking

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impact evaluations of nutrition

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sensitive agricultural
development programs

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in South Asia and
Sub-Saharan Africa,

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focusing on their impacts on

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women's empowerment and
gender asset inequality.

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She is co-developer
of the famous WEAI,

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Women's Empowerment
in Agriculture Index

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and is co-editor of

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Gender in Agriculture and Food

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Security: Closing
the Knowledge Gap.

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Thank you and we will have
a discussion with you

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today after the first
speaker. [APPLAUSE].

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Thank you to everyone
who organized

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this conference and thank you to

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everyone who braved the snow,

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high winds, whatever,
to come here.

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It is not an easy place to

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come to if you live
in Massachusetts,

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[LAUGHTER] but it's very

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beautiful so I'm really
really happy. [inaudible]

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Oh, sorry.

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Okay. Just a correction
about my affiliation,

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we recently actually
did a name change.

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We are now called the Poverty,

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Health, and Nutrition Division.

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We are also foodies,

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but we do not [inaudible].

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We are talking about the
nutrition condition of the poor.

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So when I was

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invited to come here and I
was told that the topic was

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[inaudible] I was really quite

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excited about it because I

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spent a lot of the early part of

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my career working to

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test theories of
household behaviors.

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The predominant theory
at the time was

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that households made
decisions as one,

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and that everybody just

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happily agreed with
whoever made the decision.

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Of course you all know from
real life, that is not true.

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This is what it meant years ago

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was that we actually helped to

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create the empirical evidence
that debunked this theory.

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In doing so, I've had

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some very interesting
field experiences.

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But one thing I have to
mention and as Maria said

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is that I also like to
take good pictures,

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so this is ready for Instagram.

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[LAUGHTER] One of the countries

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in which I worked a lot
is Bangladesh and so

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I got to eat a lot
of Bangladesh food,

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and I also go to work a
lot in Ghana and Ethiopia

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so even with my
old buggy camera,

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I was able to take
good pictures.

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I really [inaudible].

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[LAUGHTER] One of my most
recent field experiences

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was actually not only
in my own country,

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but in my own province of
Cebu as part of [inaudible].

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When we look at value chains

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for coconut, swine and seaweed.

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Seaweed is grown offshore,

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of the sea shore on farms.

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When we did field work we had

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a very unusual experience
of having to walk for

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an hour in the tidal flats

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[inaudible] [LAUGHTER]
anyway, it was fun.

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So obviously since I'm
so interested in grains,

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I wanted to look at what

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the diet in the
planet looks like.

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I did not do this
myself, obviously,

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a very big commission,

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of the Lancet did this work
at the planetary health data.

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Their recommendation for a diet

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that is good for the planet
as well as good for us,

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is very big on
vegetables and fruits.

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Basically half of the diet

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should come from plant sources,

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fruits and veg and

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very little actually
from animal sources.

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That is on the overall.

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But if you take a look at what
the diets are regionally,

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if you look at the global diet.

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The global diet is very skewed

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towards starchy
vegetables and staples,

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and towards animal products,
particularly red meat.

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These are things
which we're supposed

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to reduce intake on.

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But if you look at the two
regions where I worked at,

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that is, South Asia,

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and Sub-Saharan
Africa, we now see

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a very big step
regionally in equality.

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On one of the South
Asian diet cultures,

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starch is a very
non diverse diet,

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and Sub-Saharan
Africa the diets are

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obviously not very diverse
and so this is not

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good in terms of

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your balanced and micro
nutrient consumption.

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So we all know [inaudible].

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They do not only need

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those macro nutrients but also
micro nutrients like Iron,

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Vitamin A and C that helps

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the other small micro nutrients

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to have a healthier
productive life.

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Now there is also inequality
by birth or location.

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Everywhere around the globe,

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there is infants and young
children [inaudible].

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This is work that has been

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produced in the Global
Nutrition Report.

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Some of these correlation
between wealth

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and diet are to be expected,

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so I'm not sure if you can
see it very well [inaudible].

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In terms of dietary diversity,

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meal frequency,
introduction to solids,

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the highest [inaudible] better,

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but in terms of continued
breastfeeding at two years,

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continued breast
feeding at one year,

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exclusive breast feeding,
the highest [inaudible].

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There are similar disparities
[inaudible] as well.

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Now, even though this has taken
us from the planets diet,

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to the regions diet,

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differences across
the worlds classes,

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now let us look
within the household.

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This is a gender conference,

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and so I think we
are going to be

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only interested in
gender inequality.

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So we at the interhousehold
distribution

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of energy index in Bangladesh.

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We compare the poorest
20 percent households

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and the richest 20
percent households,

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we find that across
all categories,

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males have a higher energy
intake than females.

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The only exception is for

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primary school age
children where females are

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slightly higher only by 200
calories per consumption.

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You can see here that

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these are images that
we get energy intakes.

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If you actually look at

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the distribution of
macro nutrient intakes,

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you are going to
see that there's

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even more gender inequality

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in the Bangladesh index
of distribution to

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the extent that women who are
of reproductive age who are

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supposed to be getting
quite a big amount of

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iron though they get
less than the boys do.

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So to ground ourselves,

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I would like to
use the comparison

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of inequality break down.

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[inaudible] It's useful to

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start with some
definitions here.

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Equality is defined as our

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[inaudible] to define the
distribution and the picture

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they use to illustrate this

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is the three kids are
looking at a baseball game.

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They have three equal boxes

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but the littlest kid can
not get a chance to see.

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Whereas, equity involves, at

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attention to the
process and a fairness.

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We're looking at a
just distribution.

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With a re-distribution
of the boxes,

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the littlest kid
can have a chance

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to look at the
baseball game as well.

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When we look at inequities
and we're looking at process,

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we're looking at differences
that are unnecessary,

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that are avoidable, they are
unfair, they are unjust.

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When you take a look at
the gender differences

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that we're trying to eradicate,

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let's look at those
which are unnecessary,

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avoidable, unfair, and unjust.

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There are some gender
differences which are equitable.

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For example, if a
woman is going to

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get more iron than a man,

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that's an inequality, but that,

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actually, satisfies
her biologically.

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To lead us into our talk now,

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I will be talking about
agriculture, nutrition,

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and gender inequities
and the role that

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women's empowerment
in the gender

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they play this [inaudible].

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It's useful to start with a
definition of empowerment

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that many of us are using
which comes to [inaudible],

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which is really the
conceptualization

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of empowerment as
process of change

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made up of three dimensions:

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resources, agency,
and achievements.

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Resources are the
material, human,

00:11:47.200 --> 00:11:48.970
and social resources
that certainly

00:11:48.970 --> 00:11:51.970
enhance one's ability
to exercise choice.

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Agencies are the
capacity to define

00:11:54.640 --> 00:11:55.960
one's own goals and makes

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strategic choices to
pursue these goals,

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especially in context
with [inaudible].

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Achievements are achievement
for one's goals.

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Now, along the agriculture
and nutrition pathways,

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I'm going now from work of

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Marie Ruel and Harold Alderman,

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just published in the Lancet.

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They identify six pathways

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between agriculture
and nutrition.

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The first is agriculture as
a source for consumption,

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agriculture as a
source of income,

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the way that agriculture
products affect prices,

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including the [inaudible] cost.

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Then the last three pathways

00:12:32.305 --> 00:12:35.140
are really quite important
in terms of women.

00:12:35.140 --> 00:12:38.260
Women's participation in
agriculture and the effect of

00:12:38.260 --> 00:12:39.820
the social status
and empowerment with

00:12:39.820 --> 00:12:42.115
access to food and
controlled resources.

00:12:42.115 --> 00:12:44.620
The impact on her participation

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in agriculture by allocation,

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but also the impact
on her own health

00:12:49.060 --> 00:12:51.370
and nutrition status
[inaudible] nutrition.

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[NOISE] If you're
designing an intervention,

00:12:55.075 --> 00:12:58.150
how do you know what pathways
you're going to implement?

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Let's say that we're all in
international development,

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let's say we're in
agriculture sector,

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are you going to be focusing

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on agriculture as
a source of food?

00:13:08.545 --> 00:13:10.435
Agriculture as a
source of income?

00:13:10.435 --> 00:13:11.590
Or perhaps you work for

00:13:11.590 --> 00:13:15.380
a marketing agency and you
want to affect food prices.

00:13:15.690 --> 00:13:18.550
That's usually the
purview of ministries of

00:13:18.550 --> 00:13:21.910
agriculture and the more
traditional ag people.

00:13:21.910 --> 00:13:24.070
Then there are those, like us,

00:13:24.070 --> 00:13:27.460
focus on the [inaudible].

00:13:27.460 --> 00:13:29.995
We look at the social status
and how it might affect that

00:13:29.995 --> 00:13:31.120
really need to participate in

00:13:31.120 --> 00:13:33.340
programs and adapt technologies.

00:13:33.340 --> 00:13:35.350
We look at number 5,

00:13:35.350 --> 00:13:38.920
whether [inaudible] practices
are affected by these

00:13:38.920 --> 00:13:42.640
and both parties affects
nutritional status.

00:13:42.640 --> 00:13:46.030
[NOISE] There is all nutrition

00:13:46.030 --> 00:13:49.570
and health participating all
this group last state time,

00:13:49.570 --> 00:13:51.550
it may not benefit [inaudible]
net benefit in terms of

00:13:51.550 --> 00:13:54.265
[inaudible] net benefit
[inaudible] it may not.

00:13:54.265 --> 00:13:57.250
All in all, gender relations

00:13:57.250 --> 00:14:00.350
really underlie all
these processes.

00:14:00.990 --> 00:14:04.255
How're going to intervene

00:14:04.255 --> 00:14:07.315
really depends on
what is your goal is.

00:14:07.315 --> 00:14:10.270
Is your goal to reach
[inaudible] basically

00:14:10.270 --> 00:14:13.540
benefit women or is
it to empower women.

00:14:13.540 --> 00:14:14.710
So if we wanted to reach

00:14:14.710 --> 00:14:16.450
women we definitely
have to include

00:14:16.450 --> 00:14:19.330
the profitabilities
if your program

00:14:19.330 --> 00:14:20.770
aims to benefit women,

00:14:20.770 --> 00:14:22.870
you will aim to increase women's

00:14:22.870 --> 00:14:26.140
well-being with security
and [inaudible] health.

00:14:26.140 --> 00:14:27.310
But if you want to empower

00:14:27.310 --> 00:14:28.945
women it's really a
lot more difficult.

00:14:28.945 --> 00:14:31.000
It's to strengthen
their ability to make

00:14:31.000 --> 00:14:32.800
strategic life choices and

00:14:32.800 --> 00:14:34.615
to put those choices
into action.

00:14:34.615 --> 00:14:35.680
We see a lot of

00:14:35.680 --> 00:14:38.870
development programs say "We're
going to empower women."

00:14:38.870 --> 00:14:40.560
But when you actually look at

00:14:40.560 --> 00:14:43.070
what they're doing there's
nothing empowering.

00:14:43.070 --> 00:14:45.450
It doesn't mean that
projects which are

00:14:45.450 --> 00:14:48.405
[inaudible] benefit
are bad projects.

00:14:48.405 --> 00:14:51.870
For example, a
vaccination project that

00:14:51.870 --> 00:14:55.980
aims to reach children universally
may not be empowering,

00:14:55.980 --> 00:15:03.240
but you better to do it
otherwise [inaudible].

00:15:03.240 --> 00:15:06.720
Let's take a look
at applying these

00:15:06.720 --> 00:15:15.690
[inaudible].

00:15:15.690 --> 00:15:17.530
This is a framework which we

00:15:17.530 --> 00:15:19.750
developed in the
gender agriculture

00:15:19.750 --> 00:15:24.280
and Athens project [inaudible].

00:15:24.280 --> 00:15:27.100
I really find it useful when
we try to take a look at how

00:15:27.100 --> 00:15:28.360
projects are actually trying to

00:15:28.360 --> 00:15:30.040
reach [inaudible] empower women.

