so Hello, everyone. First of all, I
like to say thank you so very much for the
women and gender and international program for the wonderful opportunity
, especially for giving me, like, today the
time to, um, share my research about microfinance
in Bali. And second of all, I'd like
to thank, um, rigid student associations for providing
a a portion off the research funding for my for
my research studies that I conducted last summer. And
to everyone who is able to be here and spending
some of your time to see me, probably hearing
some of my, um unnecessary. OK, so
I'm going to start with the title of this presentation
. So it's called Women Empowerment and the microfinance dilemma
in Bali. What does control over credit
entail? So, speaking about micro finance, some
of you might have heard about this before on might
be aware that microfinance is actually started 30 years ago
as one of the development tools microfinance has been,
you know, it's located to be, uh,
to be a very powerful media or measures so that
society can be empowered in general. Community can be
empowered in general and even targeting a specific group of
community, especially women. Um, if you familiar
with Grameen Bank back in 1997 introduced by Muhammad Yunus
, who also earned a Nobel Prize in 2006,
was kinda like the front guard of the
microfinance itself. I'm gonna talk a little bit about
micro finance, but using a different perspective using a
study case that I've learned from Bali, um,
my homeland. So the purpose of the
presentations are to discuss the extent to which gender relations
both in the household and community affect spousal control over
credit usage. Second is to explore whether gender norms
and expectations affect spousal control over credit. And if
women gain control. I think the importance to ask
these two questions just because most of the research studies
or observations about the rule off micro finance institutions in
the developing countries are focusing on more of a like
in the general or service kind of aspect. So
when I'm interested to know what's going on inside the
household, and that will explain what kind of method
That I'm using, and I'm going to talk about
that later on. So when I start
when I start decision or the discussion with micro finance,
you might have the idea that oh, the
micro Finance, the Grameen Bank, the Social Bank
or the Village Bank. We think about the history
of micro finance. And I think it's important to
to put that in mind that micro finance itself has
been around for a century in Asia. And I
get this data from Sybil 2005. In Asia
, Indigenous micro banking was dated million and back,
including moneylenders, chit funds Rotating, saving, um,
credit merchant banking by farmers. Those are like a
very popular kind of form of financial intermediaries that
society developed back in, um, you know
, many years back. And in Europe,
uh, the 16th and 17th century mark the presence
of several cooperative, um, community banking and some
of them are also something that are were used to
provide, like a pawnshop. And even a thrift
store was started in 17 something in Germany, and
it was actually the mark of the presence of micro
banking itself. Oh, um, I have to
mention it earlier that I'm gonna use the terms micro
banking, microfinance, micro lending interchangeably because I don't wanna be
confined with the word microfinance. I understand that when
we start to talk about micro finance people, we
start to think about ooh, those evil kind of
tool because if you're aware about the study of micro
finance, the discussion about microfinance, most of them
you will find a diverging idea about the benefits,
the benefits of micro finance, some of those are
saying that it really helps the communities. And some
of those are just like it's worsening the gender gap!
So, um, I will not use the
micro finance over and over again, but I will
use the terms like several terms at the same time
, because basically, they're just providing small loans for
people or mobilizing funding or mobilizing savings within the community
If we go back again to the purpose of
this small, micro or small financial institutions, the
purposes are just to transform the lives of the poor
. And I think we can correlate that. Correlate
that until I mean with the present time,
and to cope with industrial capitalism's in the 18th century.
And what about the modern micro finance? And
I think when I start the discussion with the micro
finance. This is what I'm talking about. The
modern microfinance. So in 1998 Muhammad Yunus started growing
bank on. It was purely because he came up
with the idea that the community needs to have something
to be able to survive from a famine in Bangladesh
. And his idea is to also give women,
especially Bangladesh, the women to be able to not
only confined or a curb within the domestic re own
, but also bringing them out and give them an
avenue to be able to contribute more to the society
socially and economically. Um, proponents of micro finance
are very proud of saying that micro finance has boost
economic productivity and revitalization and provide equal opportunities.
Also improved resource mobility, increased village level wages and
raised the likelihood to fight against domestic violence and spousal
um, abandonment. The last part is the one
that I actually saw it from the very current study
about microfinance. But if you were wondering, they
are super. I mean, those are the least
of many good things. But if you wanna find
those were saying the opposite, you will you will
find as many as those were saying the benefit.
