Open Textbooks

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Open Textbooks are freely available online and licensed for redistribution. Some open textbooks are also licensed for editing and modification. For more information about Virginia Tech Libraries' Open Education Initiative, see our OER Guide or contact Anita Walz.

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Aerodynamics and Aircraft Performance
Marchman, James F. III (2004, 2021)

Aerodynamics and Aircraft Performance, 3rd edition is a college undergraduate-level introduction to aircraft aerodynamics and performance. This text is designed for a course in Aircraft Performance that is taught before the students have had any course in fluid mechanics, fluid dynamics, or aerodynamics. The text is meant to provide the essential information from these types of courses that is needed for teaching basic subsonic aircraft performance, and it is assumed that the students will learn the full story of aerodynamics in other, later courses. The text assumes that the students will have had a university level Physics sequence in which they will have been introduced to the most fundamental concepts of statics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and basic conservation laws that are needed to understand the coverage that follows. It is also assumed that students will have completed first year university level calculus sequence plus a course in multi-variable calculus. Separate courses in engineering statics and dynamics are helpful but not necessary. Any student who takes a course using this text after completing courses in aerodynamics or fluid dynamics should find the chapters of this book covering those subjects an interesting review of the material. The 236-page text was created specifically for use by undergraduate students in Aerospace Engineering and was based on Professor Marchman’s many years of experience teaching related subject matter as well as his numerous wind tunnel research projects related to aircraft aerodynamics and his personal experience as the owner and pilot of a general aviation airplane. It has been used at Virginia Tech and other universities. How to adopt or adapt this book
Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are requested to register their interest using this form. Table of contents 1. Introduction to Aerodynamics 2. Propulsion 3. Additional Aerodynamics Tools 4. Performance in Straight and Level Flight 5. Altitude Change: Climb and Glide 6. Range and Endurance 7. Accelerated Performance: Takeoff and Landing 8. Accelerated Performance: Turns 9. The Role of Performance in Aircraft Design: Constraint Analysis - Appendix A: Airfoil Data Editorial note
This is a 2021 nearly verbatim presentation of Dr. Marchman’s 3rd edition (2004) of the text with minor corrections to text and formulas, addition of machine-readable math, alt text, and redrawn figures. It is available in Pressbooks, PDF, and ePub. Available formats
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-949373-63-9
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-949373-64-6
ISBN (HTML): 978-1-949373-62-2
Link to the HTML (Pressbooks) version
Order a print copy Suggested citation
Marchman, James F. III, (2021). Aerodynamics and Aircraft Performance, 3rd ed., Blacksburg, VA: University Libraries at Virginia Tech. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96525, CC BY 4.0 About the author
Dr. James F. Marchman, III is Professor Emeritus of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering and a former Associate Dean of Engineering at Virginia Tech where he taught and conducted research in aerodynamics, aircraft performance, aircraft design and other areas over a 40 year career. His textbook, Aircraft Design Projects For Engineering Students, coauthored by Professor Lloyd R. Jenkinson of Loughborough University in the United Kingdom, [Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003] has been used by students around the world. Accessibility note
The University Libraries at Virginia Tech are committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML version (Pressbooks) version of this book utilizes header structures, MathML, and includes alternative text which allow for machine-readability. The ePub version of ths book meets WCAG 2.0 Level A. View errata | Report an error
Aerospace Structures
Johnson, Eric R. (Kevin T. Crofton Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering in affiliation with Virginia Tech Publishing, 2022)