00:15:30.040 --> 00:15:32.140
For example, if we're

00:15:32.140 --> 00:15:34.420
looking at access
program that is going to

00:15:34.420 --> 00:15:37.105
deliver essential
services to women

00:15:37.105 --> 00:15:38.290
some of the strategies

00:15:38.290 --> 00:15:40.270
might include providing
transportation,

00:15:40.270 --> 00:15:43.180
conducting training at
convenient times and we look at

00:15:43.180 --> 00:15:44.440
the proportion of
women attending

00:15:44.440 --> 00:15:47.020
training and receiving
[inaudible].

00:15:47.020 --> 00:15:52.960
All of us who received

00:15:52.960 --> 00:15:54.550
money from the USAID

00:15:54.550 --> 00:15:57.775
have probably
[inaudible] like these.

00:15:57.775 --> 00:16:01.960
Now, if you're
attempting to increasing

00:16:01.960 --> 00:16:05.335
this well-being you need
to go a bit further.

00:16:05.335 --> 00:16:06.880
You have to consider
women's preferences

00:16:06.880 --> 00:16:10.370
[inaudible] help them training.

00:16:10.650 --> 00:16:13.195
You need for indicators sets,

00:16:13.195 --> 00:16:15.670
these aggregated
data for land use,

00:16:15.670 --> 00:16:16.795
[inaudible] income, consumption,

00:16:16.795 --> 00:16:18.490
efficient time
usage [inaudible].

00:16:18.490 --> 00:16:21.880
For example, if your program
is an official program,

00:16:21.880 --> 00:16:24.355
you really should get,

00:16:24.355 --> 00:16:27.160
indicators on men,
women, and children.

00:16:27.160 --> 00:16:29.650
Basically everybody in
the household program,

00:16:29.650 --> 00:16:33.550
that they should be coded and
disaggregated [inaudible].

00:16:33.550 --> 00:16:35.155
Now if you want to
empower women and

00:16:35.155 --> 00:16:37.840
increase their agency
over production

00:16:37.840 --> 00:16:40.900
and [inaudible] strategies

00:16:40.900 --> 00:16:42.985
enhance women's
decision-making power.

00:16:42.985 --> 00:16:46.360
Households and communities,
especially on crops to grow,

00:16:46.360 --> 00:16:48.820
and indicators would include

00:16:48.820 --> 00:16:51.280
decision-making indicators
about the power,

00:16:51.280 --> 00:16:53.125
decision-making
power of production,

00:16:53.125 --> 00:16:54.805
income and food consumption

00:16:54.805 --> 00:16:58.165
as well as potential
consequences.

00:16:58.165 --> 00:17:00.130
Least programs increase

00:17:00.130 --> 00:17:02.395
the incidents of
gender-based violence.

00:17:02.395 --> 00:17:05.695
These programs create
unnecessary burden on women.

00:17:05.695 --> 00:17:07.360
These are things
that we need to take

00:17:07.360 --> 00:17:09.265
[inaudible] assume
that women have

00:17:09.265 --> 00:17:13.615
all the spare time can do
yet another development.

00:17:13.615 --> 00:17:17.095
To get a better understanding

00:17:17.095 --> 00:17:20.020
of what these possible
activities are

00:17:20.020 --> 00:17:23.740
[inaudible] partner projects in

00:17:23.740 --> 00:17:27.025
the gender agriculture
as [inaudible] two.

00:17:27.025 --> 00:17:28.960
We asked them to work with

00:17:28.960 --> 00:17:32.740
their strategies to reach
back to that following.

00:17:32.740 --> 00:17:35.500
These are all
projects which have

00:17:35.500 --> 00:17:39.820
[inaudible] objective
or so they say,

00:17:39.820 --> 00:17:43.900
[inaudible] reach them will
achieve it better than

00:17:43.900 --> 00:17:45.685
others and the activity areas

00:17:45.685 --> 00:17:48.700
involve in providing
goods and services,

00:17:48.700 --> 00:17:51.355
strengthening organizations,
especially groups,

00:17:51.355 --> 00:17:52.810
building knowledge and skills

00:17:52.810 --> 00:17:55.345
and influencing gender reforms.

00:17:55.345 --> 00:17:58.960
The [inaudible] are
still on-going.

00:17:58.960 --> 00:18:00.790
I would say by 2022,

00:18:00.790 --> 00:18:03.370
we will have a
better idea of which

00:18:03.370 --> 00:18:07.930
among all these strategies
work to empower women.

00:18:07.930 --> 00:18:11.095
The implication from
project's that,

00:18:11.095 --> 00:18:12.565
if you're going to think,

00:18:12.565 --> 00:18:14.650
even about putting
women's empowerment

00:18:14.650 --> 00:18:16.540
as a project objective,

00:18:16.540 --> 00:18:18.280
your objectives, strategies,

00:18:18.280 --> 00:18:20.605
tactics and indicators
have to be aligned.

00:18:20.605 --> 00:18:22.750
As you're seeking
to empower women,

00:18:22.750 --> 00:18:24.670
you have to think about
what tactics would

00:18:24.670 --> 00:18:26.680
affect what women's empowerment.

00:18:26.680 --> 00:18:32.290
We have to be very
intentional about this.

00:18:32.290 --> 00:18:36.475
For founders, founders
please do you due diligence.

00:18:36.475 --> 00:18:37.870
Check objectives,

00:18:37.870 --> 00:18:40.840
strategies, tactics,
and indicators align.

00:18:40.840 --> 00:18:43.810
There really can be no
empowerment plan [inaudible]

00:18:43.810 --> 00:18:49.730
the strategists have to be in
line with this empowerment.

00:18:50.820 --> 00:18:53.965
If you're project and a founder,

00:18:53.965 --> 00:18:56.365
you need to have indicators.

00:18:56.365 --> 00:19:00.640
Because if your organization,

00:19:00.640 --> 00:19:02.110
a large donor organization many,

00:19:02.110 --> 00:19:04.840
many projects and all your
project are saying they

00:19:04.840 --> 00:19:07.870
all empower women but they all
have different indicators,

00:19:07.870 --> 00:19:10.060
how are you going to
judge [inaudible]

00:19:10.060 --> 00:19:11.845
what's working and what's not.

00:19:11.845 --> 00:19:14.590
So in line with that,

00:19:14.590 --> 00:19:17.545
it [inaudible] has been
involved since 2011 in

00:19:17.545 --> 00:19:19.690
the development [inaudible]

00:19:19.690 --> 00:19:24.730
agriculture index
with [inaudible]

00:19:24.730 --> 00:19:28.420
and USAID is now
developing a project that

00:19:28.420 --> 00:19:37.390
[inaudible] agriculture

00:19:37.390 --> 00:19:39.530
for nutrition and health.

00:19:41.550 --> 00:19:45.070
It was really clear
as we started

00:19:45.070 --> 00:19:50.230
this process that it was
not going to be easy.

00:19:50.230 --> 00:19:54.400
I know that seven years
ago when we launched

00:19:54.400 --> 00:19:56.470
the women's empowerment
in agriculture index

00:19:56.470 --> 00:19:58.765
[inaudible] to say,

00:19:58.765 --> 00:20:00.925
you can't measure the profit

00:20:00.925 --> 00:20:02.215
if you believe in the profit.

00:20:02.215 --> 00:20:04.390
Fortunately, we did
this with them.

00:20:04.390 --> 00:20:07.510
[NOISE] As a brief overview,

00:20:07.510 --> 00:20:08.590
our starting point is

00:20:08.590 --> 00:20:11.620
our women's own empowerment
agriculture index

00:20:11.620 --> 00:20:16.420
which was developed in USA
[inaudible] launched in 2012.

00:20:16.420 --> 00:20:18.850
Adequacy started to
measure inclusion in

00:20:18.850 --> 00:20:20.200
the agricultural sectors as

00:20:20.200 --> 00:20:21.865
far as we see the
future initiative.

00:20:21.865 --> 00:20:23.710
It's a survey-based index

00:20:23.710 --> 00:20:24.720
[NOISE] that goes through

00:20:24.720 --> 00:20:25.930
various women at the
same households.

00:20:25.930 --> 00:20:26.995
It's quite different from

00:20:26.995 --> 00:20:29.740
other gender-related
indexes which

00:20:29.740 --> 00:20:31.405
are actually based
in secondary data.

00:20:31.405 --> 00:20:33.325
For example, Gender Gap Index,

00:20:33.325 --> 00:20:35.260
which are very
commonly used index

00:20:35.260 --> 00:20:37.375
which are made of
big data series,

00:20:37.375 --> 00:20:42.320
is based on secondary data
for national statistics.

00:20:42.360 --> 00:20:45.250
Some few may have
seen this before,

00:20:45.250 --> 00:20:47.410
so if you have, you

00:20:47.410 --> 00:20:50.530
take a quick nap [LAUGHTER],
absolutely quickly.

00:20:50.530 --> 00:20:53.140
The way I show you,
[NOISE] this is

00:20:53.140 --> 00:20:55.555
an index for the five
main environment,

00:20:55.555 --> 00:20:57.160
five [inaudible], which is

00:20:57.160 --> 00:21:00.700
a direct measure of goods
in four or five dimensions.

00:21:00.700 --> 00:21:02.620
I also mentioned earlier,

00:21:02.620 --> 00:21:03.880
we pulled up the same data from

00:21:03.880 --> 00:21:06.550
them so we can compare
the environment of

00:21:06.550 --> 00:21:08.680
women compared to the
same household and

00:21:08.680 --> 00:21:11.275
that gives you the
gender parity index,

00:21:11.275 --> 00:21:12.910
which gives you then
[NOISE] the environment

00:21:12.910 --> 00:21:14.950
compared to the
primary male council.

00:21:14.950 --> 00:21:19.435
If you make the data
for a long time,

00:21:19.435 --> 00:21:22.120
the way we see this concept
is like a layered cake.

00:21:22.120 --> 00:21:25.060
We don't do donuts [NOISE].

00:21:25.060 --> 00:21:27.100
The way I classified index which

00:21:27.100 --> 00:21:30.265
are starting from the top;
production, resources,

00:21:30.265 --> 00:21:32.050
income, leadership and client,

00:21:32.050 --> 00:21:35.635
which are now measures
with set indicators.

00:21:35.635 --> 00:21:38.930
I'm not going to read all of
them, you can look them out.

00:21:41.820 --> 00:21:46.270
In the process of fielding this,

00:21:46.270 --> 00:21:48.280
people in the field
are saying that it

00:21:48.280 --> 00:21:50.305
is very long implement,

00:21:50.305 --> 00:21:52.660
so we also developed
a 60 degree average,

00:21:52.660 --> 00:21:58.540
which saves [inaudible].

00:21:58.540 --> 00:22:01.570
Now, what we had was an

00:22:01.570 --> 00:22:03.490
integrated [inaudible] called

00:22:03.490 --> 00:22:05.440
classified domestic agriculture.

00:22:05.440 --> 00:22:06.760
It was a standardized

00:22:06.760 --> 00:22:08.680
measure s we can
actually run later.

00:22:08.680 --> 00:22:13.975
For this first [inaudible]
in the future countries,

00:22:13.975 --> 00:22:16.990
we actually have more than
eight organization now,

00:22:16.990 --> 00:22:19.990
you can navigate
version from there and

00:22:19.990 --> 00:22:23.685
have the ability to just
diagnose a problem with that.

00:22:23.685 --> 00:22:28.050
However, projects wanted
something different.

00:22:28.050 --> 00:22:30.265
If you recall, this was first

00:22:30.265 --> 00:22:34.150
developed for use in
population based service.

00:22:34.150 --> 00:22:36.370
They received a
feature program to use

00:22:36.370 --> 00:22:39.310
this but in a very large scale.

00:22:39.310 --> 00:22:41.230
What is worth it is it's

00:22:41.230 --> 00:22:43.210
more availability
for project content.

00:22:43.210 --> 00:22:46.195
So for example, if you
were a lifestyle project,

00:22:46.195 --> 00:22:49.735
there's really not enough
detail in here about lifestyle.

00:22:49.735 --> 00:22:51.235
Once the crops grow,

00:22:51.235 --> 00:22:54.475
here's really not enough
detail in here for crops.