So that's what I mean by the diverging idea.
Some people are saying that this is good and
some saying that these are just like a disaster,
Um, a data that they get from W W,
Worldwatch, saying that in 2016 in Asia
itself, which is the host of microfinance, that's
what I read, um, microfinance in Asia serves
130 million borrowers. And that's gonna be
the largest among all continents in the world. And
in Latin America, which is Bolivia is one of
the, uh, one of the countries with,
you know, most progressive microfinance progress. The data
shows that in Latin America 53% growth in 2006
only, and that's huge. And Eastern
Europe and Central Asia says that the largest average launch
loan balance for power. We can talk about this
specific terms later on if you are interested, but
I have to move on. But most of those
studies that I've observed speaking about microfinance, these are
, the following things that I don't see from those
studies, and I think I hope my study will
contribute to the gap and I'll start with the historical
approach of micro banking. Most of those studies are
neglecting the fact that microfinance in the beginning was very
bottom up kind initiative. It's organic, it belongs
to the community. And it's not necessarily introduced by
Big Donor, although it's still a fact for the current
situation. Some of the biggest microfinance in Asia are
actually sponsored by World Bank and the idea and everything
, the program and the planning are designed by the
World Bank. I'm not going to talk about that
. And my my research is basically focusing on a
micro finance institutions that are organically grounded in the community
to be able to understand what's the intricate social
factors that actually affect the sexist world of microfinance. Um
, like I said, actually, Micro Finances was
started as a rule bank on its own by community
, Um, it explains a lot about intricate gender
relationship, although specific studies are not able to unveil
that facts, and it has a very strong and
deep social cultural aspects on it. The other things
that we don't see from many studies about microfinance are
the fact that they are using more of a quantitative
approach instead of qualitative approach and what I'm doing with
my study is to promoting the idea of using a
more qualitative approach instead of quantitative approach. Quantitative
approaches probably like something like survey who wants to
capture the bigger picture. But if you want to
see that, how a small loan can actually help
women in village A. We can only approach that
problem by speaking with them, hearing from them and
and seeing them seeing their everyday, everyday lives to
be able to understand. What's the role of that
loans to them? The other problem is that
most of the studies are focusing on the project based
, for example, like microfinance in Valadez. It's
very much a project, so it's usually large in
number, has a very big target, has a
very big option. I mean, objectives. And
then the way they study it is by using those
factors as an indicator of the survey and hope they
can capture everything using those survey using those indicators instead
of using the household based kind of approach. Okay
, my works on micro finance and international developments are
actually ah, lot more constructed by the following people
. Influential people. First one is Esther Boss Room
I hope I'm not pronouncing her name wrong. Um
, in her, um, influential work entitled Women's
and Role in Economic Development Since Base, this is
basically arguing that women's contribution, both in domestic and
in the paid workforce, contributed to the national economies
. We still see in the developing countries that both
of them are separated, and I think it's always
good to keep voicing that out using, um,
you know, scholarly approach or studies or something like
that to be able to explain to the world that
those are need to be, um, considered equally
, especially in developing countries. I don't see the
problem very apparent in the Western countries, but most
of the developing countries are still seeing it as a
two separate things. Um, the second one is
Amartya Sen and his book, uh, entitled
Development as Freedom, he'ss basically arguing that government should
be measured against the concrete capabilities of their citizens.
So the idea behind that is that communities again,
the root off everything we go back to when we
wanna learn about how community can survive, we can't
see from the birds view, and we have to
see what the community does for that on be able
to kind of like construct, um the values that
they use or the you know, the spirit that
they kind of social capital that they have That will
be an interesting, uh, subject to study.
