Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Knowledgebase
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The Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Knowledgebase is a collection of information resources (books, reports, journal articles, videos, movies, presentations) produced or identified, classified, and summarized by SANREM researchers. This collection provides direct access or links to resources relevant to sustainable agriculture and natural resource management. - http://www.oired.vt.edu/sanremcrsp/professionals/knowledgebase/
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Feed the Future SANREM Innovation Lab
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526 Prices Fork Road
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0378
E-mail: sanrem@vt.edu
Telephone: +1 (540) 231-1230
Fax: +1 (540) 231-140
Contact Information:
Feed the Future SANREM Innovation Lab
Office of International Research, Education, and Development (OIRED)
526 Prices Fork Road
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0378
E-mail: sanrem@vt.edu
Telephone: +1 (540) 231-1230
Fax: +1 (540) 231-140
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Browsing Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Knowledgebase by Content Type "Book chapter"
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- Advocacy coalitions to build participatory processes in the Altiplano: Increasing human capacities to adapt to changeTurín, Cecilia (Warwickshire, UK: Practical Action Publishing, 2009)A paper on advocacy coalitions efforts in the Altiplano as part of the SANREM CRSP LTR-4 project.
- Agricultural Innovation Systems: An Investment SourcebookThe World Bank (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2012)Consensus is developing about what is meant by “innovation” and “innovation system”. The agricultural innovation system (AIS) approach has evolved from a concept into an entire subdiscipline, with principles of analysis and action; yet no detailed blueprint exists for making agricultural innovation happen at a given time, in a given place, for a given result. This sourcebook draws on the emerging principles of AIS analysis and action to help to identify, design, and implement the investments, approaches, and complementary interventions that appear most likely to strengthen innovation systems and promote agricultural innovation and equitable growth. This overview begins with a discussion of why innovation is vital to agricultural development, how innovation occurs, and why complementary investments are needed to develop the capacity and enabling environment for agricultural innovation. It concludes with details on the sourcebook’s structure, a summary of the themes covered in each module, and a discussion of the cross-cutting themes treated throughout the sourcebook (excerpt from Sourcebook overview and user guide).
- ANAFAE and Colabora: Lessons from experiences with collaborative networks for sustainable agriculture and natural resource managementSherwood, S.; Chenier, Jacqueline (Athens, GA: SANREM CRSP and CARE-SUBIR, 2001)Although rural communities in Honduras are poor, matters are not entirely hopeless. A handful of projects have made impressive contributions to rural development, and those efforts represent a modicum of hope. Rarely, however, have Honduran grass-roots organizations participated in the sort of collective efforts that development practitioners believe key to sustainable change. This study compares two networks that emerged from development research partnerships in Honduras and represents new opportunities for interaction and contributions to further research and practice. The Honduran Association for the Promotion of Ecological Agriculture (ANAFAE) concentrates on issues associated with sustainable agriculture, and the National Network on Collaborative Natural Resource Management (Colabora) seeks to strengthen community ability to manage common resources.
- Applied biodiversity science: Managing emerging diseases in agriculture and linked natural systems using ecological principlesGarrett, Karen A.; Cox, C. M. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008)Pathogen reproduction tends to be host-frequency dependent, so that disease may be more problematic when particular crop species or genotypes are very common. Nonetheless, production agriculture is dominated by extensive monocultures. This is due partly to artifacts of agricultural policy and decision-making, but partly also to the real challenges of understanding and manipulating the ecological genomics of a single crop genotype, not to mention multiple species and genotypes. So there are trade-offs in investing agricultural research in many versus only a few agricultural species. Agricultural diseases may emerge or re-emerge for a number of reasons, including new pathogen introductions, new adaptation of pathogens to previously effective resistance genes, new types of host homogeneity (such as the widespread deployment of Texas male sterile cytoplasm in maize), trading policies that increase the economic impact of uncommon infections, and changes in the abiotic environment. Technological abilities in ecological genomics that are needed to support management of emerging and long-term disease include the ability to manipulate disease resistance genes in crops, the ability to devise crop plant communities at multiple spatial scales that are optimal for a range of agronomic traits, the ability to manipulate microbial communities for disease suppressive characteristics, and the ability to minimize undesired impacts on ecosystems surrounding agricultural systems. The construction of crop variety mixtures is an example of a technology that draws heavily on ecological ideas and has also contributed greatly to our understanding of disease ecology through experiments examining the effects of patterns of host variability on disease through time and space. New forms of agricultural systems, such as perennial grains, may also offer environmental benefits such as reduced erosion and nutrient leaching, but will also challenge ecological genomics to provide effective methods of disease management since pathogens may more easily accumulate in long-term agricultural stands. While agricultural systems have typically grown less diverse over the past century, advances in ecological genomics are likely to make it feasible for systems to incorporate higher levels of diversity in the future as agricultural scientists are better able to influence and manage complex agricultural communities for reduced disease.