00:22:54.475 --> 00:22:56.980
Of course everything
begin will be

00:22:56.980 --> 00:22:59.050
really long because earlier it

00:22:59.050 --> 00:23:03.010
will break [inaudible]
Some projects,

00:23:03.010 --> 00:23:04.900
especially with
regard to nutrition,

00:23:04.900 --> 00:23:06.760
wanted more attention to domain.

00:23:06.760 --> 00:23:09.910
Decision making [inaudible].

00:23:09.910 --> 00:23:11.275
Then project themselves,

00:23:11.275 --> 00:23:12.610
walk up to this things here.

00:23:12.610 --> 00:23:17.350
[inaudible] Mobility,

00:23:17.350 --> 00:23:20.240
they can actually
go to these places.

00:23:21.600 --> 00:23:26.305
They control the
projects generally.

00:23:26.305 --> 00:23:29.740
Are they free from
domestic violence?

00:23:29.740 --> 00:23:32.140
These were things that weren't

00:23:32.140 --> 00:23:34.345
originally in the
projects people wanted.

00:23:34.345 --> 00:23:41.050
Of course, everybody wanted
shorter [inaudible].

00:23:41.050 --> 00:23:44.050
Another thing also is
that communities make

00:23:44.050 --> 00:23:47.950
themselves very different
from understanding from us.

00:23:47.950 --> 00:23:50.215
We were able to understand

00:23:50.215 --> 00:23:53.215
what communities themselves
[inaudible] sense,

00:23:53.215 --> 00:23:54.820
how many times they farm.

00:23:54.820 --> 00:23:57.355
We did qualitative work.

00:23:57.355 --> 00:24:01.000
The way I [inaudible],

00:24:01.000 --> 00:24:04.630
but their development
relies a lot on

00:24:04.630 --> 00:24:07.000
qualitative work to
sign into and look

00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:10.700
at what are our unmet needs.

00:24:11.310 --> 00:24:18.130
If you recall, the three
dimensions of farming,

00:24:18.130 --> 00:24:21.850
we [inaudible] all
understandings of the farmer,

00:24:21.850 --> 00:24:23.650
that's really good
quality in there.

00:24:23.650 --> 00:24:28.315
Actually fit these
domains pretty well.

00:24:28.315 --> 00:24:34.000
In terms of the argument
about what's important,

00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:35.860
is taking care of oneself,

00:24:35.860 --> 00:24:37.795
taking care of your
family's needs,

00:24:37.795 --> 00:24:39.670
and taking care of
others is something

00:24:39.670 --> 00:24:44.980
that should be [inaudible].

00:24:44.980 --> 00:24:46.570
Resources have been relived

00:24:46.570 --> 00:24:50.170
economically, so
[inaudible] enabled.

00:24:50.170 --> 00:24:52.540
Achievements have been
doing real well at rest.

00:24:52.540 --> 00:24:55.840
As I put it here [inaudible].

00:24:55.840 --> 00:24:57.955
There's ages of being active but

00:24:57.955 --> 00:25:01.165
also quality inclusion
needs some attention here.

00:25:01.165 --> 00:25:02.950
But this idea of basically a

00:25:02.950 --> 00:25:04.690
burden other people
take care [inaudible].

00:25:04.690 --> 00:25:07.300
it really requires
a definition on

00:25:07.300 --> 00:25:10.780
how people look at a person
who is applying here,

00:25:10.780 --> 00:25:13.570
People know that many
of the countries where

00:25:13.570 --> 00:25:17.570
[inaudible] have
definition inequality.

00:25:18.300 --> 00:25:23.200
If it was translated
or phrased as how

00:25:23.200 --> 00:25:27.610
would you describe
you admired leaders?

00:25:27.610 --> 00:25:31.790
How would you describe a
woman in this environment?

00:25:33.900 --> 00:25:36.340
In all versions
we're looking at,

00:25:36.340 --> 00:25:39.130
whether the original
wear or the old,

00:25:39.130 --> 00:25:42.055
there are three
types of agencies.

00:25:42.055 --> 00:25:44.680
To find this more related,

00:25:44.680 --> 00:25:46.540
frame this data,

00:25:46.540 --> 00:25:56.440
more consistently

00:25:56.440 --> 00:26:00.430
[inaudible].

00:26:00.430 --> 00:26:02.860
Any dangers flying out

00:26:02.860 --> 00:26:06.130
with these three
types of agencies,

00:26:06.130 --> 00:26:08.245
we've developed indicators

00:26:08.245 --> 00:26:12.440
of quality
instrumental agencies.

00:26:14.250 --> 00:26:17.290
In the intrinsic agency domain,

00:26:17.290 --> 00:26:27.085
you have the ability
to decide by yourself,

00:26:27.085 --> 00:26:31.420
you're self motivate,
your self-efficacy,

00:26:31.420 --> 00:26:34.405
attitudes about
domestic violence,

00:26:34.405 --> 00:26:36.430
and there's respect among us.

00:26:36.430 --> 00:26:38.110
You can see that
the interests that

00:26:38.110 --> 00:26:40.525
agency domain actually brings

00:26:40.525 --> 00:26:45.920
in a lot of the ideas of
the projects themselves.

00:26:46.890 --> 00:26:50.560
The instrumental agency domain,

00:26:50.560 --> 00:26:54.115
it has a lot of our individuals.

00:26:54.115 --> 00:26:56.080
Already faced with I think

00:26:56.080 --> 00:26:59.230
many problems that affect
their [inaudible].

00:26:59.230 --> 00:27:01.760
Is it the informations?

00:27:03.900 --> 00:27:08.180
Access to efficient
financial services.

00:27:15.270 --> 00:27:18.700
Then we have two indicators
of collective agency,

00:27:18.700 --> 00:27:21.790
full membership and
membership [inaudible].

00:27:21.790 --> 00:27:23.890
What we realized is
that we probably

00:27:23.890 --> 00:27:29.180
need more collective agency.

00:27:30.420 --> 00:27:33.220
It was very interesting
that some of

00:27:33.220 --> 00:27:36.115
the things that
people think of us,

00:27:36.115 --> 00:27:38.440
collective agency right now.

00:27:38.440 --> 00:27:40.180
When people we taught this,

00:27:40.180 --> 00:27:42.760
for example say,
"All this script?"

00:27:42.760 --> 00:27:45.310
No. You must have
enough collective data.

00:27:45.310 --> 00:27:48.730
No, they said, we do
this to get credit.

00:27:48.730 --> 00:27:52.030
And so I think there's
an issue there how we

00:27:52.030 --> 00:27:57.230
conceptualize what it means
to have collective data.

00:27:57.450 --> 00:28:03.250
So what's interesting
there is that it was

00:28:03.250 --> 00:28:05.860
being developed
collaboratively with

00:28:05.860 --> 00:28:08.620
the third beat projects which
are on the right-hand side.

00:28:08.620 --> 00:28:10.270
Deletion of all the proposals.

00:28:10.270 --> 00:28:17.020
[inaudible] domains of crops,

00:28:17.020 --> 00:28:19.135
livestock with combining
crops and livestock.

00:28:19.135 --> 00:28:21.430
So there are three projects

00:28:21.430 --> 00:28:24.745
across Sub-Saharan
Africa and South Asia.

00:28:24.745 --> 00:28:27.375
The project that I'm going to

00:28:27.375 --> 00:28:31.270
speak about on is
the Angel Project.

00:28:36.120 --> 00:28:40.570
This is the agriculture
gender [inaudible] project,

00:28:40.570 --> 00:28:42.190
the Angel Project.

00:28:42.190 --> 00:28:46.070
The principal investigator
is Dr. Ahmed.

00:29:11.850 --> 00:29:15.070
Before I tell you about ANGeL,

00:29:15.070 --> 00:29:17.440
let me tell you the back story.

00:29:17.440 --> 00:29:22.700
After we launched
the WEAI in 2012,

00:29:22.950 --> 00:29:26.020
the [inaudible] folks went
out [inaudible] service.

00:29:26.020 --> 00:29:28.870
Then we got the
service again and

00:29:28.870 --> 00:29:31.870
concluded the WEAI and did

00:29:31.870 --> 00:29:34.360
the composition analysis
to look at what were

00:29:34.360 --> 00:29:37.660
the sources of this fund.

00:29:37.660 --> 00:29:40.930
Although the draft does not give

00:29:40.930 --> 00:29:44.600
you what domains belong to what,

00:29:44.600 --> 00:29:46.360
you will see very clearly that

00:29:46.360 --> 00:29:50.995
the country which has the
most disempowered women,

00:29:50.995 --> 00:29:53.605
the greatest percent of
disempowered women is Bangladesh.

00:29:53.605 --> 00:29:58.150
All the way to the left. A lot

00:29:58.150 --> 00:30:01.090
of the Sub-Saharan African
countries are to the right,

00:30:01.090 --> 00:30:03.145
but it's actually quite mixed.

00:30:03.145 --> 00:30:05.230
Cambodia is an outlier.

00:30:05.230 --> 00:30:07.300
It has to do with a little bit

00:30:07.300 --> 00:30:09.355
about how some of
the indicators,

00:30:09.355 --> 00:30:10.630
some of the questions,

00:30:10.630 --> 00:30:13.150
were interpreted because
we couldn't ask questions

00:30:13.150 --> 00:30:15.895
about speaking public which is

00:30:15.895 --> 00:30:18.625
originally one of
the indicators in

00:30:18.625 --> 00:30:20.110
the leadership
domain because it's

00:30:20.110 --> 00:30:22.970
a very politically
sensitive question.

00:30:23.940 --> 00:30:26.770
These findings show
that Bangladesh had

00:30:26.770 --> 00:30:28.960
the highest proportion
of disempowered women.

00:30:28.960 --> 00:30:31.480
When these results represented

00:30:31.480 --> 00:30:33.005
to the Ministry of Agriculture,

00:30:33.005 --> 00:30:35.940
the Ministry of Agriculture
was really not pleased.

00:30:35.940 --> 00:30:39.790
She said [inaudible]
something about it.

00:30:39.950 --> 00:30:45.400
She's a very determined and
forceful woman, so basically,

00:30:45.400 --> 00:30:46.420
she told IFRI, "Okay,

00:30:46.420 --> 00:30:50.755
guys and girls, we need
to do something about it.

00:30:50.755 --> 00:30:52.825
Why don't we design
and implement

00:30:52.825 --> 00:30:56.200
a pilot project
which will test what

00:30:56.200 --> 00:31:02.365
strategy works best to increase
agricultural production,

00:31:02.365 --> 00:31:06.085
improve our nutrition situation,

00:31:06.085 --> 00:31:07.675
and also to empower women."

00:31:07.675 --> 00:31:10.915
Wow, that's really
a very tall order.

00:31:10.915 --> 00:31:12.940
But you have to do
it scientifically

00:31:12.940 --> 00:31:14.980
because if we can't
do it scientifically,

00:31:14.980 --> 00:31:17.785
there's no point
in scaling them.

00:31:17.785 --> 00:31:22.870
Fortunately, we had
data and our data came

00:31:22.870 --> 00:31:27.730
from a 2011-2012 Bangladesh
Integrated Household Survey,

00:31:27.730 --> 00:31:32.620
BIHS, which is the first survey

00:31:32.620 --> 00:31:35.935
of Bangladesh which was
[inaudible] of rural Bangladesh.

00:31:35.935 --> 00:31:38.800
We used that survey that

00:31:38.800 --> 00:31:42.175
came up with the
following findings.

00:31:42.175 --> 00:31:45.520
We found out that agricultural
diversity promotes

00:31:45.520 --> 00:31:47.560
household and child
dietary diversity and

00:31:47.560 --> 00:31:52.060
dietary equality even
after [inaudible].

00:31:52.060 --> 00:31:53.395
I want to note here also

00:31:53.395 --> 00:31:57.250
that the nutrition
outcome that we want

00:31:57.250 --> 00:31:59.560
to affect here is
really dietary quality

00:31:59.560 --> 00:32:02.650
because that's what we can
expect radical change.