The third one is Amitai Etzioni. He is the
biggest proponent for communitarianism. And again, the idea
of communitarianism is that because only a community that is
responsive to the true needs off all its member both
in the substance off its core or shared values and
its social and it's social formation can minimize the penalties
, off order and the dangers of autonomy. Eso
going back again to the community and to be able
to understand what the social ties. And that's basically
what let me tell you is Johnny proposes on the
last one is just a child with her term collectivist
organizations, which basically arguing that the implications off a
centralized authority or standardized rules rules to achieve social control
are refused. Um, the point is, from
a collective organization is when um, I think I've
touched a little bit about the method Amusing, um
, for my study, the first one is participant
observation and the second one is the in depth,
um, repeated interviews. The reasons why I did
repeated interviews is to be able to capture the same
aspect from a different perspective of times. And I
want to see how consistent my respondents when answering my
question, especially something that is very sensitive, uh
, seeing women in the developing countries, where I'm
so lucky that because we're using the same language and
to be able to capture that every day and every
time I visit them, it's always interesting. So
I have only a few responded for my study,
and that's the reason why I do that. E
mean, that allows me to do that iterative in
the interviews. So let me jump right into my
I think, the most important part of the discussion
, which is the community owned micro finance in Bali
. Um, I will start with a very large
name, community owned microfinance, Um, but it
actually has its specific name, and it's called LPD
. I'm gonna keep using that word from now on
because it feels easier and straightforward, basically LPD in
English Men's Village Credit Institution. That's pretty straight board
. This micro finance is initiated by the former governor
off Valley Province in 1984. Owned and managed by
the customary village and fully integrated into Balinese culture,
I will talk about what is the integration with the
Balinese culture as of November 2000 and 17. Total
number of customary village in body um is 1486 and
the total number off L. P. D s
104,033. So there is a gap between that because
it is regulated by the government at each customary village
has toe have one. But not every village in
Bali has a strong capability toe form one. So
some customary villages air not having one yet on its
self financing in the sense that it's not relying on
any donor funding. So it's relying solely on mobilizing
savings and providing credit or retained earnings from the last
year. Income, Something like that. Products or
services were designed to serve all community members, regardless
economic background, gender and social class. But the
unique thing about this micro finance is that because they
cannot provide service for people from the adjacent or the
surrounding village, so microfinance A or LP A can only
serve people in the Village A in the respective village
, and most of the leadership roles are by men.
That's pretty obvious, but LPDs are actually
employing some women, also from the local village.
So another interesting thing about this micro finance, or
LPD, is the cultural and religious foundation off the
LPD. LPD basically aims to preserve and strengthen the
customary villages, the communal space off Balinese economic life
, culture, religion and also it binds together past
, present and future lives. And for me,
it's almost all aspects of Balinese people's life. I'm
going to talk about the aspect of past future,
past, present and future in terms off the repayment
of the loan because it's it has something to do
with that. The following pictures are showing some communal
activities. Um, in Balinese community, most of
the activities are very communal. Um, people are
coming to like a hall, like open space hall
just to do a meeting. Women are gathering for
a vaccinations for their kids. These are the
activities, um, pretty often in body, like
a cremations of the dead body, uh, additional
specific job deficient in this thing. Women are usually
standing in the front it's not because they're the leader.
I mean, it has nothing to do with
that, but because some works are pretty much simpler
to do. If you see, I don't know
whether it's clear enough. If you can see the
screen. Men are usually standing beside, like,
lining up behind because they're playing a musical instrument.
It's very uncommon to have the instrument in the front.
So they are sitting in the back. But it
has nothing to do with the gender roles. It
just like like a very spontaneous arrangement. Um,
oh, yeah, I have to go back.
So a part of the social a part of the
income of the these micro finance of these LPDs
are required to be located to
fund this kind of social activities. So some of
the cremations, community cremation, can be funded by using the
social funds of the. LPDs, including these kind
of activities. So dancing is a part of the
community. Um, if you ask people in valley
, I think most of them can dance because things
like this it started in a very tender, you
know, young age. I interviewed the women who
is teaching the dances on DSI is really depending on
the loan from micro finance to be able to,
um, maintaining in the course the dance course that
that c de flopsy in a few years ago Um
, those are the office off LPD. It looks
pretty fancy, Yes, but not 1433 LPDs
Are that fancy. And if you see the pictures at
the bottom, pictures like you see sandals a pair
of sandals Because e think that's the unique thing about
this micro finance Is that because it allows people to
be to be themselves. Um, microfinance is unique
because it allows people who are not, you know
, uh, automatically available for the bigger system to
be able to access loan. So people in the
village usually just leave their sandals outside because they respect
the institutions, they respect the leadership of the LPD,
and they respect the rules of the LPD S
on. That helps to explain the level of repayment
of the loans. So I'm moving on to the
second aspect of the discussion, which is the gender
relations and norms in Bali. So we've talked about
the LPD and the way they work the way it's
organized. Gonna touch the gender relations and norms aspect
of the Balinese community. I'm going to start with
for different aspect factors. To be exact. The
first one is gonna be the first one is increased
modernization improve education advances in technology. The second is
balancing the rules of fostering harmony within families, introducing
good quality offsprings. That's as well as family economic
life. The third one is participating in community organizations
, and the the final one is divisional flavor.