Aerospace Structures by Eric Raymond Johnson is a 600+ page text and reference book for junior, senior, and graduate-level aerospace engineering students. The text begins with a discussion of the aerodynamic and inertia loads acting on aircraft in symmetric flight and presents a linear theory for the statics and dynamic response of thin-walled straight bars with closed and open cross-sections. Isotropic and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials including temperature effects are modeled with Hooke’s law. Methods of analyses are by differential equations, Castigliano’s theorems, the direct stiffness method, the finite element method, and Lagrange’s equations. There are numerous examples for the response of axial bars, beams, coplanar trusses, coplanar frames, and coplanar curved bars. Failure initiation by the von Mises yield criterion, buckling, wing divergence, fracture, and by Puck’s criterion for FRP composites are presented in the examples. Professors, if you are reviewing this book for adoption in your course, please let us know by filling out this form. Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are especially encouraged to fill it out. The EPUB was released early May 2023. The EPUB contains MathML and alternative text. LaTeX sourcefiles were publicly released in October 2023. LaTeX sourcefiles are also available in Overleaf under a CC BY NC SA 4.0 license. Stable link for this resource: https://doi.org/10.21061/AerospaceStructures Report errors
View errata Table of Contents 1. Function of Flight Vehicle Structural Members 2. Aircraft Loads 3. Elements of Thin-Walled Bar Theory 4. Some Aspects of the Structural Analysis 5. Work and Energy Methods 6. Applications of Castigliano's Theorems 7. Arches, Rings, and Fuselage Frames 8. Laminated Bars of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 9. Failure Initiation in FRP Compositives 10. Structural Stability of Discrete Conservative Systems 11. Buckling of Columns and Plates 12. Introduction to Aeroelasticity 13. Fracture of Cracked Members 14. Design of a Landing Strut and Wing Spar 15. Direct Stiffness Method 16. Applications of the Direct Stiffness Method 17. Finite Element Method 18. Introduction to Flexible Body Dynamics Appendix A: Linear Elasticity of Solid Bodies Resources
Problem sets: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104169
LaTeX sourcefiles: https://www.overleaf.com/read/skqbjscvwhjh#5decd4
PDFs (book and chapter-level) and EPUB: Available from the left side of the screen
Print (paperback - does not include the appendix): Order here About this book
This text is evolved from lecture notes by the author for junior and senior students in the aerospace engineering curriculum at Virginia Tech. The subjects covered in the book presume some knowledge of statics, dynamics of rigid bodies, mechanics of deformable bodies, and mechanical vibrations. Several practice exercises in the text require programming, and typically the students use Mathematica1 or MATLAB 2 software to complete them. Examples in the text were programmed in Mathematica. A first semester sequence for junior students includes chapters 1 through 6. Note that chapter 3 on thinwall bar theory maybe too mathematical for some students, but can be used as a reference for the applications of the theory provided in chapter 4. The important topic of work and energy is covered in chapter 5, and chapter 6 is devoted to the application of Castigliano’s theorems to trusses, beams, and frames. A second semester sequence for junior students includes topics selected by the instructor from chapter 7 on curved bars, and chapters 10 through 16. The influence of imperfection sensitivity on the buckling load of discrete systems is presented in chapter 10, followed by buckling of columns and plates in chapter 11. Article 11.2 is optional. Analysis for wing divergence is presented in the introduction to aeroelasticity in chapter 12. The methods of linear elastic fracture mechanics to predict critical loads for crack propagation is discussed in chapter 13. Design of a landing strut, and the optimal design of a spar subject to constraints on yielding, buckling and fracture are presented in chapter 14. Chapters 15 and 16 detail the direct stiffness method for trusses, beams and frames. Topics appropriate for senior students are in chapters 8, 9, 17, and 18, and initial post-buckling in article 11.2. The response of closed and open section bars fabricated from a fiber-reinforced polymer composite (FRP) is presented in chapter 8, and failure initiation of FRP bars is presented in chapter 9. The finite element method applied to the extension and bending of bars is presented in chapter 17, which includes transverse shear deformations. The topic of adaptive mesh refinement in article 17.2.4 is optional. Articles 18.1 to 18.4 cover the dynamic response of lumped mass models, eigenvalue problems, and Lagrange’s equations. The remainder of chapter 18 utilizes the finite element method for the dynamic response of beams, trusses, and frames. In this textbook analytical methods are developed for the response and failure of the primary structural components of aircraft. Newton's laws of motion, Hooke s law, and the first law of thermodynamics are the basis to model the thermoelastic response of thin-walled, straight bars and coplanar curved bars. Analytical methods include energy principles to develop Castigliano s theorems and to develop the cross-sectional material law for transverse shear and torsion. Stiffened shells typical of aircraft structures are analyzed with the thin-walled bar theory. Externally prescribed loads are due to accelerated flight and the thermal environment. Velocity-load factor (V-n) diagrams for maneuvers and gusts are described to evaluate flight loads. Initiation of failure is predicted by one of the following criteria: von Mises yield criterion for ductile metals; the critical load to cause buckling (failure by excessive displacements); fracture criteria for the critical stress to cause crack propagation; Puck’s criterion for the brittle failure modes in fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP). The subject of structural stability of discrete conservative systems introduces the methods of stability analysis, classification of bifurcation buckling problems, the concept of imperfection sensitivity, and snapthrough at a limit point. Static instability of an elastic column from pre-buckling equilibrium, buckling, and through initial post-buckling is presented in detail. Buckling of flat rectangular plates subject to compression and shear is presented in a qualitative way using the classic charts from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The analysis for the static instability of a wing in steady incompressible flow, or divergence, is part of the discussion of aeroelastic phenomena. - Results from linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) are introduced to illustrate the relation between crack size and the stress to cause crack propagation. Airplane damage-tolerant design is based on LEFM such that subcritical length cracks do not grow to critical length between inspection intervals. - The incentive to study optimal design is illustrated by the example of an aluminum wing spar. The objective is to achieve minimum weight by a search for two design variables. Constraints on yielding, buckling, and fracture are evaluated with the thin-walled bar theory. - The analyses are developed for closed and open section bars made from fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The cross-sectional compliance matrix for bars with a closed cross-sectional contour and an open cross sectional contour include shear-extension coupling. The first ply failure envelope for a graphite epoxy circular tube subject to an axial force and torque is determined by Puck’s intralaminar criterion. Interlaminar failure, or delamination, is modeled with fracture mechanics, and the method is illustrated by analyses of standard fracture test specimens. - Numerical methods for static analysis begin with the direct stiffness method, which originated to model skeletal structures consisting of bars connected by joints. Applications include coplanar trusses, beams and coplanar frames. The finite element method is developed from the integral formulation of the ordinary differential equations of an axial bar and a beam. - Analyses for the linear elastic, dynamic response of axial bars, coplanar trusses, beams, and coplanar frames are presented using the finite element method and the mode-separation method. Hamilton’s principle and Lagrange’s equations are developed for discrete mechanical systems. - Numerous examples to illustrate the application of the structural analysis are presented in each chapter using either U.S. customary units. or SI units. Suggested citation
Johnson, Eric R. (2022) Aerospace Structures. Blacksburg, VA: Kevin T. Crofton Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering. https://doi.org/10.21061/AerospaceStructures. Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Acknowledgments
The peer-reviewed work is made possible in part by financial and in-kind contributions from the Open Education Initiative at Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech Publishing, and VIVA—The Virtual Library of Virginia. Contributors
Co-investigators: Mayuresh Patil, Rakesh Kapania
Managing editor and co-investigator: Anita Walz
Alt text writer: Joseph Brooks
Alt text assistant: Claire Colvin
Cover design and selected graphics: Kindred Grey About the author
Eric Raymond Johnson is emeritus professor of aerospace and ocean engineering at Virginia Tech. He earned his doctoral degree in applied mechanics from the University of Michigan in 1976, and from 1976 to 2003 was a member of the engineering faculty at Virginia Tech. Dr. Johnson's research area is composite structures. Research activities include the mechanics of the response and failure of advanced composite material structures with applications to flight and land vehicles, buckling and post-buckling of plates and shells, progressive failure analysis for the prediction of energy absorption in laminated composites and in bonded joints, and fracture mechanics. He has sixty-four publications in structural mechanics, and has been awarded research funding from government agencies and industries.. He is a senior member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Applied Human Anatomy
Nolan, Michael F.; McNamara, John (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2022)

The structure of the human body is usually considered in courses in gross anatomy. These courses typically consist of lectures by the faculty, readings in assigned textbooks and the study of photographs and illustrations in human anatomy atlases. However, as student’s progress through the curriculum and move into the more clinical or practice oriented phases, many discover that the anatomical knowledge they actually need is somewhat different from the kind they possess. What many encounter is difficulty in applying their knowledge to a clinical setting. Applied Human Anatomy was created to better integrate material that is more often than not treated separately in contemporary health care curricula. It is hoped that through this integration students will develop a deeper and more lasting knowledge and understanding of human anatomy as they are likely to need it in the evaluation and management of patients. A print version is available for purchase on Amazon.
Applied Human Neuroanatomy
Nolan, Michael F.; McNamara, John P. (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2022-12-15)