00:32:02.650 --> 00:32:03.880
You really can't expect

00:32:03.880 --> 00:32:05.770
agriculture to get
a big [inaudible]

00:32:05.770 --> 00:32:08.080
standing because
something is affected by

00:32:08.080 --> 00:32:10.825
so many other
factors like health,

00:32:10.825 --> 00:32:14.725
sanitation, and all
that other stuff.

00:32:14.725 --> 00:32:17.080
The other thing
that they found is

00:32:17.080 --> 00:32:18.970
that women's empowerment
as mentioned by the WEAI

00:32:18.970 --> 00:32:23.500
improves household child
material dietary diversity.

00:32:23.500 --> 00:32:26.380
Agricultural diversity
also increases

00:32:26.380 --> 00:32:29.050
with the primary
woman's empowerment.

00:32:29.050 --> 00:32:34.240
The Agriculture, Gender and
Nutrition Linkages project

00:32:34.240 --> 00:32:35.875
or ANGeL aims to strengthen

00:32:35.875 --> 00:32:38.710
the nexus between agriculture,
nutrition, and gender.

00:32:38.710 --> 00:32:42.130
To study this,

00:32:42.130 --> 00:32:44.830
we use a randomized
controlled trial

00:32:44.830 --> 00:32:47.770
with several treatment arms.

00:32:47.770 --> 00:32:51.400
There were five interventions
delivered to both men and

00:32:51.400 --> 00:32:54.610
women and nothing was
delivered in [inaudible].

00:32:54.610 --> 00:32:56.185
Think of this as an insect,

00:32:56.185 --> 00:32:58.660
an insect with six legs.

00:32:58.660 --> 00:33:03.445
Leg one, E1 is nutrition
behavior change communication,

00:33:03.445 --> 00:33:05.050
which was delivered by

00:33:05.050 --> 00:33:07.780
the [inaudible] agricultural
extension officers.

00:33:07.780 --> 00:33:09.520
E2 was nutrition,

00:33:09.520 --> 00:33:13.675
BCC which was delivered by
trained community women.

00:33:13.675 --> 00:33:17.860
E3, agriculture
production provided

00:33:17.860 --> 00:33:20.185
by department agriculture
extension workers.

00:33:20.185 --> 00:33:22.780
E4, ag extension workers were

00:33:22.780 --> 00:33:25.915
trained to deliver
agriculture plus nutrition.

00:33:25.915 --> 00:33:29.605
Five, that agricultural
nutrition agendas,

00:33:29.605 --> 00:33:32.890
the VAD and project
facilitators that were hired by

00:33:32.890 --> 00:33:52.120
[inaudible] is actually
world-famous for its [inaudible]

00:33:52.120 --> 00:33:54.940
randomly assigned between
[inaudible] controlled groups

00:33:54.940 --> 00:34:04.180
[inaudible] The end-line
survey with Detroit,

00:34:04.180 --> 00:34:07.885
the active project phase ended
[inaudible] March, 2018.

00:34:07.885 --> 00:34:12.970
This is actually a pretty short
duration of intervention.

00:34:12.970 --> 00:34:15.640
We used difference and
difference estimates to

00:34:15.640 --> 00:34:18.160
look at the difference for
the change between the group.

00:34:18.160 --> 00:34:24.040
The household will receive
trainings and [inaudible].

00:34:24.040 --> 00:34:25.810
Note that there are no assets

00:34:25.810 --> 00:34:30.745
transferred to the participant.

00:34:30.745 --> 00:34:31.990
It's not like, for example,

00:34:31.990 --> 00:34:34.705
have a project
[inaudible] livestock.

00:34:34.705 --> 00:34:38.365
It's really a
training-based program.

00:34:38.365 --> 00:34:42.145
As a result [inaudible]
from the country.

00:34:42.145 --> 00:34:45.955
The participants were assigned
to five different arms.

00:34:45.955 --> 00:34:51.085
The [inaudible] assistant
agriculture officers

00:34:51.085 --> 00:34:55.870
and were being monitored by
the [inaudible] officers with

00:34:55.870 --> 00:34:57.670
coordination and
technical assistance from

00:34:57.670 --> 00:35:01.840
the agriculture
[inaudible] steering

00:35:01.840 --> 00:35:07.210
committee [inaudible]
and overall

00:35:07.210 --> 00:35:12.520
the Ministry of Agriculture.

00:35:12.520 --> 00:35:15.535
[inaudible] training
approach, nutrition,

00:35:15.535 --> 00:35:21.985
providing all this very
factual and science-based,

00:35:21.985 --> 00:35:25.465
evidence-based recommendations
of the [inaudible] diets.

00:35:25.465 --> 00:35:28.060
It had [inaudible]
agriculture [inaudible]

00:35:28.060 --> 00:35:34.480
and it had [inaudible]

00:35:34.480 --> 00:35:36.670
connection [inaudible] which

00:35:36.670 --> 00:35:39.835
also involved community
conversations.

00:35:39.835 --> 00:35:42.730
You see lots of men
here, men and elders,

00:35:42.730 --> 00:35:45.985
people who are important
people to the woman herself.

00:35:45.985 --> 00:35:48.820
In terms of program implementation
average [inaudible]

00:35:48.820 --> 00:35:51.730
of women is higher [inaudible].

00:35:51.730 --> 00:35:55.300
Training [inaudible] together
helped to [inaudible].

00:35:55.300 --> 00:35:58.390
It's quite interesting
that before men were

00:35:58.390 --> 00:36:00.220
usually excluded from
nutrition education

00:36:00.220 --> 00:36:02.050
and women from ag education.

00:36:02.050 --> 00:36:03.415
They actually enjoyed this,

00:36:03.415 --> 00:36:07.930
meeting with [inaudible] go
out together and talk about

00:36:07.930 --> 00:36:12.370
the agriculture and nutrition.

00:36:12.370 --> 00:36:13.840
[inaudible] discuss them with

00:36:13.840 --> 00:36:15.040
their neighbors and relatives,

00:36:15.040 --> 00:36:16.180
they liked their trainers,

00:36:16.180 --> 00:36:19.280
they found [inaudible] helpful.

00:36:19.530 --> 00:36:23.710
They use a variety
of [inaudible].

00:36:23.710 --> 00:36:25.480
Everybody said, almost everybody

00:36:25.480 --> 00:36:27.655
said had no difficulty
on the training.

00:36:27.655 --> 00:36:29.830
Let's look at the results.

00:36:29.830 --> 00:36:35.150
Take a look at
[inaudible] on that side.

00:36:35.340 --> 00:36:38.950
Just look at that
looking at the bars,

00:36:38.950 --> 00:36:43.330
the bars show changes in
reference to the control group.

00:36:43.330 --> 00:36:44.590
What they found is that men's

00:36:44.590 --> 00:36:47.080
agricultural production
knowledge grew,

00:36:47.080 --> 00:36:48.640
especially for interventions in

00:36:48.640 --> 00:36:50.380
agriculture components [inaudible]
agriculture components.

00:36:50.380 --> 00:36:51.340
[inaudible] partially
[inaudible]

00:36:51.340 --> 00:36:54.880
all the agriculture components.

00:36:54.880 --> 00:36:56.500
But the impacts on
women's agriculture

00:36:56.500 --> 00:36:59.710
production knowledge
are even greater.

00:36:59.710 --> 00:37:01.885
Men adopted more improved

00:37:01.885 --> 00:37:04.885
agriculture production
practices after ANGel,

00:37:04.885 --> 00:37:08.065
again, mostly in the
[inaudible] agriculture.

00:37:08.065 --> 00:37:11.230
But women had even
greater adoption of

00:37:11.230 --> 00:37:14.950
improved agriculture production
practices particularly in

00:37:14.950 --> 00:37:16.090
the three treatments arms which

00:37:16.090 --> 00:37:18.910
focus on agriculture production.

00:37:18.910 --> 00:37:28.390
[inaudible] diversification
[inaudible] using [inaudible].

00:37:28.390 --> 00:37:31.180
Everybody knows statistically
significant effects

00:37:31.180 --> 00:37:33.550
on field crop [inaudible].

00:37:33.550 --> 00:37:35.965
But there was a large gain in

00:37:35.965 --> 00:37:38.680
the number of
non-rice crops grown

00:37:38.680 --> 00:37:41.560
in homes and gardens and
homes and gardens of

00:37:41.560 --> 00:37:44.500
the loom are usually
[inaudible].

00:37:44.500 --> 00:37:46.150
Then we also asked

00:37:46.150 --> 00:37:48.280
questions about nutrition
knowledge and [inaudible]

00:37:48.280 --> 00:37:50.470
training and we found

00:37:50.470 --> 00:37:52.330
that all the
interventions actually,

00:37:52.330 --> 00:37:55.060
statistically significantly
include efficient knowledge

00:37:55.060 --> 00:37:57.685
with women outperforming men.

00:37:57.685 --> 00:38:01.420
Household dietary
diversity was measured

00:38:01.420 --> 00:38:06.085
[inaudible] and all of them,

00:38:06.085 --> 00:38:13.330
they improved significantly
in the nutrition treatment on

00:38:13.330 --> 00:38:22.120
with the community
women [inaudible].

00:38:22.120 --> 00:38:29.860
Interestingly, the
agriculture [inaudible]

00:38:29.860 --> 00:38:31.975
Improve dietary diversity of

00:38:31.975 --> 00:38:35.320
treatment [inaudible]
baseline and

00:38:35.320 --> 00:38:38.890
women were more empowered
across intervention.

00:38:38.890 --> 00:38:40.030
These are baseline and

00:38:40.030 --> 00:38:43.045
[inaudible] even in
a controlled group.

00:38:43.045 --> 00:38:44.710
If you break this down,

00:38:44.710 --> 00:38:47.470
what's interesting is women
became more empowered in

00:38:47.470 --> 00:38:51.445
asset ownership and income
decisions particularly in P5.

00:38:51.445 --> 00:38:53.560
Men also became
more empowered in

00:38:53.560 --> 00:38:56.260
production in
conversation from P1-P5.

00:38:56.260 --> 00:38:59.140
Where does these
changes come from?

00:38:59.140 --> 00:39:00.580
They're most likely
from attitudes

00:39:00.580 --> 00:39:04.690
related to gender [inaudible].

00:39:04.690 --> 00:39:07.600
We look at their agreement
with statements based on

00:39:07.600 --> 00:39:11.515
[inaudible] nurturing
connections curriculum.

00:39:11.515 --> 00:39:13.240
This whole list of questions

00:39:13.240 --> 00:39:16.015
here which [inaudible]
PowerPoint.

00:39:16.015 --> 00:39:17.740
I'm not going to read this.

00:39:17.740 --> 00:39:20.020
But there were
significant improvements

00:39:20.020 --> 00:39:22.660
in women's and men's
total [inaudible] in

00:39:22.660 --> 00:39:24.595
sports particularly in P5

00:39:24.595 --> 00:39:26.530
so note that that
is a treatment arm

00:39:26.530 --> 00:39:30.760
which includes
genders [inaudible].

00:39:30.760 --> 00:39:32.605
There was significant
improvement

00:39:32.605 --> 00:39:34.300
in women's gender active

00:39:34.300 --> 00:39:35.680
particularly in P5 or

00:39:35.680 --> 00:39:39.025
the verbal ones in P5
[inaudible] purple there.

00:39:39.025 --> 00:39:43.405
Especially interestingly,
even in other treatment arms,

00:39:43.405 --> 00:39:47.290
I make important contributions
to my community.

00:39:47.290 --> 00:39:49.885
Very, I think, significant

00:39:49.885 --> 00:39:52.810
qualitatively and
also [inaudible].

00:39:52.810 --> 00:39:56.110
Women recognize that
they [inaudible].

00:39:56.110 --> 00:39:59.020
There are also a few
significant improvements

00:39:59.020 --> 00:40:00.445
in men's individual averages,

00:40:00.445 --> 00:40:01.540
not as much as the women.