So what I'm gonna do with these factors because this
actually kind of like frame what I
have done with my respondents. So those are the
factors that I see very apparent, uh,
from the way community or gender relations or gender.
I mean the relations of gender or form and in
about in this community. So I'm going to start
with the first factor. Um, the increase modernizations
and improve education. Advances in technology can be seen
from the fact that women nowadays and their own source
of income, um, from being an employee or
micro entrepreneur. If you go to any traditional market
in Bali, you will see that is very traditional
markets are very, um, women happily kind of
place. So you will. You will not be
able to see any men selling, you know,
flowers. That's the place for women. Um,
the second one is having a kid is a must
, and having a son is preferable. That's the
fact. But then technology gets in, technology kicks
in. It's if a couple can't get son in
the family, they will do something to be able
to have a son. Because having a son is
very important to maintain the family linage. And it
has something to do with, uh, inheritance.
The second and the third one is like of gender
discrimination in terms off education. Decisions on all of
those factors are actually supported by my interviews and the
following. Everything in the bottom are my direct quotations
from my interview, like the first one from Cucamonga
Bouhlel in Bali. Um, she said that my
husband and I do not discriminate our kids education,
unlike my parents, So e mean they are actually
experiencing the discriminations, but they don't do that for
the future generation. Um, the second one,
I did not finish school, but my kids have
to on the last one off. His daughter is
pursuing a B A in Australia right now that simply
and her brother Wilson, follow her step to go
to Canada. It was hard for me at first
to let them go far from home, but my
husband will always convince me that this is the right
decisions. That's what I learned from plotting Cabana from
women that I interviewed, including carbon and body.
Um, and that's a pretty good and, um
, progress um, the second one for the For
the Fact number two, I've learned that women are
responsible to look after the home family's health and Children's
education as well as involved in community action. At
the same time, women are also in charge in
all family milestones that are considered important or magical,
such as the first cutting off nails and hairs person
ear loops, talking about romance with kids. So
that's women's roles. The third one is traditional.
Market is almost totally a woman's environment, and I've
touched that earlier. So this is what I've learned
from my interview that the woman says, I'm a
dancer on. We always be a dancer. I
become financially independence because I'm a professional dancer. I
never pushed my son to be a dancer, but
he follows my foot step. I believe in the
principle lead by example. So in terms of defining
or balancing the roles of fostering harmony within families and
producing good quality of offsprings, the women that I
interviewed said that they never really like, push or
confined their kids to be something. They just wanna have
everything flowing Naturally. The fact number three, uh
, is that I've learned that women's involvement in community
organizations, this nature and lack of pressure activities include
preparing a village level ceremonies, village competition or on
an or village administration. Um, those are some
direct quotations that I get from my interview I was
using as a donation collector for a year, working
from home to home to collect subscription for women organization
. I did not do that for the second year
because the job was rotated. So I got the
idea that women are, you know, naturally involved
. And there's no like a an exact impediment for
women to get involved with any communal activities. Um
, the second one, we should show up in
any communal activities, otherwise no one will help us
for our own ceremony. I don't want to do
that. So that's the past, present and future
kind of concept. So they save something now for
the better off. They're off their life in the
future, so they always like a, ah,
full circle of rotations off. You know what comes
around goes around, and the last one is because
of her family linage. My husband and I are
always involved in any ceremony at the village level I
specifically responsible to coordinate women in the village. The
preparation could take at most a year for the biggest
ceremony, and that takes a lot of portion of
women in the household because they have to spend most
of their time outside of the household instead of only
thinking about themselves or the bitterness off the family on
division of labor. At the community level, women
prepare temple offerings and are responsible for the main works
of festivals. Men predominantly prepared foods at a large
scale, and that's a very interesting switch off roles
, because usually women cook. But in this case
, women men who provide the food and build the
event infrastructures like the stage the microphone set up everything
. Um, as the head of the department in
the regional government office, One of the ladies that
I interviews is that that require her to stay longer
at the office. But at home, her husband
often helps her with household chores. Um, she
doesn't see that often, And that's why I was
so grateful. With the switch of the function,
women and men are given a different community working time.