This 155-page manual is comprised of two types of learning activities: 1. Free response fill-in-the blank questions focused of the facts and principles of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology that underpin the neurologic examination and specifically developed exercises that demonstrate how the facts and principles are related to the particular tests and procedures that comprise the neurologic examination. Free response questions form the bulk of the Neuroscience Review section of each chapter and are intended as a review of information previously or concurrently being learned regarding the structure, function and organization of the nervous system. Some questions focus on anatomical or physiological facts and relationships that help explain why certain techniques are performed as they are, such as why non-nociceptive tactile stimuli are required in order to activate nerve impulse transmission in the lemniscal system. Other questions are intended to revisit facts and concepts that are needed to properly interpret the elicited findings. 2. The application exercises of each chapter are designed to demonstrate how neuroanatomical and neurophysiological information is used in the design of particular clinical tests of neurologic function. The application exercises are also intended to help users learn how to perform and become comfortable with the various clinical maneuvers and tests that comprise the routine neurologic examination. An important outcome of performing these exercises is that, as a member of a learning group, each individual has the opportunity to experience the neurologic examination from the point of view of the subject (patient)—an experience that arguably provides insight and understanding that can be gained in no other way. The questions and exercises in the manual are designed as group learning exercises that might complement and reinforce learning acquired in more traditionally structured courses dealing with the clinical examination of a patient. The “group activity” approach, in which the student performs each exercise on a small number of “normal” subjects (classmates), is founded on the belief that the ability to recognize an abnormal finding on clinical examination requires a familiarity with the range of normal findings in the otherwise healthy population. This is particularly true for new learners who may be for the first time, learning about the structure and function of the nervous system. The clinical assessment of neurologic function is often viewed as an exercise involving difficult to master techniques that frequently generate difficult to interpret findings. The authors argue that the neurologic examination is a reasonable and logical exercise involving the clinical application of basic principles of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. One of the goals in developing this manual is to convince the reader of the truth of this perspective. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/applied-human-neuroanatomy Table of contents 1. Sensory Systems 2. Motor Systems 3. Reflexes 4. Cranial Nerves 5. Mental Status 6. Answer Key About the authors
Michael F. Nolan is professor of Basic Science Education at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in Roanoke. He received his Physical Therapy training at Marquette University and his PhD in Human Anatomy from the Medical College of Wisconsin. Nolan spent the first 34 years of his career teaching gross anatomy and neuroanatomy to medical students and resident physicians at the University of South Florida. He has received more than 20 awards for excellence in teaching including the Master Teacher Award in 2014 from the International Association of Medical Science Educators and the John M. Thompson Outstanding Teacher Award in Neurosurgery in 2006. He has published over 40 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters as well as four textbooks in human gross anatomy and neuroanatomy. John P. McNamara is the Director of Anatomy and Assistant Professor of Basic Science Education at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in Roanoke. His doctoral training is in chiropractic from Life University (Marietta, GA) with undergraduate (Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania) and graduate (Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania) degrees. He is also ABD from Virginia Tech in Educational Leadership and Policy Studies. For nearly the past 30 years, McNamara has maintained a private practice in Salem, VA, and taught full-time anatomy and physiology, gross anatomy, neuroanatomy, and pathophysiology at the College of Health Sciences (Jefferson College) in Roanoke. From 2013 to 2017 he taught the gross anatomy course for the Doctor of Physical Therapy program at Radford University in Roanoke. He is licensed to practice as a Doctor of Chiropractic in both Virginia and Pennsylvania, and he is certified as an Emergency Medical Technician in Virginia.
The Art and Science of Teaching Agriculture: Four Keys to Dynamic Learning
Whittington, M. Susie; Rudd, Rick; Elliot, Jack; Drape, Tiffany; Faulkner, Paula; Greenhaw, Laura L.; Jagger, Carla; Mars, Matt; Marsh, Marla; Marsh, Monica; McCubbins, O.P.; McKim, Aaron J.; Odom, Summer; Redwine, Tobin; Rice, Amber H.; Rubenstein, Eric; Scherer, Hannah H.; Smith, Kasee L.; Specht, Annie; Vincent, Stacy K.; Wang, Hui-Hui; Warner, Wendy; Westfall-Rudd, Donna (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2023-12)

The Art and Science of Teaching Agriculture: Four Keys to Dynamic Learning is a 240-page methods of teaching book. Specifically, it is a collection of thoughts, best practices, strategies, and techniques for planning, delivering, and assessing teaching and learning. This resource is assembled from among the best teaching professors in agricultural communication, education, and leadership in America. The authors offer the opportunity to build confidence in planning, delivering, and assessing the depths of the variables inherent in learning for secondary and postsecondary educators in both formal and nonformal educational environments. You will quickly grasp the four fundamental keys of solid, basic, time-tested formal and nonformal teaching: Laying the Foundation, Connecting with Students, Designing Instruction, and Applying Learning. These keys are shared with you through the unique voices of the authors to provide a multiperspective approach to teaching. Are you reviewing or adopting this book for a course?
Please help us understand your use by filling out this form. How to access this book
The main landing page for this book is https://doi.org/10.21061/teachagriculture.
The open textbook is freely available online in multiple formats, including: PDF, ePub, and Pressbooks.
A paperback print version (in color) is available for order here. ISBNs
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-957213-71-2
ISBN (Pressbooks): 978-1-957213-72-9
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-957213-70-5
ISBN (print): 978-1-957213-66-8
Table of contents
Key #1: Laying the Foundation
1. The Discipline of Agricultural Education
2. Psychology of Learning
3. Principles of Teaching and Learning
Key#2: Connecting with Students
4. Learning as Problem Solving
5. Inclusive Teaching
6. Dynamics of Teaching
Key #3: Designing Instruction
7. Planning for Effective Instruction
8. Delivering Content With Technology
9. Assessing Agricultural Education
Key #4: Applying Learning
10. Applied Leadership Development through FFA
11. Supervised Agricultural Experiences
12. Effective Use of the Agriculture Laboratory Environment to Support Student Learning
About the editors
M. Susie Whittington
M. Susie Whittington, Ph.D. is a Distinguished Professor of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences and Executive Director of the Second-Year Transformational Experience Program at the Ohio State University. She was the first woman inducted as a Fellow in the American Association for Agricultural Education. Rick D. Rudd
Rick D. Rudd, PhD, is the Community Viability Chair of Excellence and Professor of Agricultural and Extension Education (ALCE) at Virginia Tech. Rudd served as ALCE Department Head from August 2006–July 2019. He served as Interim Associate Dean and Director of Virginia Cooperative Extension and Professor in 2009–2010. He received his PhD from Virginia Tech in 1994. He earned his bachelor’s degree and master’s degree from the Ohio State University. Jack Elliot
Jack Elliot, PhD, is the Regional Director for Africa for the Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture and Development. He serves on the USAID Higher Education Learning Network Steering Committee and leads the Council of Research and Evidence (CORE). He is a professor in the Texas A&M Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communications (ALEC) where he served two terms as the Department Head. Elliot received his BS and MS in Agricultural Education and Agricultural Economics from Washington State University. He earned his PhD in Agricultural Education from the Ohio State University. He was awarded the FFA National VIP Award in 2023. Project support
Support for editorial work, graphic design, accessibility, publication assistance, and project management was provided by the Open Education Initiative of the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. Suggested citation
Whittington, M. Susie, Rick Rudd, and Jack Elliot, ed. (2023). The Art and Science of Teaching Agriculture: Four Keys to Dynamic Learning. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Department of Agricultural, Leadership, and Community Education. https://doi.org/10.21061/teachagriculture. Licensed with CC BY NC 4.0. View errata | Report an error Accessibility
Virginia Tech is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The Open Education Initiative is committed to continuous improvement regarding accessibility. The text, images, headings, and links in the PDF and HTML versions of this text are tagged structurally and include alternative text, which allows for machine readability. Please contact openeducation@vt.edu if you are a person with a disability and have suggestions to make this book more accessible. Illustration and cover design: Kindred Grey
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students
Binks, Andrew P. (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2022)