00:40:01.540 --> 00:40:08.260
[inaudible] empowerment
are encouraging for women

00:40:08.260 --> 00:40:10.090
increasing the empowerment with

00:40:10.090 --> 00:40:12.265
respect to asset
ownership decisions

00:40:12.265 --> 00:40:16.900
also for men [inaudible]
improvement [inaudible] arm,

00:40:16.900 --> 00:40:25.720
and attitudes related to
gender also improved in P5.

00:40:25.720 --> 00:40:27.910
What are the effective
strategies that

00:40:27.910 --> 00:40:30.130
came out from our
study of [inaudible]?

00:40:30.130 --> 00:40:32.935
Integrating [inaudible]
is important.

00:40:32.935 --> 00:40:35.770
The combined training on
agriculture, nutrition,

00:40:35.770 --> 00:40:38.440
and gender had much greater
impact than nutrition

00:40:38.440 --> 00:40:41.860
only for agriculture
only business.

00:40:41.860 --> 00:40:43.630
Training husbands and wives

00:40:43.630 --> 00:40:45.550
[inaudible] household
was important too.

00:40:45.550 --> 00:40:49.720
It was good for them both
to receive this knowledge.

00:40:49.720 --> 00:40:52.345
Empowering women and
teaching women with

00:40:52.345 --> 00:40:55.210
agriculture was a
very important thing.

00:40:55.210 --> 00:40:59.110
In Bangladesh, women are
[inaudible] agriculture as men.

00:40:59.110 --> 00:41:00.805
Also in many countries.

00:41:00.805 --> 00:41:03.400
Under Angel, we found
that women who received

00:41:03.400 --> 00:41:04.930
agriculture training learned and

00:41:04.930 --> 00:41:07.330
applied [inaudible]
agriculture practices.

00:41:07.330 --> 00:41:12.040
[inaudible] and Michael, I
don't want to circle back to

00:41:12.040 --> 00:41:16.975
the ideas of inequality
and inequity.

00:41:16.975 --> 00:41:19.450
One point that we have to
make and to understand is

00:41:19.450 --> 00:41:22.915
gender is only one aspect
of inequality and inequity.

00:41:22.915 --> 00:41:24.820
It intersects with other

00:41:24.820 --> 00:41:26.545
social categories
that would lead to

00:41:26.545 --> 00:41:29.635
inequitable health
nutrition outcomes

00:41:29.635 --> 00:41:31.510
and depending on content,

00:41:31.510 --> 00:41:33.910
this would be task,
ethnicity, race,

00:41:33.910 --> 00:41:36.865
national origin, religion,
and [inaudible] war.

00:41:36.865 --> 00:41:39.370
One factor may be
exclusionary in

00:41:39.370 --> 00:41:42.530
some situations
but not in others.

00:41:42.600 --> 00:41:45.760
To give a word of
caution before you

00:41:45.760 --> 00:41:48.535
do grand gender action plan,

00:41:48.535 --> 00:41:51.950
remember that context
is everything.

00:41:53.250 --> 00:41:56.305
What is your goal and
who are we reaching?

00:41:56.305 --> 00:41:57.520
The answer will depend on

00:41:57.520 --> 00:42:00.175
context and where the
equity problem is.

00:42:00.175 --> 00:42:02.965
It's not going to be
the same everywhere.

00:42:02.965 --> 00:42:05.620
If you're going to
take the rich benefit,

00:42:05.620 --> 00:42:09.070
empowered framework
and apply it with

00:42:09.070 --> 00:42:12.100
an equity lens when you want to

00:42:12.100 --> 00:42:15.190
reach people you want to
include marginalized groups,

00:42:15.190 --> 00:42:18.415
under-served groups
in rural communities.

00:42:18.415 --> 00:42:21.160
For benefit you want to
increase the well-being of

00:42:21.160 --> 00:42:23.950
marginalized and
underserved communities.

00:42:23.950 --> 00:42:25.570
When it comes to empowerment,

00:42:25.570 --> 00:42:28.450
you want to be able to
strengthen their ability to make

00:42:28.450 --> 00:42:30.250
strategic life choices and to

00:42:30.250 --> 00:42:32.500
put those choices into action.

00:42:32.500 --> 00:42:34.945
You'd just go ahead
and distribute

00:42:34.945 --> 00:42:38.290
iron supplements but
unless you empower

00:42:38.290 --> 00:42:43.830
people [inaudible] far-flung
areas to make seeking

00:42:43.830 --> 00:42:45.510
their own healthcare
and demanding

00:42:45.510 --> 00:42:49.695
good government services as
part of their empowerment,

00:42:49.695 --> 00:42:52.390
you're not really
going to empower them.

00:42:53.040 --> 00:42:56.980
There may be tensions across
all three objectives.

00:42:56.980 --> 00:43:01.040
Let's not forget that
these tensions are valid.

00:43:02.040 --> 00:43:07.480
I want to go back to the
picture of the baseball field

00:43:07.480 --> 00:43:11.230
and the wall separating

00:43:11.230 --> 00:43:13.660
the little kids from
the baseball field.

00:43:13.660 --> 00:43:15.985
Reality that somebody modified

00:43:15.985 --> 00:43:20.305
has one guy really very
high up on the stands.

00:43:20.305 --> 00:43:25.960
Equality distributed
with three boxes.

00:43:25.960 --> 00:43:29.560
Equity redistributed so all
the kids could have a go.

00:43:29.560 --> 00:43:33.055
Liberation then,
removing barriers.

00:43:33.055 --> 00:43:35.515
Isn't that a concept?

00:43:35.515 --> 00:43:38.695
What does liberation look like?

00:43:38.695 --> 00:43:39.730
It's going to look very

00:43:39.730 --> 00:43:41.860
different depending
on the context.

00:43:41.860 --> 00:43:44.830
In the self-help
group [inaudible] in

00:43:44.830 --> 00:43:48.055
India it starts with

00:43:48.055 --> 00:43:49.480
building a self-help group and

00:43:49.480 --> 00:43:51.955
raising women's political
and social consciousness.

00:43:51.955 --> 00:43:54.370
Teaching women to speak up.

00:43:54.370 --> 00:43:58.360
In this irrigation
group in Kenya,

00:43:58.360 --> 00:44:04.210
men and women are working
together to [inaudible].

00:44:04.210 --> 00:44:07.960
They are both pathways
to [inaudible].

00:44:07.960 --> 00:44:10.600
I think I'm going to end here
by saying that it is really

00:44:10.600 --> 00:44:13.180
satisfying [inaudible]
especially for

00:44:13.180 --> 00:44:14.755
the young people in this room.

00:44:14.755 --> 00:44:17.890
You can't be in such a great
field at a better time.

00:44:17.890 --> 00:44:19.840
Onwards. Thank you very much.

00:44:19.840 --> 00:44:25.600
[APPLAUSE]

00:44:25.600 --> 00:44:31.780
Thank you so much. Well, we

00:44:31.780 --> 00:44:33.520
do have thirty minutes of

00:44:33.520 --> 00:44:34.840
Q&A discussion and then you have

00:44:34.840 --> 00:44:36.460
a 10-minute break
before the next panel,

00:44:36.460 --> 00:44:39.130
so we have [inaudible] ready,

00:44:39.130 --> 00:44:40.300
so you can raise your hand.

00:44:40.300 --> 00:44:44.230
We'll also be reading
from the [inaudible].

00:44:44.230 --> 00:44:47.810
[inaudible] I'm sorry, it's

00:44:57.450 --> 00:44:59.830
difficult to
pronounce your name.

00:44:59.830 --> 00:45:01.510
It's very easy.

00:45:01.510 --> 00:45:04.645
[LAUGHTER] Quisumbing,
but call me Agnes.

00:45:04.645 --> 00:45:06.400
I really wanted to thank you

00:45:06.400 --> 00:45:08.230
so much for your great
contribution [inaudible] in

00:45:08.230 --> 00:45:14.870
the field of women's issues.

00:45:16.170 --> 00:45:20.440
I'm from Nepal. My
name is Ramesh and I'm

00:45:20.440 --> 00:45:26.200
[inaudible] in women's issues.

00:45:26.200 --> 00:45:30.430
My question [inaudible]
specific when you talk

00:45:30.430 --> 00:45:34.675
about women empowerment
[inaudible] roles and family.

00:45:34.675 --> 00:45:36.670
What [inaudible] are you taking

00:45:36.670 --> 00:45:41.020
[inaudible] one of the
most respected issues.

00:45:41.020 --> 00:45:45.280
In terms of [inaudible]
one gentleman

00:45:45.280 --> 00:45:48.670
[inaudible] about
faith-based approach.

00:45:48.670 --> 00:45:52.060
How do we [inaudible] I'll
give you one example,

00:45:52.060 --> 00:45:55.480
Nepali women don't drink milk
for seven days when they

00:45:55.480 --> 00:45:57.325
are on their periods and

00:45:57.325 --> 00:45:59.560
that's one resource
of [inaudible].

00:45:59.560 --> 00:46:02.620
If women are denied to drink
milk during that period,

00:46:02.620 --> 00:46:06.265
how are you opposing
any ideas, new ideas?

00:46:06.265 --> 00:46:08.710
How do we raise
the cultural sort

00:46:08.710 --> 00:46:10.900
of [inaudible]?
That's my question.

00:46:10.900 --> 00:46:15.970
If we concentrate on
cultural understanding when

00:46:15.970 --> 00:46:21.670
you talk about [inaudible].

00:46:21.670 --> 00:46:23.420
[inaudible] three questions.

00:46:29.520 --> 00:46:32.305
Hello. Is this working?

00:46:32.305 --> 00:46:33.580
Okay. I'm Lauren.

00:46:33.580 --> 00:46:34.630
I'm a graduate student at the

00:46:34.630 --> 00:46:36.550
University of California, Davis.

00:46:36.550 --> 00:46:39.760
My question is
about the gender of

00:46:39.760 --> 00:46:41.545
the trainers and facilitators

00:46:41.545 --> 00:46:43.495
in these programs and projects.

00:46:43.495 --> 00:46:45.130
If you feel like that
makes a difference,

00:46:45.130 --> 00:46:46.900
especially if the group that is

00:46:46.900 --> 00:46:48.670
being trained is mixed-gender,

00:46:48.670 --> 00:46:50.935
or all men, or all women,

00:46:50.935 --> 00:46:52.450
do you feel that
makes a difference to

00:46:52.450 --> 00:46:56.030
the efficacy of the
trainings? Thank you.

00:47:11.330 --> 00:47:14.640
I have a follow-up question
about the trainings,

00:47:14.640 --> 00:47:15.765
and that is whether
the community

00:47:15.765 --> 00:47:17.775
facilitators get any payment,

00:47:17.775 --> 00:47:20.860
or if it's all voluntary time?

00:47:30.200 --> 00:47:32.295
I'm going to answer,

00:47:32.295 --> 00:47:33.705
I'm going to go the reverse.

00:47:33.705 --> 00:47:36.120
For that, I actually don't
know the answer to that,

00:47:36.120 --> 00:47:39.030
because I was not involved
in the [inaudible].

00:47:39.030 --> 00:47:42.130
But usually, we
compensate people.

00:47:46.100 --> 00:47:49.380
But don't trust my
answer, I'll find out and

00:47:49.380 --> 00:47:52.590
get back to you.

00:47:52.590 --> 00:47:54.690
With respect to the effect on

00:47:54.690 --> 00:47:59.325
the trainer and all
the facilitator,

00:47:59.325 --> 00:48:01.710
it affects outcomes, I think

00:48:01.710 --> 00:48:04.410
depending on the countries
for the context.

00:48:04.410 --> 00:48:06.120
There are some countries where

00:48:06.120 --> 00:48:15.780
[NOISE] men and women don't
typically interact in public,

00:48:15.780 --> 00:48:18.420
and in those cases,
it's probably best

00:48:18.420 --> 00:48:22.035
to invest in training
your country of females.

00:48:22.035 --> 00:48:26.490
But it's going to take time
for that country to build up.

00:48:26.490 --> 00:48:30.105
Some special agencies have
done is to also train

00:48:30.105 --> 00:48:33.060
men to be able to interact

00:48:33.060 --> 00:48:37.395
with women more effectively
in the sense that they don't

00:48:37.395 --> 00:48:38.940
make sexist remark and

00:48:38.940 --> 00:48:43.470
then degrading remarks
[inaudible] It's not easy.

