Browsing by Author "Ayangbile, Gbemiga A."
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- Methods of preserving and enhancing fermentation and nutritional value of caged layer waste-wheat straw silages fed to sheepAyangbile, Gbemiga A. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986)Three experiments were conducted with fresh caged layer waste collected within 24 h after excretion. The waste was stored uncovered for 42 d in polyethylene lined 210 liter metal drums. In the first experiment, waste was treated with no additive, 1 and 1.5% formaldehyde, 1.5 and 2% sodium metabisulfite and 1. 5 and 2% propionic/formic acid (1: 1, w/w). In the second experiment, the additives used were: none, 1% formaldehyde, 1.5% sodium metabisulfite, 1.5% propionic/formic (1: 1, w/w), 10% dry sugar cane molasses and 10% dry molasses plus 2% sodium chloride (salt). In this experiment, the wastes were ensiled with wheat straw (60:40, wet basis) in 4-liter cardboard containers double lined with polyethylene with the following additives: control, 10% dry molasses, silage inoculant or 10% dry molasses plus inoculant. In the third study, the preservatives were: untreated, 1% formaldehyde, 10% dry molasses or 10% dry molasses and 2% salt. After 42 d, treated wastes and straw (60:40) were ensiled with 10% dry molasses in 210 liter metal drums doubled lined with polyethylene. A metabolism trial was conducted with 30 crossbred wethers fed a basal diet alone or with silages containing the wastes which had been treated with the preservatives (1:1, dry basis). In all studies, putrefaction, maggot infestation and dark color were observed for untreated waste. The tops of the wastes treated with sodium metabisulfite and formaldehyde were covered with mold. Formaldehyde-treated waste maintained a stable pH, and water-soluble carbohydrate level. The higher level of propionic/formic acid was effective against visible deterioration. The pH of the silages containing molasses-treated waste was lower than for silages containing control or chemically-treated wastes. Adding molasses at ensiling reduced pH and increased lactic acid. Digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were lower (P<.05) for the diet containing silage made from untreated waste, compared to diets containing silage made from treated waste. In all studies, putrefaction, maggot infestation and dark color were observed for untreated waste. The tops of the wastes treated with sodium metabisulfite and formaldehyde were covered with mold. Formaldehyde treated waste maintained a stable pH, and water-soluble carbohydrate level. The higher level of propionic/formic acid was effective against visible deterioration. The pH of the the silages containing molasses-treated waste was lower than for silages containing control or chemically-treated wastes. Adding molasses at ensiling reduced pH and increased lactic acid. Digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were lower (P<.05) for the diet containing silage made from untreated waste, compared to diets containing silage made from treated waste.
- Utilization of crab processing waste and chitin associated with the waste as feed for ruminantsAyangbile, Gbemiga A. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989)Four experiments were conducted with crab processing waste. Addition of 1.5% propionic/formic acid prevented degradation up to 14 d. Desirable fermentation was achieved when 32% of the treated crab waste was ensiled with 32% straw, 16% molasses, and 20% water with or without .1% microbial inoculant. The pH of the silage was lowered and high concentration of lactic acid was observed. Use of .2% NaOCl or .4% H₂O₂ retarded spoilage of crab processing waste up to 7 d. Ensiling of the treated waste (32%), straw (32%), molasses (16%), and H₂0 (20%) indicated that the chemical used in preservation enhanced fermentation. Addition of .4% NaOCl and 1.5% acetic acid to the crab processing waste retarded degradation up to d 4. The trimethylamine (TMA) concentration and NH₃ evolution were highest for the untreated waste while the lowest concentration for TMA and NH₃ evolution were observed for the NaOH-treated waste. Addition of 1% NaNO₂ or combination of .4% NaOCl/CaOCl (1:1, w/w) preserved the waste for up to 10 d. The evolution of NH₃ and H2₂S, and TMA concentration were lowest for the waste treated with 1% NaNO₂. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, CP, energy, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose decreased linearly (P<.01) with level of crab waste-straw silage in diets containing 0, 50, and 100% crab waste-straw silage. Nitrogen retention increased linearly (P<.05) with level of crab waste-straw silage. The apparent absorption was higher (P<.01) and retention was positive (P<.05) for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu and Fe with sheep fed the highest level of crab waste-straw silage. Daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics tended to be higher for steers fed 30% crab waste-straw silage, dry basis. The flavor and overall desirability of cooked meat were not adversely affected by feeding up to 30% crab waste-straw silage, dry basis. Modifying the existing methods of quantifying chitin showed that initial decalcification or deprotinization of the samples with chemicals are not necessary. Similar values were obtained for chitin when ADF/ashing method was compared to the ADF/deacetylation method. These methods prevented loss of chitin during preparation. Digestibility of chitin was higher (58%) for sheep fed 100% crab waste-straw silage compared to the value of 37% in sheep fed 50% crab waste-straw silage. When ADF/ashing method was used in quantifying chitin, higher disappearances were obtained for samples containing 100% crab meal kept in the rumen or incubated in vitro for 72 h.