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students is an undergraduate medical-level resource for foundational knowledge of common cardiovascular diseases, disorders and pathologies. This text is designed for a course pre-clinical undergraduate medical curriculum and it is aligned to USMLE(r) (United States Medical Licensing Examination) content guidelines. The text is meant to provide the essential information from these content areas in a concise format that would allow learner preparation to engage in an active classroom. Clinical correlates and additional application of content is intended to be provided in the classroom experience. The text assumes that the students will have an understanding of basic cardiovascular physiology that will be helpful to understand the content presented here. This resource should be assistive to the learner later in medical school and for exam preparation given the material is presented in a succinct manner, with a focus on high-yield concepts. The 70-page text was created specifically for use by pre-clinical students at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and was based on faculty experience and peer review to guide development and hone important topics. Available formats
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-957213-02-6
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-957213-03-3
ISBN (print): 978-1-957213-04-0
Click here to purchase a print copy
ISBN (Pressbooks): 978-1-957213-01-9
Pressbooks
Also available via LibreTexts Report errors
View errata How to adopt this book
Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are requested to register their interest by filling out this form. Instructors and subject matter experts interested in and sharing their original course materials relevant to pre-clinical education are requested to join the instructor portal. Features of this book - Detailed learning objectives are provided at the beginning of each chapter; - High resolution, color contrasting figures illustrate concepts, relationships, and processes throughout; - Subsection summary tables - End of chapter lists provide additional sources of information; and - Accessibility features including structured heads and alternative-text provide access for readers accessing the work via a screen-reader. Table of contents 1. Arrhythmias 2. Heart Failure 3. Hypertension 4. Valvular Disease 5. Heart Sounds and Murmurs 6. Congenital Heart Disease 7. Ischemic Heart Disease Suggested citation
Binks, Andrew., (2022). Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students, Roanoke: Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.21061/cardiovascularpathophysiology. Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0. Other titles in this series - LeClair, R., (2021) Cell Biology, Genetics, and Biochemistry for Pre-Clinical Students - LeClair, R., (2022) Neuroscience for Pre-Clinical Students - Binks, A., (2022) Pulmonary Physiology for Pre-Clinical Students - Binks, A., (2022) Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students About the author
Dr. Andrew Binks is a cardiopulmonary physiologist who gained his BSc (Hons) in Physiological Sciences at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, then a MSc in Human and Applied Physiology from King’s College, London. He returned to Newcastle to do his PhD and study the underlying physiological mechanisms of dyspnea, the cardinal symptom of cardiopulmonary disease. He continued investigating dyspnea at Harvard School of Public Health as a postdoctoral fellow and then as a research scientist. After seven years at Harvard, Andrew took his first faculty position at the University of New England where he taught cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology to health profession and medical students. He continued to teach medical students their heart and lung physiology after moving to the University of South Carolina’s Medical School in Greenville where he also directed the school’s heart and lung pathophysiology courses. Andrew currently teaches heart and lung physiology and pathophysiology at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, directs the heart and lung pathophysiology course and has also served as the departmental director of faculty development. In his two decades of teaching medical physiology, Andrew has regularly drawn upon his dyspnea research experience to generate an active, clinically focused approach to medical education. This book is part of that approach and supports students preparing for class with the basic information with the intention to apply and contextualize that information in a guided case-based classroom experience. Andrew has published numerous peer-reviewed research papers and book chapters about dyspnea and about contemporary medical education. He has also given keynote presentations, faculty workshops and international webinars to promote effective medical education for the modern adult learner. Accessibility note
The University Libraries at Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Publishing are committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML (Pressbooks) and ePub versions of this book utilize header structures and include alternative text which allow for machine-readability.
Cell Biology, Genetics, and Biochemistry for Pre-Clinical Students
LeClair, Renee J. (Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in association with Virginia Tech Publishing, 2021)