00:48:43.470 --> 00:48:46.575
The other thing that I
want to mention actually,

00:48:46.575 --> 00:48:54.720
so we're [inaudible] [NOISE]

00:48:54.720 --> 00:48:57.210
the extension
worker [inaudible],

00:48:57.210 --> 00:48:58.890
so I suggest you
look up your work.

00:48:58.890 --> 00:49:00.585
The other interesting thing

00:49:00.585 --> 00:49:02.970
that some colleagues
of mine, I think,

00:49:02.970 --> 00:49:08.220
we are doing is [inaudible].

00:49:08.220 --> 00:49:10.380
What they're doing is
actually looking at

00:49:10.380 --> 00:49:14.640
the effect of the
past of the trainer.

00:49:14.640 --> 00:49:16.470
We're working with [inaudible].

00:49:16.470 --> 00:49:19.050
It's a very large
[inaudible] in India,

00:49:19.050 --> 00:49:21.885
and we work in tribal areas.

00:49:21.885 --> 00:49:26.980
It is a country where caste
differences are very obvious.

00:49:27.290 --> 00:49:29.505
There's really a lot of

00:49:29.505 --> 00:49:32.400
discrimination against
people they serve

00:49:32.400 --> 00:49:38.160
[NOISE] based on
the [inaudible].

00:49:38.160 --> 00:49:39.705
They're not in field, actually,

00:49:39.705 --> 00:49:43.350
running an experiment to
see whether the caste,

00:49:43.350 --> 00:49:47.280
tribal affiliation of the
trainer matters in terms

00:49:47.280 --> 00:49:50.610
of delivery of [inaudible].

00:49:50.610 --> 00:49:53.340
I love your question
[inaudible],

00:49:53.340 --> 00:49:56.220
the last, because it's the
most difficult question.

00:49:56.220 --> 00:49:58.950
First, I want to
clarify that IFPRI

00:49:58.950 --> 00:50:01.290
is not an implementation agency.

00:50:01.290 --> 00:50:02.760
We are not an NGO.

00:50:02.760 --> 00:50:05.730
We are an international
research organization

00:50:05.730 --> 00:50:08.385
and we work with NGOs,

00:50:08.385 --> 00:50:11.070
governments, policymakers,

00:50:11.070 --> 00:50:13.350
to provide evidence on which

00:50:13.350 --> 00:50:15.990
data being transitioned,
so we don't implement.

00:50:15.990 --> 00:50:17.880
However, we will work with

00:50:17.880 --> 00:50:20.505
organizations we designed
in this program,

00:50:20.505 --> 00:50:22.870
which is what the agent
program is about.

00:50:22.880 --> 00:50:25.620
So in the case of

00:50:25.620 --> 00:50:28.650
[inaudible] specific
issue about women not

00:50:28.650 --> 00:50:35.910
training because of
cultural reasons,

00:50:35.910 --> 00:50:40.890
there actually are
some very good NGOs

00:50:40.890 --> 00:50:45.780
which are embedded in
communities and are working

00:50:45.780 --> 00:50:50.700
to change a lot of these
perceptions around nutrition and

00:50:50.700 --> 00:50:56.580
practices which are not
[inaudible] For example,

00:50:56.580 --> 00:51:00.120
we had another international
Sahara project

00:51:00.120 --> 00:51:04.890
[inaudible] who are really
spending a lot of time

00:51:04.890 --> 00:51:07.590
going into
understanding what are

00:51:07.590 --> 00:51:11.910
these concepts or beliefs

00:51:11.910 --> 00:51:19.620
which are preventing people
from doing better [inaudible].

00:51:19.620 --> 00:51:25.420
A lot of it actually involves
very intensive counseling.

00:51:25.490 --> 00:51:28.590
One of the projects that IFPRI

00:51:28.590 --> 00:51:33.840
did in collaboration
with [inaudible].

00:51:33.840 --> 00:51:38.130
[inaudible] is an
implementation agency

00:51:38.130 --> 00:51:40.890
[inaudible] That's where they

00:51:40.890 --> 00:51:42.240
actually tested this model

00:51:42.240 --> 00:51:44.565
of behavior change
communication.

00:51:44.565 --> 00:51:46.710
It is very intense

00:51:46.710 --> 00:51:50.970
[inaudible] [NOISE]
trained community workers

00:51:50.970 --> 00:51:54.960
would go and visit families

00:51:54.960 --> 00:52:00.570
and give them counseling
and teach them.

00:52:00.570 --> 00:52:03.090
We really tailored
the counseling

00:52:03.090 --> 00:52:06.735
to the life cycle stage
of the mother and child.

00:52:06.735 --> 00:52:10.200
For example, if
you're going to give

00:52:10.200 --> 00:52:14.700
a woman who's not yet
pregnant information

00:52:14.700 --> 00:52:16.410
about complementary foods,

00:52:16.410 --> 00:52:18.570
feed her infant at 6th
month, that [inaudible].

00:52:18.570 --> 00:52:21.210
It's not relevant.

00:52:21.210 --> 00:52:23.580
But what this program did

00:52:23.580 --> 00:52:25.890
was they took a look
about the family life,

00:52:25.890 --> 00:52:28.995
they really tailored the BCC.

00:52:28.995 --> 00:52:31.110
It's very intensive.

00:52:31.110 --> 00:52:38.280
The interesting thing about
the BCC is that it can

00:52:38.280 --> 00:52:42.000
actually be transforming in

00:52:42.000 --> 00:52:45.735
other ways that you
don't really expect.

00:52:45.735 --> 00:52:48.150
For example, there have

00:52:48.150 --> 00:52:51.405
been a series of studies by
my colleagues in Bangladesh

00:52:51.405 --> 00:52:54.210
with a classroom
without it being

00:52:54.210 --> 00:52:58.110
[inaudible] and what we found

00:52:58.110 --> 00:53:02.070
is really that the
project originally,

00:53:02.070 --> 00:53:04.080
was testing whether cash

00:53:04.080 --> 00:53:06.240
versus food is a
better [inaudible].

00:53:06.240 --> 00:53:08.145
But to solve the treatment arms,

00:53:08.145 --> 00:53:12.285
they opted cash plus
BCC and food plus BCC.

00:53:12.285 --> 00:53:15.120
The interesting thing is that in

00:53:15.120 --> 00:53:16.500
the treatment arms which

00:53:16.500 --> 00:53:18.795
are behavior change
communication,

00:53:18.795 --> 00:53:20.880
there has been a
long-term reduction

00:53:20.880 --> 00:53:22.665
in the part of the minors.

00:53:22.665 --> 00:53:25.980
I think, really,
the woman has been

00:53:25.980 --> 00:53:27.930
empowered by all these trainings

00:53:27.930 --> 00:53:29.535
that we've directed to her,

00:53:29.535 --> 00:53:32.415
in which have helped her
[NOISE] gain agency,

00:53:32.415 --> 00:53:34.290
this decision
should [inaudible],

00:53:34.290 --> 00:53:37.440
at first seemingly
nutrition and health,

00:53:37.440 --> 00:53:41.445
but [NOISE] they have
been empowering others.

00:53:41.445 --> 00:53:47.640
I think intensive BCC may be
one of the ways to do that.

00:53:47.640 --> 00:53:49.740
Also, involving the community,

00:53:49.740 --> 00:53:53.310
because in many of these
societies in South Asia,

00:53:53.310 --> 00:53:55.350
they don't have very good
control to resources.

00:53:55.350 --> 00:53:57.270
They're very [inaudible]
Other people

00:53:57.270 --> 00:53:59.910
make important decisions.

00:53:59.910 --> 00:54:04.720
So we need to bring those
decision-makers over.

00:54:13.200 --> 00:54:15.580
Thanks so much, Agnes,

00:54:15.580 --> 00:54:19.525
for that comprehensive
presentation.

00:54:19.525 --> 00:54:23.020
It was fun to see the
new directions that you

00:54:23.020 --> 00:54:28.720
all are going [inaudible].

00:54:28.720 --> 00:54:30.130
One thing I was
thinking might be

00:54:30.130 --> 00:54:32.830
useful is if you could explain,

00:54:32.830 --> 00:54:36.445
since so many in our
audience are not economist,

00:54:36.445 --> 00:54:38.605
the overwhelming
majority, in fact,

00:54:38.605 --> 00:54:42.160
are not economists,
why the RCTs,

00:54:42.160 --> 00:54:45.010
the Random Controlled
Trials have

00:54:45.010 --> 00:54:49.975
become the gold standard
now in development work.

00:54:49.975 --> 00:54:51.970
I don't think it's
understood what

00:54:51.970 --> 00:54:54.250
the problem is that
we've been trying

00:54:54.250 --> 00:54:58.810
to get to with that [inaudible].

00:54:58.810 --> 00:55:00.760
Also, specifically, in terms of

00:55:00.760 --> 00:55:06.310
the different arms that you
used for the ANGeL project,

00:55:06.310 --> 00:55:08.575
do I remember it

00:55:08.575 --> 00:55:10.870
correctly that gender
is this only in one

00:55:10.870 --> 00:55:17.380
of the arms or was
it in [inaudible]?

00:55:17.380 --> 00:55:17.680
[inaudible]

00:55:17.680 --> 00:55:20.770
Why not include all the
different combinations?

00:55:20.770 --> 00:55:22.990
What was the
hypothesis in terms of

00:55:22.990 --> 00:55:26.095
only having it instead
of the grand finale

00:55:26.095 --> 00:55:32.005
of the agriculture plus
nutrition plus gender? Thanks.

00:55:32.005 --> 00:55:35.060
I should not probably answer
any single questions.

00:55:38.850 --> 00:55:41.035
This question about why have

00:55:41.035 --> 00:55:42.670
RCTs become the gold
standard, mind you,

00:55:42.670 --> 00:55:44.650
I would say that you use

00:55:44.650 --> 00:55:50.000
the right tool to do
the right job. Closer?

00:55:50.610 --> 00:55:52.210
Is this better?

00:55:52.210 --> 00:55:52.795
Yes.

00:55:52.795 --> 00:56:01.765
Okay. Why have RCTs
become the gold standard?

00:56:01.765 --> 00:56:05.260
It's partly to get rid
of biases introduced

00:56:05.260 --> 00:56:09.205
by other aspects such as
self-selection in projects.

00:56:09.205 --> 00:56:11.845
Before I answer that,

00:56:11.845 --> 00:56:14.140
I have to give a
caveat that RCTs

00:56:14.140 --> 00:56:17.590
are not the only way
of evaluating impacts.

00:56:17.590 --> 00:56:19.990
In most, if not all,

00:56:19.990 --> 00:56:21.640
of [inaudible] work
or at least the ones

00:56:21.640 --> 00:56:25.120
I've worked, we use RCTs.

00:56:25.120 --> 00:56:28.450
We also have qualitative work

00:56:28.450 --> 00:56:31.840
to help you unpack the reasons
why an intervention is

00:56:31.840 --> 00:56:38.760
working or not
working [inaudible].

00:56:38.760 --> 00:56:41.110
Let's take a simple example.

00:56:42.120 --> 00:56:45.320
Let's talk about crops.

00:56:48.950 --> 00:56:52.015
Actually, that could be
too big of an example.

00:56:52.015 --> 00:56:53.470
Let's take credit.
Credit, I think,

00:56:53.470 --> 00:56:55.850
is an easier one.

00:56:56.730 --> 00:56:59.770
Let's say that you have
a credit program and

00:56:59.770 --> 00:57:02.260
you want to look

00:57:02.260 --> 00:57:04.930
at the effect of being

00:57:04.930 --> 00:57:07.840
a member of a credit group
of a particular outcome.

00:57:07.840 --> 00:57:11.110
Let's say that credit
is given to the men who

00:57:11.110 --> 00:57:14.605
are in credit groups and
compare outcomes at the end.