- Assessing the impact of a participatory, research-oriented project: Results of a surveyBuenavista, Gladys; Coxhead, Ian; Kim, Kwansoo (Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 2001)In this paper we report our attempts to evaluate the achievements of a project whose main purpose is, through applied research and participatory information exchange, to influence the environmental awareness, attitudes and practices of a group of mainly farm households in a Philippine watershed. Part of the project involves scientists engaging in applied research on water quality, soil management, and forest management by community members. The methods used to disseminate and acquire feedback on this research are mainly very informal. The output of the information exchange is hard to quantify, and moreover, attribution to the project is problematic when similar information may emanate from several sources and find its way to individuals by numerous paths. We report on a survey in which we attempted to minimize these difficulties.
- Biological monitoring: A key tool in integrated conservation and development projectsAlarcón, R. (Athens, Ga.: SANREM CRSP and CARE-SUBIR, 2001)One recent study of areas with high levels of biodiversity identified ten hotspots distributed over a mere 0.2 percent of the earth's land surface (Myers 1988). Northwest
- Community-based water quality monitoring: From data collection to sustainable management of water resourcesDeutsch, William G.; Busby, Allison L.; Orprecio, Jim L.; Bago-Labis, Janeth P.; Cequiña, Estela Y. (Los Baños, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 2001)The following is an account of how a rural community in the Philippines worked side by side with researchers, nongovernmental and governmental workers over a five-year period to develop science-based indicators of water quality that proved relevant for developing environmental policy. The case primarily focused on the early stages of implementing a municipal-level, natural resource management plan in Lantapan. The setting and background of the project are briefly described, followed by the nature of specific indicators and how they were chosen and refined. Next, the process by which these indicators influenced policy are documented, concluding with lessons learned throughout the process.
- Community-based water quality monitoring: The Tigbantay Wahig experienceDeutsch, William G.; Orprecio, Jim L.; Bago-Labis, J. (Los Baños, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 2001)This chapter will document the exciting development of a peopleï'½s organization in Lantapan that is committed to protecting and restoring the water resources of their municipality. It will briefly place this development in the historical context of Philippine decentralization and the rise of environmentally-related nongovernmental groups, as well as the goals and cornerstones of the SANREM CRSP program. The groups' technical and social formation will be outlined, with a description of milestones, success stories and future directions.
- ConclusionsBuenavista, Gladys; Coxhead, Ian (Los Banos, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 2001)Concluding chapter of Seeking Sustainability summarizing the process of natural resources management in the Lantapan watershed.
- Conservation and management of watershed and natural resources: Issues in the Philippines, the Bukidnon experienceSumbalan, Antonio (Los Baños, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 2001)There has been a continuing shift in the management of watershed and natural resources in the Philippines. Stakeholders such as local communities, LGUs, indigenous people, and the civil society reflect this in changes in government policies from being top down, driven by the central government to one that is built on local participation.
- Creating local and national capacity for integrated conservation and development projectsFlora, Jan L. (Athens, GA: SANREM CRSP and CARE-SUBIR, 2001)This chapter overviews the issues related to developing local and national institutional capacity for orchestrating integrated conservation and development projects - arguably the most difficult aspect of implementing ICDP.
- Creation of social incentives for the conservation of biodiversityFlora, Cornelia B. (Athens, GA: SANREM CRSP and CARE-SUBIR, 2001)This chapter discusses the interplay between human, social, natural, and financial/constructed capital that is needed for integrated conservation and development projects to succeed. She also evaluates the effectiveness of different motivation sources, such as social pressure, force, and economic incentives.
- Cultivating Community Capital for Sustainable Natural Resource Management: Experiences from the SANREM CRSPCason, K. (ed.) (Watkinsville, Ga.: SANREM CRSP, 2000)The papers contained in this book were presented during a Special Session at the 16th Symposium of the International Farming Systems Association and the 4th Latin American Farming Systems Research and Extension Symposium, which was held at the Universidad Catolica, Santiago, Chile from November 27 to 29, 2000. The theme of the meeting was "Globalization and Local Development: Challenges to Small Scale Production." The papers included in this book focus on community-based natural resource decision making that has resulted from SANREM activities in the Andes, Southeast Asia and West Africa. Each paper offers examples of community-based approaches that address natural resource
- Demographic development of LantapanPaunlagui, Merlyne M.; Suminguit, Vel J. (Los Baños, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 2001)This chapter reports on the demographic situation in Lantapan since it became a municipality. It examines population attributes such as age distribution and composition, growth rate, its causes and likely implications for the size of future population and pressure on natural resources. It provides a brief ethno-historical account of migration to the area by Dumagats1 , and of interactions between migrants and the indigenous Talaandig people in relation to the acquisition of land.