Cell Biology, Genetics, and Biochemistry for Pre-Clinical Students is an undergraduate medical-level resource for foundational knowledge across the disciplines of genetics, cell biology and biochemistry. This USMLE-aligned text is designed for a first-year undergraduate medical course that is delivered typically before students start to explore systems physiology and pathophysiology. The text is meant to provide the essential information from these content areas in a concise format that would allow learner preparation to engage in an active classroom. Clinical correlates and additional application of content is intended to be provided in the classroom experience. The text assumes that the students will have completed medical school prerequisites (including the MCAT) in which they will have been introduced to the most fundamental concepts of biology and chemistry that are essential to understand the content presented here. This resource should be assistive to the learner later in medical school and for exam preparation given the material is presented in a succinct manner, with a focus on high-yield concepts. The 276-page text was created specifically for use by pre-clinical students at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and was based on faculty experience and peer review to guide development and hone important topics. Available formats
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-949373-42-4
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-949373-43-1
ISBN (print): 978-1-949373-41-7
Click here to purchase a print copy
ISBN (Pressbooks): 978-1-957213-05-7
Pressbooks
Also available via LibreTexts Report errors How to adopt this book
Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are requested to register their interest by filling out this form. Instructors and subject matter experts interested in and sharing their original course materials relevant to pre-clinical education are requested to join the instructor portal. Features of this book - Detailed learning objectives are provided at the beginning of each subsection - High resolution, color contrasting figures illustrate concepts, relationships, and processes throughout - Summary tables display detailed information - End of chapter lists provide additional sources of information - Accessibility features including structured heads and alternative-text provide access for readers accessing the work via a screen-reader Table of contents 1. Biochemistry basics 2. Basic laboratory measurements 3. Fed and fasted state 4. Fuel for now 5. Fuel for later 6. Lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol synthesis 7. Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), purine and pyrimidine metabolism 8. Amino acid metabolism and heritable disorders of degradation 9. Disorders of monosaccharide metabolism and other metabolic conditions 10. Genes, genomes, and DNA 11. Transcription and translation 12. Gene regulation and the cell cycle 13. Human genetics 14. Linkage studies, pedigrees, and population genetics 15. Cellular signaling 16. Plasma membrane 17. Cytoplasmic membranes 18. Cytoskeleton 19. Extracellular matrix Suggested citation
LeClair, Renée J., (2021). Cell Biology, Genetics, and Biochemistry for Pre-Clinical Students, Roanoke: Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.21061/cellbio. Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0. Other titles in this series - LeClair, R., (2022) Neuroscience for Pre-Clinical Students - Binks, A., (2022) Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students - Binks, A., (2022) Pulmonary Physiology for Pre-Clinical Students - Binks, A., (2022) Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students About the author
Renée J. LeClair is an Associate Professor in the Department of Basic Science Education at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, where her role is to engage activities that support the departmental mission of developing an integrated medical experience using evidence-based delivery grounded in the science of learning. She received a Ph.D. at Rice University and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Maine Medical Center Research Institute in vascular biology. She became involved in medical education, curricular renovation, and implementation of innovative teaching methods during her first faculty appointment, at the University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine. In 2013, she moved to a new medical school, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Greenville. The opportunities afforded by joining a new program and serving as the Chair of the Curriculum committee provided a blank slate for creative curricular development and close involvement with the accreditation process. During her tenure she developed and directed a team-taught student-centered undergraduate medical course that integrated the scientific and clinical sciences to assess all six-core competencies of medical education. Accessibility note
The University Libraries at Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Publishing are committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML (Pressbooks) and ePub versions of this book utilize header structures and include alternative text which allow for machine-readability.
Conducting Mixed-Methods Research: From Classical Social Sciences to the Age of Big Data and Analytics
Venkatesh, Viswanath; Brown, Susan; Sullivan, Yulia (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2023-12-19)
Scholars in the social sciences are increasingly expected to incorporate both quantitative and qualitative techniques and methods into their research. The growth of “mixed-methods” research is evident in social science disciplines ranging from psychology and management to marketing and information systems. This book is designed to provide principles, strategies, and guidance specifically for researchers in these disciplines so that they can use mixed-methods research more effectively. In thirteen chapters, Conducting Mixed-Methods Research takes readers through the research process, from defining research questions to writing articles using a mixed-methods approach. For those who are well trained in either qualitative or quantitative methods, the book shows them how to think about the purposes of mixed-methods research, design mixed-methods studies, and develop meta-inferences by integrating findings from both methods. Throughout, the discussion is grounded in examples taken from published research, carefully chosen to highlight best practices, thus opening a window into a broad body of mixed-methods research applications. A paperback print version (in color) is available for order here.
Construction Contracting: Business and Legal Principles, Second edition
Bartholomew, Stuart H. (2022)