00:57:14.605 --> 00:57:20.230
Now, one issue about
that is that the women

00:57:20.230 --> 00:57:22.390
who choose to join

00:57:22.390 --> 00:57:26.650
a credit group are usually
not ordinary women;

00:57:26.650 --> 00:57:31.250
they self-select, they
could be better educated,

00:57:31.530 --> 00:57:34.285
their husbands might
be more liberal,

00:57:34.285 --> 00:57:41.830
they may have a technique

00:57:41.830 --> 00:57:44.890
called credit
regression [inaudible].

00:57:44.890 --> 00:57:46.540
But what is, I think,

00:57:46.540 --> 00:57:48.550
common to all of these,

00:57:48.550 --> 00:57:50.890
I think people should

00:57:50.890 --> 00:57:52.060
understand this regardless of

00:57:52.060 --> 00:57:53.590
whether you [inaudible]
background or not,

00:57:53.590 --> 00:57:54.955
is that they're trying to create

00:57:54.955 --> 00:57:58.300
a control group, counterfactual,

00:57:58.300 --> 00:58:00.760
which is basically trying to

00:58:00.760 --> 00:58:04.150
mimic the effect of

00:58:04.150 --> 00:58:06.910
what would happen if the
program was not there.

00:58:06.910 --> 00:58:09.640
People who try to mimic that

00:58:09.640 --> 00:58:12.670
may live by random assignment
using matching methods,

00:58:12.670 --> 00:58:15.535
or other techniques, sometimes
using a lot of techniques.

00:58:15.535 --> 00:58:17.830
I must say that, as a researcher

00:58:17.830 --> 00:58:20.020
who works with practitioners,

00:58:20.020 --> 00:58:22.105
it is often very hard to

00:58:22.105 --> 00:58:23.470
convince practitioners that they

00:58:23.470 --> 00:58:25.135
need more of control group.

00:58:25.135 --> 00:58:27.940
It's almost like, "but we can't

00:58:27.940 --> 00:58:30.910
imagine a world in
which we don't exist."

00:58:30.910 --> 00:58:33.565
Well, then how do we
prove that you're very

00:58:33.565 --> 00:58:36.850
important if we can't imagine
that we do not exist?

00:58:36.850 --> 00:58:41.260
It's, really, I think it might
take some humility to say,

00:58:41.260 --> 00:58:43.000
imagine a world where
you don't exist.

00:58:43.000 --> 00:58:44.590
But hey, if you

00:58:44.590 --> 00:58:46.660
really want to convince your
donor that it's working,

00:58:46.660 --> 00:58:48.520
putting money in your project,

00:58:48.520 --> 00:58:50.860
maybe try to show
what life would have

00:58:50.860 --> 00:58:54.110
been like without that
project, without you there.

00:58:54.360 --> 00:58:57.025
Now, going to your question,

00:58:57.025 --> 00:58:59.905
I'm not sure I answer
this question well.

00:58:59.905 --> 00:59:04.480
RCTs have been taken
up in economics as

00:59:04.480 --> 00:59:06.085
the gold standard but my view of

00:59:06.085 --> 00:59:08.680
RCTs did not come
from economics.

00:59:08.680 --> 00:59:10.420
It's the public health people

00:59:10.420 --> 00:59:13.120
who've been doing RCTs for ages.

00:59:13.120 --> 00:59:15.610
The public health
people actually know

00:59:15.610 --> 00:59:18.070
better what the
limitations of RCTs are.

00:59:18.070 --> 00:59:21.100
I was involved in
one of the first,

00:59:21.100 --> 00:59:23.800
big evaluations of
conditional measurement

00:59:23.800 --> 00:59:26.470
of improvement,
through [inaudible].

00:59:26.470 --> 00:59:30.040
The economist in
my team at IFPRI

00:59:30.040 --> 00:59:33.985
[inaudible] were so
gung-ho about RCT.

00:59:33.985 --> 00:59:36.010
Our nutritionist were like that,

00:59:36.010 --> 00:59:38.365
"We've done that for years."

00:59:38.365 --> 00:59:40.000
Because of the nutritionist and

00:59:40.000 --> 00:59:42.625
public health people who know
the limitations of RCTs,

00:59:42.625 --> 00:59:46.370
they know when it works
and also when it does not.

00:59:46.590 --> 00:59:48.760
There is actually
a whole new range

00:59:48.760 --> 00:59:50.590
of evaluation [inaudible],

00:59:50.590 --> 00:59:52.300
I would suggest looking
at all of them before

00:59:52.300 --> 00:59:55.180
deciding that the RCT
is the one for you.

00:59:55.180 --> 00:59:57.280
RCTs can give you

00:59:57.280 --> 01:00:00.250
very exact answers to
very limited questions.

01:00:00.250 --> 01:00:02.905
If you have more
complicated questions,

01:00:02.905 --> 01:00:05.210
you might want to use a
[inaudible] evaluation.

01:00:07.320 --> 01:00:09.400
Why did we use [inaudible]

01:00:09.400 --> 01:00:12.370
gender-sensitization only
in one [inaudible] arms?

01:00:12.370 --> 01:00:16.255
It is because nobody had
actually demonstrated

01:00:16.255 --> 01:00:22.120
the additionality of integrating

01:00:22.120 --> 01:00:23.260
gender with this [inaudible].

01:00:23.260 --> 01:00:25.180
Remember that we are trying to

01:00:25.180 --> 01:00:27.280
convince a Ministry
of Agriculture

01:00:27.280 --> 01:00:32.510
to allocate scarce
resources across programs.

01:00:32.670 --> 01:00:36.250
The way to do that is
to really show what

01:00:36.250 --> 01:00:39.415
the additionality of each
program deployment was.

01:00:39.415 --> 01:00:41.410
Is it going to be an
agriculture program only,

01:00:41.410 --> 01:00:45.505
a nutrition program only,
a gender program only?

01:00:45.505 --> 01:00:47.950
That was the reason for
doing the [inaudible].

01:00:47.950 --> 01:00:52.390
It's really the
best because even

01:00:52.390 --> 01:00:58.675
though we know from
small-scale empirical work,

01:00:58.675 --> 01:01:00.670
the thing of [inaudible]
where gender is important,

01:01:00.670 --> 01:01:02.830
it had not been tested in

01:01:02.830 --> 01:01:06.865
the context of a large
agricultural program,

01:01:06.865 --> 01:01:08.350
agricultural
nutrition program as

01:01:08.350 --> 01:01:09.790
being implemented to scale.

01:01:09.790 --> 01:01:11.650
We were also working in a
country where there were

01:01:11.650 --> 01:01:13.945
very few [inaudible]
facilitators,

01:01:13.945 --> 01:01:15.280
so you'll be pleased
to know that they're

01:01:15.280 --> 01:01:17.900
actually planning to
scale this up nationally.

01:01:18.720 --> 01:01:23.590
Hi, I'm Paige [inaudible].

01:01:23.590 --> 01:01:25.360
Thank you very much
for your presentation

01:01:25.360 --> 01:01:29.650
and also for your contribution
to gender in agriculture.

01:01:29.650 --> 01:01:33.445
I appreciate your inclusion
of the importance of context.

01:01:33.445 --> 01:01:36.415
I wonder if there are
more broad consideration

01:01:36.415 --> 01:01:39.130
for the [inaudible]
in Latin America,

01:01:39.130 --> 01:01:41.425
given that the majority of
the projects are focused

01:01:41.425 --> 01:01:46.040
in Sub-Saharan Africa
and Southeast Asia?

01:01:48.090 --> 01:01:50.620
It's really nice that
you could say that

01:01:50.620 --> 01:01:52.750
because we actually haven't
worked in Latin America.

01:01:52.750 --> 01:01:56.080
We have never obtained [inaudible]
work in Latin America.

01:01:56.080 --> 01:01:57.970
Many of our other policies in

01:01:57.970 --> 01:02:00.655
the CdA are using it
in Latin America.

01:02:00.655 --> 01:02:02.740
IDB has actually used it.

01:02:02.740 --> 01:02:04.510
The Inter-American
Development Bank

01:02:04.510 --> 01:02:05.890
has actually been using it in

01:02:05.890 --> 01:02:08.920
food projects in Bolivia
and [inaudible].

01:02:08.920 --> 01:02:11.200
I believe that from what they

01:02:11.200 --> 01:02:15.370
found in one of
their innovations,

01:02:15.370 --> 01:02:18.130
they actually changed the
design of the program.

01:02:18.130 --> 01:02:19.450
They found, for
example, the evaluation

01:02:19.450 --> 01:02:22.840
that men were actually
more empowered,

01:02:22.840 --> 01:02:25.760
they found out
that it is because

01:02:25.770 --> 01:02:30.820
the way the program was

01:02:30.820 --> 01:02:35.350
implemented gave them more
control over those results.

01:02:35.350 --> 01:02:39.295
So they actually redesigned
the program based on that,

01:02:39.295 --> 01:02:42.370
but we are looking to expand

01:02:42.370 --> 01:02:51.370
our testing and development
for [inaudible].

01:02:51.370 --> 01:02:51.640
Good morning.

01:02:51.640 --> 01:02:53.335
My name is [inaudible]
from [inaudible] States.

01:02:53.335 --> 01:02:58.090
I have a question about the
[inaudible] different angle.

01:02:58.090 --> 01:03:00.490
We're looking at the impact of

01:03:00.490 --> 01:03:03.340
some global patterns or

01:03:03.340 --> 01:03:05.410
global trends on food and

01:03:05.410 --> 01:03:08.605
nutrition in the [inaudible]
South, in particular.

01:03:08.605 --> 01:03:12.820
Looking at trade and tariff
barriers, for example,

01:03:12.820 --> 01:03:15.220
how that has impacted

01:03:15.220 --> 01:03:18.280
basic growing and
consumption of agriculture?

01:03:18.280 --> 01:03:20.305
I'm thinking, for example,

01:03:20.305 --> 01:03:22.750
of NAFTA and the impact of

01:03:22.750 --> 01:03:26.530
corn production in Mexico
where it was cheaper

01:03:26.530 --> 01:03:29.290
to purchase corn produced in

01:03:29.290 --> 01:03:33.250
Iowa than what's in
their global regions.

01:03:33.250 --> 01:03:36.850
I'm just thinking from a
different scale but connecting

01:03:36.850 --> 01:03:40.420
scales and how globalization
and trade or tariffs,

01:03:40.420 --> 01:03:42.265
in particular, can impact

01:03:42.265 --> 01:03:45.550
all production and
consumption in agriculture?

01:03:45.550 --> 01:03:48.445
How that's factored into

01:03:48.445 --> 01:03:51.250
your research [inaudible]

01:03:51.250 --> 01:03:55.345
a bit broader scope
in this organization?

01:03:55.345 --> 01:03:58.330
One of the things I've
learned as a researcher is

01:03:58.330 --> 01:04:01.645
when if you don't know a topic,
and this is one of them.

01:04:01.645 --> 01:04:03.670
I would refer you, actually,

01:04:03.670 --> 01:04:05.410
to my colleagues in

01:04:05.410 --> 01:04:07.780
the market [inaudible]
and solution division

01:04:07.780 --> 01:04:12.505
with [inaudible] many of
them have actually done.

01:04:12.505 --> 01:04:15.520
I have some colleagues
who have worked on

01:04:15.520 --> 01:04:19.615
looking at gender-disaggregated,
macro-monitoring.

01:04:19.615 --> 01:04:21.370
I'm a micro person

01:04:21.370 --> 01:04:23.440
so I'm not going to
answer your question.

01:04:23.440 --> 01:04:24.820
Thank you.

01:04:24.820 --> 01:04:31.510
Hi. I'm Evelyn from [inaudible].

01:04:31.510 --> 01:04:38.845
I'm sorry, where did you say?

01:04:38.845 --> 01:04:41.260
Virginia Tech.

01:04:41.260 --> 01:04:45.030
I have a question.

01:04:45.030 --> 01:04:46.950
My research is related to a lot

01:04:46.950 --> 01:04:48.970
of the things that you're doing,

01:04:48.970 --> 01:04:50.770
except it's sort
of the opposite.

01:04:50.770 --> 01:04:53.830
I come from an agricultural
science background and did

01:04:53.830 --> 01:04:57.670
observation-based but
based on survey work.

