Browsing by Author "Garrett, Karen A."
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- Adapting disease forecasting models to coarser scales: Global potato late blight predictionSparks, Adam H.; Forbes, Gregory Allan; Garrett, Karen A. (2009)Many predictive models of plant disease rely upon fine-scale weather data collected in hourly increments, or finer. This data requirement is a major constraint when applying disease prediction models in areas of the world where hourly weather data are unreliable or unavailable. In response to the need to apply predictive models where only coarse resolution weather data are available, we developed a framework to adapt an existing potato late blight forecast model, SimCast. We envision this type of coarser resolution model being useful in long term decision making rather than for within growing season. For long term modeling we may be satisfied with being able to estimate the magnitude of upward and downward trends.
- Análisis de la dinámica poblacional de la polilla de papa (Phthorimaea operculella) en tres comunidades del municipio de AncoraimesCalle, N.; Garrett, Karen A.; Peñaranda, M. (La Paz, Bolivia: Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 2007)The document shows the study of the dynamics of the potato tuber moth to establish a baseline for understanding changes due to climate change.
- Anticipating and responding to biological complexity in the effects of climate change on agricultureGarrett, Karen A.; Forbes, Gregory Allan; Pande, S.; Savary, S.; Sparks, Adam H.; Valdivia, Corinne; Vera Cruz, C.; Willocquet, L. (IOP Publishing, 2009)The effects of climate change on biological systems are complex. This is particularly apparent for multispecies systems such as plant diseases and plant-herbivore interactions where climate can affect each species individually as well as influencing the interactions between species. This article was presented in Copenhagen as part of the conference on Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions, held 10-12 March 2009.
- Anticipating and responding to pest and disease risksGarrett, Karen A. (2009)Adapting to Change in the Andean Highlands: Practices and Strategies to Address Climate and Market Risks in Vulnerable Agro-ecosystems (SANREM CRSP LTRA 4) is focused on identifying the consequences of climate change for one of the poorest and most vulnerable regions in the Western Hemisphere and develop adaptive capacities. The project uses a cross disciplinary and participatory approach, linking biophysical and social sciences research with local knowledge systems through participatory institutions. The presentations concentrates on some of the key findings in the context of climate change. This presentation demonstrates how the project anticipates and responds to plant disease and pests risks.
- Applied biodiversity science: Managing emerging diseases in agriculture and linked natural systems using ecological principlesGarrett, Karen A.; Cox, C. M. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008)Pathogen reproduction tends to be host-frequency dependent, so that disease may be more problematic when particular crop species or genotypes are very common. Nonetheless, production agriculture is dominated by extensive monocultures. This is due partly to artifacts of agricultural policy and decision-making, but partly also to the real challenges of understanding and manipulating the ecological genomics of a single crop genotype, not to mention multiple species and genotypes. So there are trade-offs in investing agricultural research in many versus only a few agricultural species. Agricultural diseases may emerge or re-emerge for a number of reasons, including new pathogen introductions, new adaptation of pathogens to previously effective resistance genes, new types of host homogeneity (such as the widespread deployment of Texas male sterile cytoplasm in maize), trading policies that increase the economic impact of uncommon infections, and changes in the abiotic environment. Technological abilities in ecological genomics that are needed to support management of emerging and long-term disease include the ability to manipulate disease resistance genes in crops, the ability to devise crop plant communities at multiple spatial scales that are optimal for a range of agronomic traits, the ability to manipulate microbial communities for disease suppressive characteristics, and the ability to minimize undesired impacts on ecosystems surrounding agricultural systems. The construction of crop variety mixtures is an example of a technology that draws heavily on ecological ideas and has also contributed greatly to our understanding of disease ecology through experiments examining the effects of patterns of host variability on disease through time and space. New forms of agricultural systems, such as perennial grains, may also offer environmental benefits such as reduced erosion and nutrient leaching, but will also challenge ecological genomics to provide effective methods of disease management since pathogens may more easily accumulate in long-term agricultural stands. While agricultural systems have typically grown less diverse over the past century, advances in ecological genomics are likely to make it feasible for systems to incorporate higher levels of diversity in the future as agricultural scientists are better able to influence and manage complex agricultural communities for reduced disease.