Exceptionally practical and authoritative, this introduction to construction contracting as it applies to typical, every-day situations explains “theoretical” ideas in terms of what really happens in practice. Construction Contracting: Business and Legal Principles, 2nd edition emphasizes the more common case law holdings and industry customs that help avoid troublesome legal issues during the completion of a project. [Provided by previous publisher.] Are you a professor reviewing or adopting this book for a course? We'd love to know. Please register your use by filling out this form. How to access this book
PDF (free online)
Pressbooks (free online) Table of contents 1. Interface of the Law with the Construction Industry 2. Contract Formation, Privity of Contract, and Other Contract Relationships 3. The Prime Contract - An Overview 4. Prime Contract - Format and Major Components 5. Owner-Construction Contractor Prime Contract "Red Flag" Clauses 6. Labor Agreements 7. Purchase Order and Subcontract Agreements 8. Insurance Contracts 9. Surety Bonds 10. Joint-Venture Agreements 11. Bid and Proposals 12. Mistakes in Bids 13. Breach of Contract 14. Contract Changes 15. Differing Site Conditions 16. Delays, Suspensions, and Terminations 17. Liquidated Damages, Force Majeure, and Time Extensions 18. Allocating Responsibility for Delays 19. Constructive Acceleration 20. Common Rules of Contract Interpretation 21. Documentation and Records 22. Construction Contract Claims 23. Dispute Resolution About the author
Stuart “Bart” Bartholomew (1925-2013) joined the Navy as an engineer after enrolling at NROTC programs at the University of Washington. He earned bachelors and master’s degrees in civil engineering from UC Berkeley and made his post-Navy civilian career in heavy industry. He worked for legendary dam builder, Harvey Slocum on Bull Shoals Dam in Arkansas; Bhakra Dam in Punjab, India; Karnaphuli Dam in Bangladesh; port and rail facilities in Port Hedland, Western Australia; several segments of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system in San Francisco and the East Bay; and numerous marine, bridge, transportation and tunneling projects in the Midwest and on the East Coast. He joined Fruin-Colnon Corporation, becoming a vice president and member of the board of directors before his retirement in the early 1980s. He was a Fellow and Life Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a member of both the Moles and Beavers heavy engineering construction associations for over 25 years and was honored by the Beavers with the annual Engineering Award for outstanding achievement in Heavy Engineering Construction. After retirement from industry he pursued a second career as a professor of Construction Management at California State University, Chico, during which time he wrote Construction Contracting. Publication information
Published as ISBN 1-13-091055-4 (2002)
Rights reverted to estate (2022)
Published by the Open Education Initiative of the University Libraries at Virginia Tech as ISBN 978-1-957213-20-0 under CC BY NC SA 4.0 (2022) (c) Estate of Stuart H. Bartholomew. Released with permission by the University Libraries at Virginia Tech under Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial- ShareAlike (CC BY NC-SA) 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode This material was previously published by Pearson Education, Inc. Any derivatives of this work must comply with the requirements of the Creative Commons license and include the following statement, “This material was previously published by Pearson Education, Inc.” Accessibility statement
The Open Education Initiative at the University Libraries at Virginia Tech is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The PDF and online versions of this book utilizes header structures and alternative text which allow for machine readability and navigation. Note to users
This work may contain components (e.g., illustrations, or quotations) not covered by the license. Every effort has been made to identify these components but ultimately it is your responsibility to independently evaluate the copyright status of any work or component part of a work you use, in light of your intended use.
Content Operations From Start to Scale
Evia, Carlos (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2024-03-06)
An introduction to Content Operations (ContentOps), its place in the organization, and how we can use its principles to deliver better content at scale. An edited collection of essays that makes Content Operations teachable across silos and departments. A convergent approach for industry-based training and college level courses covering a broad spectrum of professional content. The edited collection includes ideas for teaching and exploring key concepts and topics related to ContentOps based on available resources and scale. The purpose of this collection is to provide the equivalent of a guest lecture from an industry expert to inform decision makers in industry or to inspire research and teaching ideas in academia. How to access this book
The main landing page for this book is https://doi.org/10.21061/content_operations_evia. The book is freely available online in multiple formats including PDF, EPUB, and Mobi. ISBNs
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-957213-87-3
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-957213-74-3 Suggested Citation Evia, C., 2024. Content Operations fromStart to Scale: Perspectives from IndustryExperts. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/content_operations_evia. Accessibility Virginia Tech is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Please contact publishing@vt.edu if you are a person with a disability and have suggestions to make this book more accessible.
Electromagnetics Volume 1 (beta)
Ellingson, Steven (Virginia Tech Libraries, 2018)

PLEASE NOTE: This item has been superceded by a new version. Electromagnetics Volume 1 (Aug. 2018), which is freely available electronically. Electromagnetics Volume 1 (BETA) (CC BY-SA 4.0) by Steven W. Ellingson is a 224-page, peer-reviewed, open educational resource intended to serve as a primary textbook for a one-semester first course in undergraduate engineering electromagnetics, and includes: electric and magnetic fields; electromagnetic properties of materials; electromagnetic waves; and devices that operate according to associated electromagnetic principles including resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, generators, and transmission lines. This book employs the "transmission lines first" approach, in which transmission lines are introduced using a lumped-element equivalent circuit model for a differential length of transmission line, leading to one-dimensional wave equations for voltage and current. This is intended for electrical engineering students in the third year of a bachelor of science degree program. Print copies of this book are available on Amazon.com (ISBN:978-0997920123). About this beta version
The beta version of Volume 1 is being field tested in a Spring 2018 course. It will be updated and re-released at this site in VTechWorks in Summer 2018. The following will also be added: index (within the book); problem sets, solution manual, and LaTeX source code (in VTechWorks). Use, sharing, contributions to, and customization of this book or portions of this book or figures are an inherent part of the intent of the way this book has been published. Please let us alert you of changes and developments. Telling us that you are using, hosting, or adapting Electromagnetics allows us to update you regarding collaborative development opportunities, errata, new volumes and editions, supplements and ancillaries, and newly issued print versions. Tell us at: http://bit.ly/vtpublishing-updates Current errata for this volume can be found at: http://www.faculty.ece.vt.edu/swe/oem/Vol1Beta_errata.txt Share feedback & suggestions
1. Submit private or anonymous suggestions or feedback to the editor / author at: http://bit.ly/electromagnetics-suggestion
2. Share suggestions by annotating on the document using Hypothes.is https://web.hypothes.is View the guide for using Hypothesis to make comments http://bit.ly/userfeedbackguide
3. Submit additional suggestions via email to: publishing@vt.edu Table of contents
Chapter 1: Preliminary Concepts
Chapter 2: Electric and Magnetic Fields
Chapter 3: Transmission Lines 29
Chapter 4: Vector Analysis
Chapter 5: Electrostatics
Chapter 6: Steady Current and Conductivity
Chapter 7: Magnetostatics
Chapter 8: Time-Varying Fields
Chapter 9: Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
Appendix A: Constitutive Parameters of Some Common Materials
Appendix B: Mathematical Formulas
Appendix C: Physical Constants The open Electromagnetics project at Virginia Tech
This textbook is part of the Open Electromagnetics Project led by Steven W. Ellingson at Virginia Tech. The goal of the project is to create no-cost openly-licensed content for courses in undergraduate engineering electromagnetics. The project is motivated by two things: lowering learning material costs for students and giving faculty the freedom to adopt, modify, and improve their educational resources. Cover design: Robert Browder
Cover image: (c) Michelle Yost. Total Internal Reflection (modified by Robert Browder) is licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license About the author
Steven W. Ellingson (ellingson@vt.edu) is an Associate Professor at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia in the United States. He received PhD and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Ohio State University and a BS in Electrical & Computer Engineering from Clarkson University. He was employed by the US Army, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Raytheon, and the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory before joining the faculty of Virginia Tech, where he teaches courses in electromagnetics, radio frequency systems, wireless communications, and signal processing. His research includes topics in wireless communications, radio science, and radio frequency instrumentation. Professor Ellingson serves as a consultant to industry and government and is the author of Radio Systems Engineering (Cambridge University Press, 2016). Suggested citation
Ellingson, Steven W. (2018) Electromagnetics, Vol. 1 (Beta). Blacksburg, VA: VT Publishing. https://doi.org/10.7294/W4WQ01ZM Licensed with CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 Publication of this book was made possible in part by the Virginia Tech University Libraries’ Open Education Faculty Initiative Grant program: http://guides.lib.vt.edu/oer/grants
Electromagnetics, Volume 1
Ellingson, Steven W. (VT Publishing, 2018-08)