01:04:57.670 --> 01:04:59.710
I applied positive [inaudible],

01:04:59.710 --> 01:05:04.300
like the [inaudible]
household surveys

01:05:04.300 --> 01:05:05.740
sometimes or [inaudible].

01:05:05.740 --> 01:05:10.900
The reason why I did
it this way is because

01:05:10.900 --> 01:05:16.345
my [inaudible] a community
of [inaudible] and how can

01:05:16.345 --> 01:05:20.875
we help smaller organizations

01:05:20.875 --> 01:05:23.350
that don't have many resources,

01:05:23.350 --> 01:05:25.630
let's say, think

01:05:25.630 --> 01:05:29.020
Helen Keller [inaudible]
USA-type of projects,

01:05:29.020 --> 01:05:32.605
how they can demonstrate
their impact effortlessly.

01:05:32.605 --> 01:05:34.990
My question is, you do

01:05:34.990 --> 01:05:40.330
baseline nutrition work and
agriculture [inaudible]?

01:05:40.330 --> 01:05:42.670
Then, what I [inaudible]
as next step,

01:05:42.670 --> 01:05:46.585
as in my career, that
gradually, basically,

01:05:46.585 --> 01:05:51.070
build development program
based on positive results,

01:05:51.070 --> 01:05:52.150
basically things
that are already

01:05:52.150 --> 01:05:53.770
working within the community.

01:05:53.770 --> 01:05:55.390
How would you structure

01:05:55.390 --> 01:05:59.320
a control group around
something like that,

01:05:59.320 --> 01:06:02.380
if you have different outcomes

01:06:02.380 --> 01:06:04.820
and have different communities?

01:06:07.950 --> 01:06:11.750
This is a very
interesting question

01:06:12.120 --> 01:06:15.430
and [BACKGROUND] it's something
that we've encountered,

01:06:15.430 --> 01:06:18.190
but we already have

01:06:18.190 --> 01:06:20.110
a good solution too
because we tend to

01:06:20.110 --> 01:06:22.270
work with a research
organization.

01:06:22.270 --> 01:06:26.575
We have that in mind with
large organization in scale,

01:06:26.575 --> 01:06:29.920
but you're thinking a
bit outside the box.

01:06:29.920 --> 01:06:34.190
I think that if you
can get the community,

01:06:34.980 --> 01:06:37.465
and I think it's very important.

01:06:37.465 --> 01:06:41.920
We can't expect the big
organizations to work everywhere.

01:06:41.920 --> 01:06:45.500
Empowerment is personal
[NOISE] and very local,

01:06:46.530 --> 01:06:48.370
so it's important for

01:06:48.370 --> 01:06:52.240
the local community
to be empowered.

01:06:52.240 --> 01:06:53.980
I think there are two questions.

01:06:53.980 --> 01:06:58.300
One is, do you

01:06:58.300 --> 01:07:02.110
want to evaluate the
local organization unit?

01:07:02.110 --> 01:07:05.200
The other question is, are you

01:07:05.200 --> 01:07:08.545
trying to build practices
developed by them,

01:07:08.545 --> 01:07:12.910
are your communities
learning from all this?

01:07:12.910 --> 01:07:13.030
Both.

01:07:13.030 --> 01:07:13.900
Both, right?

01:07:13.900 --> 01:07:14.200
Yeah.

01:07:14.200 --> 01:07:27.610
[inaudible].

01:07:27.610 --> 01:07:29.170
There's two premises.

01:07:29.170 --> 01:07:31.930
One, we'd be
hypothetically helping

01:07:31.930 --> 01:07:35.440
small organizations to do
their monitoring evaluations,

01:07:35.440 --> 01:07:37.870
so that they can
put funding without

01:07:37.870 --> 01:07:41.930
hiring somebody
expensive like us.

01:07:46.530 --> 01:07:50.380
Then [inaudible] cling into

01:07:50.380 --> 01:07:52.390
western world like [inaudible].

01:07:52.390 --> 01:07:57.430
The other part of it
is that [inaudible].

01:07:57.430 --> 01:07:59.200
Here, I don't know if you
can hear what that is,

01:07:59.200 --> 01:08:01.615
but that change of public
health paper theories,

01:08:01.615 --> 01:08:03.130
save the children.

01:08:03.130 --> 01:08:06.055
What they did is they went
into a community from Vietnam

01:08:06.055 --> 01:08:07.720
and they were given

01:08:07.720 --> 01:08:10.360
one year to do their work
as hard as they want.

01:08:10.360 --> 01:08:13.990
They had basic pay, went
into the communities,

01:08:13.990 --> 01:08:16.030
and they found children
that were less

01:08:16.030 --> 01:08:19.195
malnourished than their
families' poverty would predict,

01:08:19.195 --> 01:08:22.090
and they had others that

01:08:22.090 --> 01:08:25.405
the children were
healthier than predicted.

01:08:25.405 --> 01:08:28.195
They watched them, they did
observation based-work,

01:08:28.195 --> 01:08:31.885
and then they found a solution.

01:08:31.885 --> 01:08:36.270
They found interventions from
the mothers who gave birth.

01:08:36.270 --> 01:08:41.620
Then they implemented community
health program with that.

01:08:41.620 --> 01:08:45.520
[NOISE] The difference is that

01:08:45.520 --> 01:08:50.495
the communities have identified

01:08:50.495 --> 01:08:52.270
those things on their own.

01:08:52.270 --> 01:08:52.670
How does this affect us?

01:08:52.670 --> 01:08:53.290
[OVERLAPPING] It's
not an easy question.

01:08:53.290 --> 01:08:54.360
No, it's not an easy question.

01:08:54.360 --> 01:08:56.170
It's not an easy question,

01:08:56.170 --> 01:08:58.060
and I actually
think that this is

01:08:58.060 --> 01:09:00.100
maybe a case where
a very good well

01:09:00.100 --> 01:09:03.040
done case study before taking
part may be better for

01:09:03.040 --> 01:09:07.435
an organization than service.

01:09:07.435 --> 01:09:09.970
I think that they should

01:09:09.970 --> 01:09:12.790
do everything because for

01:09:12.790 --> 01:09:14.500
example if you're
giving an injection,

01:09:14.500 --> 01:09:16.450
you'll weigh a lot of things.

01:09:16.450 --> 01:09:19.450
You would do [inaudible].

01:09:19.450 --> 01:09:20.710
That's important.

01:09:20.710 --> 01:09:23.200
You may not need
to do scaled that

01:09:23.200 --> 01:09:26.845
is with large populations.

01:09:26.845 --> 01:09:29.260
A well designed
case study that is

01:09:29.260 --> 01:09:31.810
correctional then
may be very good for

01:09:31.810 --> 01:09:38.650
documentation purposes
and multiple cases.

01:09:38.650 --> 01:09:40.930
Do we have one more question?

01:09:40.930 --> 01:09:44.560
Then we do have three major
presentations before that,

01:09:44.560 --> 01:09:46.090
so we're just going to
have this one more.

01:09:46.090 --> 01:09:49.885
She's going to do that
when she comes back.

01:09:49.885 --> 01:09:54.175
Good morning. My name is
[inaudible], I'm from Iowa.

01:09:54.175 --> 01:09:56.770
I'm here with [inaudible]
from my university.

01:09:56.770 --> 01:10:01.885
But my question is from your
experience in representing,

01:10:01.885 --> 01:10:03.330
how different are

01:10:03.330 --> 01:10:07.420
the local interpretations
of empowerment,

01:10:07.420 --> 01:10:13.060
and how do you come up
together with an index?

01:10:13.060 --> 01:10:14.360
A better index?

01:10:14.360 --> 01:10:16.880
Yeah. You mentioned
that a lot of

01:10:16.880 --> 01:10:22.975
interpretations brought
understanding of empowerment.

01:10:22.975 --> 01:10:24.670
How do you find
that in an index?

01:10:24.670 --> 01:10:26.500
I'm going to refer you
to three papers which

01:10:26.500 --> 01:10:29.020
just came up in three websites.

01:10:29.020 --> 01:10:33.520
One is by [inaudible].

01:10:33.520 --> 01:10:34.870
They're three papers which

01:10:34.870 --> 01:10:36.940
are all about the development of

01:10:36.940 --> 01:10:42.130
the project that [inaudible].

01:10:42.130 --> 01:10:46.180
Basically, we use a
quantitative data

01:10:46.180 --> 01:10:47.350
to help identify

01:10:47.350 --> 01:10:49.360
indicators which could
go with the index,

01:10:49.360 --> 01:10:52.375
but that's the thing about it.

01:10:52.375 --> 01:10:55.250
Then the quantitative team

01:10:57.390 --> 01:10:59.800
explored these concepts of

01:10:59.800 --> 01:11:01.570
empowerment with
the communities,

01:11:01.570 --> 01:11:06.910
[NOISE] and we actually
found that they help us.

01:11:06.910 --> 01:11:10.120
You can even ask me a little
bit about that later,

01:11:10.120 --> 01:11:12.895
but the way the
conceptualized empowerment

01:11:12.895 --> 01:11:14.440
help us to choose

01:11:14.440 --> 01:11:15.810
the indicators to introduce

01:11:15.810 --> 01:11:19.660
the index and also how
to interpret this index.

01:11:20.370 --> 01:11:22.990
It's an iterative process.

01:11:22.990 --> 01:11:27.040
[NOISE] I can't describe

01:11:27.040 --> 01:11:29.695
it in five minutes because
it's still going on.

01:11:29.695 --> 01:11:31.810
We're still validating,

01:11:31.810 --> 01:11:33.635
especially because it's
continuing further.

01:11:33.635 --> 01:11:35.845
We're not particularly
pleased with

01:11:35.845 --> 01:11:39.370
our indicators of
collective agencies,

01:11:39.370 --> 01:11:44.170
but do read about

01:11:44.170 --> 01:11:45.850
how we did it and how we

01:11:45.850 --> 01:11:47.920
are still trying
to improve this.

01:11:47.920 --> 01:11:51.385
I do think that the inputs from

01:11:51.385 --> 01:11:53.410
the NGOs and projects will

01:11:53.410 --> 01:11:57.260
include these dimensions
of international economy,

01:11:58.020 --> 01:12:01.270
attributes that were
specified as disability.

01:12:01.270 --> 01:12:06.025
I think putting them
there was really key.

01:12:06.025 --> 01:12:09.190
I think also the other thing

01:12:09.190 --> 01:12:13.000
that it didn't emerge on
this round of testing,

01:12:13.000 --> 01:12:16.120
but the previous
round was I think

01:12:16.120 --> 01:12:18.040
that I would say

01:12:18.040 --> 01:12:20.590
about five years ago or
maybe 5-10 years ago,

01:12:20.590 --> 01:12:22.975
the idea was that an asset and

01:12:22.975 --> 01:12:26.410
a local control solely was
really the important thing,

01:12:26.410 --> 01:12:29.110
and I think that from the one
that [inaudible] has come

01:12:29.110 --> 01:12:32.020
with sharing goals
and [inaudible].

01:12:32.020 --> 01:12:33.805
As our work, we're understanding

01:12:33.805 --> 01:12:36.850
that joint control of
assets is also important,

01:12:36.850 --> 01:12:42.265
but our indicators must
control its own asset.

01:12:42.265 --> 01:12:48.070
It shows that the woman
is actually participating

01:12:48.070 --> 01:12:50.810
in decision making or

01:12:51.000 --> 01:12:53.755
an asset which might
be quite important.

01:12:53.755 --> 01:12:55.645
Does it matter for example,

01:12:55.645 --> 01:12:58.555
I have sole control
of buying asset,

01:12:58.555 --> 01:13:00.715
is it more important I have

01:13:00.715 --> 01:13:04.510
joint control over actually
a really important asset.

01:13:04.510 --> 01:13:06.790
These are things that can help

01:13:06.790 --> 01:13:10.510
us not only forming
a position index,

01:13:10.510 --> 01:13:16.180
but also you could
do a [inaudible].

01:13:16.180 --> 01:13:22.000
Thank you very much. [APPLAUSE]