That's how the division of labor occurs in
that community, like for Monday only for man and
just the only for women when I tried to probe
what's going on. And are you okay with that
kind of decision? Um, the women I interviewed
says, I think it's fine for a better management
, so they don't really feel like they're
not allowed to be, you know, as a
unity. But they're fine because they feel like okay
, given that my husband can spend most of their
community activities on Monday and then I can do everything
on Tuesday so that not both both of us are
leaving the house at the same time. I think
that's a very interesting perspective, and then when we
talk about control itself In terms off the inter household
decision making process, I figured that there are two
control. Two types of controls. The first one
is control of labor, and the second one is
control of finance. Uh, in terms of
labors at the household level are decided based on consent.
But men are mostly responsible for any major
decisions, household chores mostly controlled, mostly controlled by wives
. All the decisions are not made by wife because
there's been, I mean, it's it's given for
them to stay at home, to understand what's going
on at home. Different patterns between the higher and
lower family. Caste in in in the sense that
for women who are, I mean for, ah
family or a household from a higher caste, they're
usually having a lot of people who help with the
family chores so they don't have that problem as much as
the household who are, um, in a lower
caste. A family can hire paid workers to
do some house chores so that basically, uh,
more I mean, I would say that that's less
control over the labor, but they can actually put
that on someone else's shoulder and second one is
control of finance. Um, what I've learned that
women hold a sole control over family financial management and
decisions are made based on consent. And what about
credit? And this is where the two topics or
collide with LPDs on the household. Credit decisions
are mostly made by men of the loan, means family
loan. If man take alone, that means that's
a family responsibility husband and wife are required to present
when acquiring credit from LPD. One of
them should be the loan guarantee - 1 of them is
the loan taker, and the other is the loan
guarantee. So it's always been like that.
Credit risk are equally shared. Regardless of gender
course, the sex women have lack of control over
the loans. Usage and repayment of the loans are
used for men's initiatives on. I think that's not
because they don't wanna cross the boundaries between men and
women, because women believe that that's your responsibility.
So they don't feel like they are being subordinated by
. Not by having like a lack of authority off
knowing what What what's the usage off the loan so
they perceive it as them? It's better like that
. Yeah, the next one is women feel more
responsible for the intergenerational impact if the loans are unpaid
, because in some cases that I've learned in Bali
if if parents cannot repay the loan or having a
problem of default, uh, the next generation will
not be able to access loans from the same uh
, LPD. So that's an intergenerational impact that very
good for the LPD, but probably not really good
for the community in large. Both women are men
are concerned about the social penalties from violating the
LPD rules, so some happiness are still very strict
and rigid in terms of practicing their rules. So
When you indicate that you cannot pay back your loans
, the village can bring a musical and symbols and
play it out loud in front of your - yes in
front of your door so that everyone knows that Oh
, you are not in compliance with the LPD's rules.
So that gives like a very strong social pressure
and for this kind of micro finance, because it's
communal and it's regulated using the communal customary law.
Those kind of weird things are allowed, and I
think it works for the community, So
from those discussion to think what I can. Great comment
. As the permanent recommendations are, um,
LPD should be more sensitive since sensitive about how to
design the products and services that specially targeting for women
because they never have a specific product for women.
So women are not intended to be a specific target
, but then that should be also a dilemma.
So that's a total of my presentation to deal,
um, eyes that because micro finance the outfit is
not designed to provide a specific helpful women. So
those kind of issue of a gender norms interrelation the
lacking of, you know, sensitive kind of touch.