- Beyond Yield: Plant disease in the context of ecosystem servicesCheatham, M. R.; Rouse, M. N.; Esker, Paul D.; Ignacio, S.; Pradel, W.; Raymundo, R.; Sparks, Adam H.; Forbes, Gregory Allan; Gordon, T. R.; Garrett, Karen A. (2009)The ecosystem services concept provides a means to define successful disease management more broadly, beyond short-term crop yield evaluations. Plant disease can affect ecosystem services directly, such as through removal of plants providing services, or indirectly through the effects of disease management activities, including pesticide applications, tillage, and other methods of plant removal. Increased plant biodiversity may reduce disease risk if susceptible host tissue becomes less common, or may increase risk if additional plant species are important in completing
- Challenges and Approaches to Statistical Design and Inference in High Dimensional InvestigationsGadbury, G. L.; Garrett, Karen A.; Allison, D. B. (Totowa NJ: The Humana Press, Inc, 2009)Part II, Networks, Pathways, Statistical Issues, and Novel Computational Tools, includes this particular chapter on the unique statistical challenges and approaches relating to high-dimensional biological research. Permeating these challenges is the need to generate research conclusions that statisticians deem competent and biologists find useful.
- Climate and the risk of pests and diseaseGarrett, Karen A. (2008)This presentation discusses major pest and disease problems in the Andean Altiplano and their shifting incidence in connection with climate change. The specific focus is on the potato weevil and tuber moth. Results were collected through the placement of traps. Further research hopes to incorporate this data into a comprehensive strategy for combating pests in the midst of climate change.
- Climate change and plant disease riskGarrett, Karen A. (Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008)Report for the US National Academy of Science on the risk for plant disease due to climate change.
- Climate change and plant disease risk in South AmericaGarrett, Karen A. (National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2008)
- Climate change effects on plant disease: Genomes to ecosystemsGarrett, Karen A.; Dendy, S. P.; Frank, E. E.; Rouse, M. N.; Travers, S. E. (Palo Alto, Ca.: Annual Reviews, 2006)We have reviewed the potential effects of climate change on plant disease, considering processes within plants as well as larger scale processes.
- Climate change in the high Andes: Implications and adaptation strategies for small-scale farmersPerez, C.; Nicklin, C.; Dangles, O.; Vanek, S.; Sherwood, S.; Halloy, S.; Garrett, Karen A.; Forbes, Gregory Allan (Champaign, Illinois, USA: Common Ground Publishing LLC, 2010)This article describes the effect of climate change on agriculture in the highland Andes area of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Small-scale farmers in the past have adopted techniques that have helped them adapt to changing conditions of hydrology, soil, and pest and disease populations. However, the rate of variability predicted as a result of climate change may push these Andean farmers past their range of adaptability and could have major implications for social and environmental sustainability in this region. This article examines the current adaptive strategies and offers potential risk-reduction strategies for producers, rural communities and local institutions.
- Climate change, biodiversity, and ecosystem services: The view from Plant PathologyGarrett, Karen A. (2007)An explanatory presentation to explain how climate change, biodiversity, and ecosystem services interact with plant diseases. Various diseases are explained as a consequence of biodiversity interactions. How the SANREM project addresses climate change and the management of pest and plant diseases is explained by population dynamics, resistant cultivars, and pesticides applications according to climate changes. As part of the SANREM project research, characterization of traditional quinoa, potato and oca varieties is developed in Umala through participatory evaluation. Results are presented.