Electromagnetics, volume 1 by Steven W. Ellingson is a 225-page, peer-reviewed open educational resource intended for electrical engineering students in the third year of a bachelor of science degree program. It is intended as a primary textbook for a one-semester first course in undergraduate engineering electromagnetics. The book employs the “transmission lines first” approach in which transmission lines are introduced using a lumped-element equivalent circuit model for a differential length of transmission line, leading to one-dimensional wave equations for voltage and current. Note: Electromagnetics, volume 2 (2020) is now available at https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-2. Suggested citation
Ellingson, Steven W. (2018) Electromagnetics, Vol. 1. Blacksburg, VA: VT Publishing. https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-1 CC BY-SA 4.0 Three formats of this book are available: - Print (ISBN 9780997920185) Available from Amazon.com - PDF (ISBN 9780997920192) - LaTeX source files Report adoption of this book here. If you are a professor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook please help us understand your use by completing this form.
Additional resources - Problem sets and the corresponding solution manual. - Slides of figures used in and created for the book. - Errata for Volume 1 - Community portal for the Electromagnetics series - Faculty listserv for the Electromagnetics series - Submit feedback and suggestions - Independent Reviews Table of contents
Chapter 1: Preliminary Concepts
Chapter 2: Electric and Magnetic Fields
Chapter 3: Transmission Lines
Chapter 4: Vector Analysis
Chapter 5: Electrostatics
Chapter 6: Steady Current and Conductivity
Chapter 7: Magnetostatics
Chapter 8: Time-Varying Fields
Chapter 9: Plane Waves in Lossless Media
Appendixes A. Constitutive Parameters of Some Common Materials B. Mathematical Formulas C. Physical Constants
The Open Electromagnetics Project
Led by Steven W. Ellingson at Virginia Tech, the goal of the Open Electromagnetics Project is to create no-cost openly-licensed content for courses in engineering electromagnetics. The project is motivated by two things: lowering learning material costs for students and giving faculty the freedom to adopt, modify, and improve their educational resources. Books in this series
Electromagnetics, Volume 1 https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-1
Electromagnetics, Volume 2 https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-2 To express your interest in a book or this series, please visit http://bit.ly/vtpublishing-updates This book improves on Electromagnetics Volume 1 (beta) with the investment of field testing, copyediting, and technical review. Changes include correction of errors identified in the beta version errata and many minor improvements, addition of an index, addition of a separate manual of examples and solutions, and LaTeX source files for the book. About the author
Steven W. Ellingson (ellingson@vt.edu) is an Associate Professor at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia in the United States. He received PhD and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Ohio State University and a BS in Electrical & Computer Engineering from Clarkson University. He was employed by the US Army, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Raytheon, and the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory before joining the faculty of Virginia Tech, where he teaches courses in electromagnetics, radio frequency systems, wireless communications, and signal processing. His research includes topics in wireless communications, radio science, and radio frequency instrumentation. Professor Ellingson serves as a consultant to industry and government and is the author of Radio Systems Engineering (Cambridge University Press, 2016). Publication of this book was made possible in part by the Open Education Faculty Initiative Grant program at the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. http://guides.lib.vt.edu/oer/grants Cover design: Robert Browder
Cover image: (c) Michelle Yost. Total Internal Reflection (modified by Robert Browder) is licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license
Electromagnetics, Volume 2
Ellingson, Steven W. (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2020-01)

Electromagnetics, volume 2 by Steven W. Ellingson is a 216-page peer-reviewed open textbook designed especially for electrical engineering students in the third year of a bachelor of science degree program. It is intended as the primary textbook for the second semester of a two-semester undergraduate engineering electromagnetics sequence. The book addresses magnetic force and the Biot-Savart law; general and lossy media; parallel plate and rectangular waveguides; parallel wire, microstrip, and coaxial transmission lines; AC current flow and skin depth; reflection and transmission at planar boundaries; fields in parallel plate, parallel wire, and microstrip transmission lines; optical fiber; and radiation and antennas. Review or adopt this book
If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook please help us understand your use by completing this form. Additional resources - Problem sets and the corresponding solution manuals - Slides of figures used in and created for the book - LaTeX sourcefiles - Screen-reader friendly version - Errata for Volume 2 - Collaborator portal for the Electromagnetics series - Faculty listserv for the Electromagnetics series - Submit feedback and suggestions Three formats of this book are available - Print (ISBN 9781949373912) Available from Amazon.com - PDF (ISBN 9781949373929) - LaTeX source files Table of contents
Chapter 1: Preliminary Concepts
Chapter 2: Magnetostatics Redux
Chapter 3: Wave Propagation in General Media
Chapter 4: Current Flow in Imperfect Conductors
Chapter 5: Wave Reflection and Transmission
Chapter 6: Waveguides
Chapter 7: Transmission Lines Redux
Chapter 8: Optical Fiber
Chapter 9: Radiation
Chapter 10: Antennas
Appendix A: Constitutive Parameters of Some Common Materials
Appendix B: Mathematical Formulas
Appendix C: Physical Constants The Open Electromagnetics Project
Led by Steven W. Ellingson at Virginia Tech, the goal of the Open Electromagnetics Project is to create no-cost openly-licensed content for courses in engineering electromagnetics. The project is motivated by two things: lowering learning material costs for students and giving faculty the freedom to adopt, modify, and improve their educational resources. Books in this series
Electromagnetics, Volume 1 https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-1
Electromagnetics, Volume 2 https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-2 To express your interest in a book or this series, please visit http://bit.ly/vtpublishing-updates Suggested citation
Ellingson, Steven W. (2020) Electromagnetics, Vol. 2. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech Publishing. https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-2 CC BY-SA 4.0 About the author
Steven W. Ellingson (ellingson@vt.edu) is an Associate Professor at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia in the United States. He received PhD and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Ohio State University and a BS in Electrical & Computer Engineering from Clarkson University. He was employed by the US Army, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Raytheon, and the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory before joining the faculty of Virginia Tech, where he teaches courses in electromagnetics, radio frequency systems, wireless communications, and signal processing. His research includes topics in wireless communications, radio science, and radio frequency instrumentation. Professor Ellingson serves as a consultant to industry and government and is the author of Radio Systems Engineering (Cambridge University Press, 2016). Publication of this book was made possible in part by the Open Education Faculty Initiative Grant program at the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. http://guides.lib.vt.edu/oer/grants Cover design: Robert Browder
Cover image: (c) Michelle Yost. Total Internal Reflection (modified by Robert Browder) is licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license
Epidemiology
Baker, Charlotte (Open Education Initiative at Virginia Tech, 2023)