A different kind of power relations between men
and women are unveiled. So I recommend to design
products and services that are more sensitive to that and
then improving the skills of women micro entrepreneurs who are
already touched by the LPD s uh increased women leadership
in LPDs. Most of the women are not
interested to be the leaders of these micro finance because
they feel like it takes a lot of their time
to think about how to manage a micro finance.
Although They are very capable because it seems from my
short observation, it seems like there is a direct
relations between women collector with the loan repayment. So
women are usually better off in terms of collecting the
lowest instead of men. Men usually I don't wanna
pay. Okay. Bye. Bye. But women
, Are you sure you don't wanna pay? Please
pay. Will be bad for your Children if you
not pay your current loan and things like that so
women are more diligent himself. Collecting the loan on
my loss recommendation is the locating the social funds for
health related issues. And this are the lake in
part of these, um, LPs. And I
think the impact will be better for women and kids
in the society. Yeah. Yeah, that's all
my presentations. And I'm welcome for comments, questions
, criticisms and everything. Thank you. Yeah,
I saw someone placing percent for skin a bag.
Uh, good bye. Yeah, yeah, that's
a very good question. So I'm not ready to
exposed that in my current presentations, but actually,
I get I got a notion that from what I
got a notion from women that I've interviewed, most
of them are expecting some loans so that they can
start like a micro business because cultural and religious aspect
of Balinese people are intrinsic in the daily
life. So they always come with the idea of
what we can provide for the community. Like for
the offerings or something like that. Um, what
we can provide for the community to make the responsibilities
for the daily offerings easier. So can I be
the Can I be someone who sell the flowers,
for example? So they always need a funding for
that. They always need a finance for that.
So that's probably like specifically targeting for women. And
because Balinese women are really like they have, like
, a pivotal roles in the family ceremonies or daily
ceremonies. So I think touching that part of the
daily lives of this community will be the best way
to design the product for them. I hope I
answer your question there. Uh huh. Very between
developing. Um, I think I mentioned in my
presentations because their products are not designed to be very
specific and sensitive for the gender differences. So they
have only three names of the loans, like for
productive purpose for consumption purpose for what is for investment
so people can play around with that, you know?
So, like, I'm going to invest the
loan for buying a motorbike. What's the investment for?
Um no, just for my kids or something
like that. So it needs to be more,
um, specific to be able to have a
more like, um, extensive. Extensive, in
fact, Yeah. You give us some idea of
the size? Oh, yeah, Yeah. The
smallest. The smallest that I can, um,
smallest the smallest kind of like value of the loans
that I've observed so far can be like only 100,000
rupiah. Or that equals to $10. Yes,
because, because sometimes the loans are used just to cover
the daily needs. We need to get a short
term loan because I need to have foods for my kids
and I'll pay you back tomorrow or in the next
two days and because they're selling things in the market
so they can't really guarantee that they have the money
right now, but they can guarantee that they have
the money. Probably like in the next two days.
The biggest could be a million rupiah. Ah
, billion rupiah or that's equal to like a million
dollar. It depends for the purpose of the investment
. Some of them are making like a home state
by using the loan itself. Most of the LPD
s in the southern part of Bali, because southern part
of Bali is a very tiny island. It's nothing
compared to the United States, basically. Or if
you haven't been to Singapore, it's even smaller than
Singapore, I believe. But it's highly populated,
so it's a geographically separated into a divided into two
parts. The northern part in the south and part
the southern is very like touristic area. So
LPDs in the southern part are mostly providing loans for
a bigger investment, like for hotels or something like
that. But not for the the LPDs in
the northern part. Most of the loans
in the northern part for agriculture. So
that's a different kind of, um, structures of
loans. Yeah, so the purpose can be very
diverse, can be very, very, very diverse
. Yes, I could ask a follow on.
When we were working with Grameen Bank, it was
specific motivation off community as Olympic groups and community paying
back even though they were individual loans. Nobody in
that lending group could get a second loan without everybody
in the first paying back. So there, is
there anything in these? Whatever PD? Yeah,
but encourage back. Besides going outside with a,
um the way LPD works is completely different with Grameen.