- Complexity in climate-change impacts: An analytical framework for effects mediated by plant diseaseGarrett, Karen A.; Forbes, Gregory Allan; Savary, S.; Skelsey, P.; Sparks, Adam H. (Plant Pathology, 2011)This article describes a framework of analysis that was developed to gauge the complexity of climate change effects on ecosystem services. Specifically, these researchers examine how climate change affects plant diseases because of the important implications plant disease can have for food production. For example, drought stress, sometimes caused by an increase in global temperature and extreme weather events, can cause either an increase in susceptibility to diseases or induce resistant reactions. These reactions to climate change are very complex and important for analyzing the risk of disease for plants in all geographic areas. This research framework is intended to be used as a tool for other researchers to examine specific components in an ecosystem in order to further understand the effects of climate change.
- Connectivity of agricultural landscapesGarrett, Karen A.; Margosian, M. L.; Hutchinson, S.; With, K. (2008)This presentation summarizes our work with connectivity of agricultural landscapes. This particular study focuses upon the potential for the spread of disease and pests of the most widely cultivated species. Maize and soybean were found to be the most connected spatially and therefore more at risk for disease transmission. Increasing agricultural heterogeneity appeared to be an appropriate way to mitigate risk and prevent the spread of disease and disease vectors.
- Connectivity of the American agricultural landscape: Assessing the national risk of crop pest and disease spreadMargosian, M. L.; Garrett, Karen A.; Hutchinson, J. M. Shawn; With, K. A. (American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS), 2009)We have developed a new approach for national evaluation of disease and pest risk based on networks of crop plant availability. We are in the process of generalizing this analysis for other countries.
- Cross-cutting activities: Soil quality and soil metagenomicsMotavalli, Peter P.; Garrett, Karen A. (2008)This presentation reports on the work of the SANREM CRSP cross-cutting activities "Assessing and Managing Soil Quality for Sustainable Agricultural Systems" and "Soil Metagenomics to Construct Indicators of Soil Degradation." The introduction gives an overview of the extensiveness of soil degradation globally and defines soil quality. The objectives of the soil quality cross cutting activity are:
- Do bacterial and fungal communities in soils of the Bolivian Altiplano change under shorter fallow periods?Gomez-Montano, L.; Jumpponen, A.; Gonzales, Miguel Angel; Cusicanqui, Jorge; Valdivia, Corinne; Motavalli, Peter P.; Herman, M.; Garrett, Karen A. (2013)Leaving fields fallow can improve soil fertility, but there is limited information on the effect of fallowing on soil microbiology. This article presents a study of soil fungal and bacterial properties in fallowed land in the Umala and Ancoriames municipalities of the Bolivian altiplano. The study tested the influence of fallowing, and of the presence of the native plant Thola, on fungal and bacterial populations. In Ancroaimes, fungal diversity increased with fallowing, while in Umala fungal diversity decreased with fallowing. Conversely, bacterial diversity with fallowing decreased in Ancoraimes and increased in Umala. The presence of Thola did not alter the level of diversity, but did result in higher populations of certain genera. Although these results demonstrate a variety of responses to fallowing, they establish its significance on bacterial and fungal populations
- Ecological genomics and epidemiologyGarrett, Karen A.; Hulbert, S. H.; Leach, J. E.; Travers, S. E. (2006)We have previewed the potential for ecological genomics to contribute to the management of plant disease.
- Ecology and epidemiology in R: Disease forecasting and validationEsker, Paul D.; Sparks, Adam H.; Campbell, L.; Guo, Z.; Rouse, M. N.; Silwal, S. D.; Tolos, S.; Van Allen, B.; Garrett, Karen A. (St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society, 2008)This online training module shows how to approach plant disease forecasting and validation using the free R programming environment. It gives an overview of the background of plant disease forecasting, the current ways plant disease forecasting is currently being implemented, and teaches students of the limitations of this method. This module also teaches students techniques to apply, modify and interpret the output from disease forecasting.
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