- Development of an integrated approach for introducing conservation agricultural practices to the tribal communities of Odisha, IndiaHalbrendt, Jacqueline; Shariq, L.; Lai, Cynthia; Idol, Travis; Ray, Chittaranjan; Roul, Pravat K.; Mishra, K. N. (Bangkok, Thailand: Funny Publishing, 2013)The smallholder farmers in the tribal areas of Odisha State, India have struggled to produce adequate crop yields under their current low input, continuous mono-crop farming system. The introduction of a Conservation Agriculture Production System (CAPS) has been proposed as a method to mitigate degradation of soils occurring under current farming practices and to improve crop yields while minimizing the use of additional inputs. The objective of this project was to develop an alternative cropping system to provide sustainable income and crop yields for the tribal farm families in the district of Kendujhar, Odisha State, India. Three approaches for maize production were introduced, incorporating the primary principles of CAPS: minimum tillage, crop rotation, and continuous soil cover. The CAPS treatments included combinations of no-till, maize-cowpea intercrop, and relay-cropping with a cover crop. The methodology followed an integrative, sequential approach to evaluate the agronomic, environmental and economic effects of different CAPS treatments on farm households. A complete randomized block design experiment with eight treatments and three replications was conducted from June to December 2010 to evaluate changes in yield, labor, and input costs for different CAPS approaches. A socioeconomic survey was conducted in the village to assess the farmer practices, inputs, labor demands, and crop yields. The results were then incorporated into a representative farm household model to evaluate the impact of these treatments on potential farm income. Results of the experimental plots showed that no-till maize intercropping with cowpea had the best outcome as the highest yielding CAPS scenario with the greatest prospect for income generation and sustained household food security. This approach, with its emphasis on the integration of site-specific crop production outputs, labor demands, and market analysis, will help to introduce the concept of CAPS to farmers, while developing sustainable farming systems and securing livelihoods for rural India.
- The double task of institutional strengthening and executing project activities simultaneously with local partnersStallings, J.; García, Magali (Athens, GA: SANREM CRSP and CARE-SUBIR, 2001)Critical elements of integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects include protecting the environmental integrity of a geographic area over the long term, improving the economic security of local people, and assuring the sustainability of project activities (Ack 1991). Our project has recognized sustainability as a multi-faceted concept that includes four distinct realms: the technical, economic, institutional, and social.
- Ecotourism: Funding conservation programs through entrance fees. The case of the Galapagos National ParkMachado, K. (Athens, GA: SANREM CRSP and CARE-SUBIR, 2001)This study tries to answer the following question: are visitors to national parks willing to pay higher entrance fees if they are told the money collected will be used to increase conservation efforts? In order to address the issue, the Contingent Valuation Methodology (CVM) is used to estimate visitors Willingness to Pay (WTP) entrance fees for conservation programs designed to improve the quality of the Galapagos National Park. Although this study is not the first to apply CVM in the Galapagos National Park, it is the first study to link entrance fees as a vehicle to fund conservation practices and elicit views on the amount visitors would be willing to pay. The following sections include a review of the main economic theory relevant to CV, with special attention to utility function specification, estimators, the type of method used to elicit a response, and the welfare measure associated with the method. Then, the more relevant results of the study conducted in the Galápagos Islands are presented. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are offered.
- Environmental assessments as community-based adaptive management toolsTolisano, J. (Athens, Ga.: SANREM CRSP and CARE-SUBIR, 2001)This paper discusses the historic role of environmental assessments and impact statements in development and conservation projects and their limited current use. The Sustainable Uses for Biological Resources (SUBIR) project being implemented in northwestern Ecuador by a consortium of U.S. and Ecuadorian environmental organizations is applying an innovative approach to using the EA that attempts to incorporate the benefits of traditional EA procedures with greater participation by implementing agencies and affected peoples. The objective of this approach is to build a stronger investment in the EA process by those affected, and to encourage a long-term commitment to implementing the EA recommendations.
- Farmers’ preference of conservation agricultural practices in Kendujhar, Odisha using the analytic hierarchy processLai, Cynthia; Chan-Halbrendt, Catherine; Halbrendt, H.; Naik, D.; Ray, Chittaranjan (Bangkok, Thailand: Funny Publishing, 2013)The tribal villages within the district of Kendujhar, in the state of Odisha, India, suffer from marginal land conditions that are having an increasing impact on agricultural productivity. The majority of the population in this area consists of small-holder, subsistence farmers, who produce crops (mainly mustard and maize) on an average of two hectare sized plot. Research results presented here has been focused on the impact of practising Conservation Agricultural Production Systems (CAPS). Specifically: minimum tillage and intercrop to increase the food security and livelihood in this area. Results from structured socio-economic surveys provided the comparative economic analyses of different CAPS necessary prior to implementation to determine the impact of three integrative CAPS and one control (no CAPS) treatment program. Prioritization of these four CAPS systems was completed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to quantify farmers’ preference from a pre-determined set of criteria (objectives) to quantify tradeoffs that farmers considered to be important. These objectives were: Profit, Labor Saving, Yield and Soil Environmental Benefits. This study delineates potential implications and provides insight for natural resource managers regarding the short and long-term tradeoffs these smallholder farmers are willing to make with the selected CAPS. It is also intended as a positive catalyst for environmental awareness, agricultural technology transfer, and extension research in developing countries.
- From Goodwill to Payments for Environmental Services: A Survey of Financing Options for Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Developing CountriesGutman, P. (ed.) (WWF Macroeconomics for Sustainable Development Program Office, 2003)The 2003 WWF-Danida survey on financing options for sustainable natural resource management is now available as a book, as a CD and as a PDF file. This 150 pages report can be used either as a source of references, as an aid during projects' design and development and as a training material. Its content is as follows:
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