I think I should start with that. So
Grameen is relying a lot on the self help group
because they believe that group will kind of, like
encourage each other to retain the payment or to increase
the repayment level. But in this case, individuals
or households Is that like the front, um,
part? So besides the intergenerational impact that I have
explained before? Because Oh, yeah, because LPDs
belongs to the village. So everything that is
happening in the LPD will be discussed in the village
assembly meeting. If someone or not paying their loans.
If the LPD is having a bad financial performance,
they will discuss it. They will open about it
in the village assembly meeting so people will listen and
people will hear. And even with the case of
the leaders of LPD itself are corrupt,
people can just kind of like, punish it together
. You know, like, that's the rule of
community. Everyone has the rights to speak out.
Okay? You're not the right leader for the L
. P. D s. We don't trust you
anymore. We cannot trust you for mobilizing our money
so that you have to be taken down from your
position. So that's kind of like, kind of
like social ties, social, um, aspect traits
. I would say that Kind of like keep everything
flowing very beautifully. Although there's always like problems.
You're welcome. It wasn't very clear on what criteria
you use for your partner systems. Yeah, it's
kind of like a very general kind of category so
from what I can learn from this community. Specifically
, you have a good offspring if they are not
ended up, um, using drugs, if they're
not ended up, not going to school. So
, that's it's like a very simple thing. If
they can involved in the community activities, that's great.
If they can finish with their schooling, that's
perfect. So they don't have, like a very
high kind of like demands on that. But basically
, by saying that, Okay, your your kids
seems very the style, and that's good. So
I need to work on that aspects because sometimes when
you ask people about, why do you think your
kids are good kids? Because there are good.
So that's kind of hard things to kind of like
construct, you know, like it's very relatives between
one and the other. But I understand, uh
, I'm not focusing on what kind of criteria to
understand the good offspring, but the burden with the
parents. They have to have a good offspring,
what they do and that affect the way they kind
of like manage the inter household decision making. So
I'm more of interesting on that. Oh, that's
a very good question. Um, it's always fluctuated
every year, but from the trend that I've learned
since the last 2000 and 10, it seems like
it's decreasing. It's usually like between 20% off
The total loans. Disbursed are the number off the
unpaid loans then, and most of the problems are
coming from a very small micro finance from very small
LPDs because usually, like a small loans,
are the loans that are not good enough in terms
off the repayment because they think that it's a gift
. It's a grant. I don't need to pay
it back. It's just small money, so sometimes
they don't really pay it back. So most of
the problems are actually coming from a smaller scale.
Microfinance LTD's I'm sorry, I should say yes,
you see a lot of shifting. I mean,
it's a family is doing about it. He said
, I have in places like five minutes be intensified
. That would on such a small scale. Or
maybe they don't know about this more. But yeah
, um, what I say, Well, this'll
is interesting because LPDs in Bali and Grameen Bank
in Bangladesh who were actually started in the same here
. But when I studied about when I observe what's
going on in Bangladesh, I think Mohammad Yunus idea
was solely to help women. Uh, so they
he started with the He came up with the idea
of how to include women more, uh, than
than before so but then the problems, because some
problem occurs because it depends on the individual. So
what? What's going on in L. P.
D. S in Bali? Because the the government
thinks that the community needs to do something So it
came from a very different kind of background. So
the first one think that women should be empowered the
second one thing, that community should be empowered.
So I should I should, I think, observed
more whether that brings a lot more problem in terms
of gender relations and norms and closing the gender gaps
or not. I think that's a part of my
also my discussion in my dissertation. But there's no
yet, like Annette evidence that one system can be
applied in the other community and that will give a
better or more effective result if they're switch. Yeah
, yes, maybe I should believe micro finance Okay
, on this very I may have missed a later
, but did you find it back in years where
they contribute into general issues? Um hmm. Things
is interesting, because if I use the Western perspective
of gender disparities, the answer is yes. But
when I when I kind of like absorb what I
heard from them and hearing is a very powerful tools
, they don't I don't feel like they have any
problems with the gender divisions that is currently in place
in my community. So whether that means that I
need to shave that, or I need to instill
something new. I can't answer that. But from
the Western perspective, yes. Women are still subordinated
. Mostly they are staying at home loans. They're
not designed solely for them. So they wanna have
alone. They have to take their husband with them
, you know? And they have to have their
own, uh, collateral the problem with the Balinese
communities because women or as a daughter, if I'm
in my case, I have no rights toe have
any inheritance. So without without a capital, I
will not be able to be independently access loans.
Unless I have men like, literally man in my
life. It could be my husband. It could
be my father, my brother or my uncle and
so on and so forth, using with Western perspective
that there's a really, really, really, you
know, unequal. But from the perspective of buying
these women, it seems like it's okay. We're
still working on it. I mean, like,
yeah, they don't really see it as a It's
a serious problems. Any other comments or questions?
Yeah, s u. S. O. Actually
, because there's so many things that community has and
that involves the member of the community, so they
find a way to kind of, like defied the
job. So, for example, like if a
family will hold a tooth filling a teeth feeling filing
ceremony so the preparation could take, like almost three
months prior the event so a family will not be
able to execute the event without the help of the
community. So there will always be a flow of
people coming to the host house from three months before
the event. Um, for example, and and
the jobs are divided, for example, like for
preparing three, offering kid stuff like making the fruit
arrangement flower arrangement and everything for the offerings are usually
under women's real. So for doing that, it
takes like, for example, like a whole month
to do that. And women are, you know
, invited to come right in every other days to
just to do the same thing. And women are
and men or, on the other hand, are
invited to come in a different days. Eso I
think that's a very, ah, very organic way
for them. Thio defied the job, but there's
also some days where both are represented represented. The
reason is just e think the reason one of the
reason is because allowing husband and wife to come to
the host place in a different days it will give
them a chance to manage their household better, Better
way in a better way instead of both of them
are coming at the same time because they have to
leave the kids at home and or house chores are
gonna be neglected. Yes, it's been like Yes
, yeah, yeah, yeah, my question from
a student. Okay, okay. Between perspective.
What company? A lot of money. They were
friends Festival for the whole Better Micro Financing College on
an engine for preserving traditional bombs. Yes, Andi
, That's written as the one out of two main
purposes off the erection off lpd. So the first
one is that to improve the economic life of Balinese
community And the second one is the cultural preservation Onda
Cultural Preservation Czar definitely through or obviously through, um
finding those kind of activities because social fund that is
a located 5% out off the annual income of the
LPDs are required to be located for this society to
maintain those communal activities so I think it's a very
direct way of LPDs contributing to the better
of the society and and because the purpose of that
social funds are just as clear as you can see
, or as I explained, for community activities,
including ceremonies, a serious of ceremonies and can be
like every day, it's crazy and body is this
It's like, uh, it's not yeah ceremonies
everyday in body. So I think that's a direct
correlation between what LPD can do for the community because
it's been written in the regulations that LPD has
to do that until has to support that objective.
I was gonna ask. I'm not sure if your
comment on it, but you know the degree to
which the LPDs make precedent and how they
tie into the larger financial sector in that area,
how they're affected by macro trends? Uh huh.
Oh, yeah, That's a very interesting question,
but to answer that question, I think it is
the more time and we can discuss about it later
on today. Or maybe next day because L.
P. D. S and as an institutions,
the whole institutions has been like targeted by a bigger
donor. So they want to invest the money through
LPD so that they can be a part of a
bigger network institutions. I should mention the name.
So the name of the institutions, it's Micra,
M-I-C-R-A, and it's an Indian
based financial, bigger financial intermediaries. So they think
that they probably can invest some money so that LPD
can boost their performance better off. But then there
is a hesitancy from there's a reservation for from community
for not being involved in that kind of bigger initiative
so that they still can be very grounded. They
cannot be determined by a bigger objective.
And when I left Bali to go here because I
was the the trainer for the Micro Finance, the
LPD and I was involved in a several organizations that
are focusing off managing these LPDs at the provincial level
. It was like a huge debate, whether we
have to sell our PDS that a bigger funder,
or can we just keep community to on set?
I think the discussion is still going to the latter
part, and I think that's really good. I
mean, just understand it on the community, can
revive when they are collapsing. So when donor funding
is over, so community are usually left out without
any purpose. So I think that's my comment
for your question. Thanks. Please give a hand 877 00:51:34.719 --> A:middle L:90% to Puto.