Epidemiology is an openly licensed text designed for medical degree–seeking clinical students without a prior background in public health. Using sports medicine and injury prevention examples and applications, it aims to provide students with the basics of epidemiology terms and concepts and is intended to guide medical school students as they prepare for the USMLE Step 1 Exam and to transition from student to clinician. It includes an introduction to general concepts and terminology of epidemiology, study designs and their relationship to clinical questions, and the use of epidemiology in clinical diagnosis and screening of disease. Concluding sections of the book present sources of errors in epidemiologic studies, including bias, confounding, and effect modification. The book is notable for its use of accessible, inclusive figures and examples, and end-of-chapter study guides that summarize the chapter visually. Are you reviewing or adopting this book for a course?
Please help us understand your use by filling out this form. How to access the book - The main landing page for this book is https://doi.org/10.21061/epidemiology. - The open textbook is freely available online in multiple formats, including PDF, ePub, and Pressbooks. - A paperback print version (in color) is available for order here. ISBNs
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-957213-63-7
ISBN (Pressbooks): 978-1-957213-65-1
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-957213-64-4
ISBN (print): 978-1-957213-62-0 Table of contents 1. Epidemiology in Sum 2. Measuring Things in Epidemiology 3. Study Designs 4. Diagnostics and Screening 5. The Wrecking Ball: Bias, Confounding, Interaction and Effect Modification About the author
Charlotte Baker, DrPH, MPH, CPH
Charlotte is the director of Epidemiology and Health Equity Lead at Truveta. She was formerly a member of the faculty in the Virginia Tech Data and Decisions Destination Area and PI of the analytic epidemiology I-SPY DATA Lab in the Department of Population Health Sciences in the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. As a certified data nerd, her research lab and consulting efforts prioritize bridging the methodological and data gaps in sports injury research by using advanced statistical analysis and large data sets, especially to address disparities in sport and recreation caused by social and structural determinants of health. A former epidemic intelligence service officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, her favorite use of data includes helping communities improve themselves, keeping kids safe when being physically active, and helping all of us to live our best (and healthy) lives no matter where we started. Project support
Support for editorial work, graphic design, accessibility, publication assistance, and project management was provided by the Open Education Initiative of the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. Suggested citation
Baker, Charlotte (2023). Epidemiology. Blacksburg: Charlotte Baker. https://doi.org/10.21061/epidemiology. Licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
View errata
Report an error Accessibility
Virginia Tech is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The Open Education Initiative is committed to continuous improvement regarding accessibility. The text, images, headings, and links in the PDF and HTML versions of this text are tagged structurally and include alternative text, which allows for machine readability. Please contact openeducation@vt.edu if you are a person with a disability and have suggestions to make this book more accessible. Cover image: Clay Banks via Unsplash | Unsplash license
Illustration and cover design: Kindred Grey
Fish, Fishing, and Conservation
Orth, Donald J. (Virginia Tech Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation in association with Virginia Tech Publishing, 2023-06-14)

Fish, Fishing, and Conservation is a 389-page, peer-reviewed open textbook intended for undergraduate students who are exploring majors in Fish & Wildlife. It is also relevant to a general audience or for use in courses which explore social and ethical aspects of fish, fishing and conservation. People, places, and approaches to fishing are as varied as the diverse fish fauna that exist on the planet. As conservation planners recognize the value of substantial engagement of stakeholders in decision making and ineffectiveness of rigid top-down management approaches, Fish, Fishing, and Conservation asserts that all peoples must play a role in conservation. Through case studies, engaging narrative and graphics, and exercises, the text explores major motivations for fishing and non-fishing related values, responsible fisheries practices, the rights of all people to decide how to manage and conserve fish, their habitats, and how they are utilized in the context of overfishing as a pressing global problem for which appropriate solutions are not easily found nor implemented. Introductory chapters examine fish, fishing, and why fish matter and examine the role of values in driving conservation initiatives. Fish and their unique sensory capabilities are described along with a review of recent studies to examine issues of pain, sentience, and learning in fishes living in a foreign, underwater world. The text incorporates these new findings in conservation and management leading readers to evaluate and adopt suitable approaches to ethical reasoning which consider the welfare needs of wild and cultured fishes. Later chapters focus on the role of gender in fishing, conservation organizations, recreational fishing, and a focus on specific fisheries that reveal the principles of conservation and management as they play out in major controversies. Additionally, the textbook contains audio recordings of professional profiles by Virginia Tech students. These are linked at the beginning of each end-of-chapter Professional Profile.
Audio recordings are also available on Spotify. Are you reviewing or adopting this book for a course?
Please help us understand your use by filling out this form. How to access this book
The main landing page for this book is https://doi.org/10.21061/fishandconservation.
The text is available in multiple formats, including PDF, ePub, and online Pressbooks version.
Click here to order a print copy. Teaching resources
Additional teaching resources including a sample syllabus, course schedule, and selected assignments related to this book are available at http://hdl.handle.net/10919/115425. Individuals who wish to share their materials relevant to teaching in this subject area are encouraged to join and share their openly-licensed resources via the Fish, Fishing, and Conservation instructor group in OERCommons. ISBNs
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-957213-27-9
ISBN (print): 978-1-957213-28-6
Click here to order a print copy
ISBN (Pressbooks): 978-1-957213-31-6
Online (Pressbooks)
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-957213-29-3 Table of contents 1. Fish, Fishing, and Why They Matter 2. Values Drive Fish Conservation 3. Sensory Capabilities of Fish 4. Ethical Reasoning and Conservation Planning 5. Pain, Sentience, and Animal Welfare 6. Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation 7. Gender and Fishing 8. Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs 9. Fly Fishing’s Legacy for Conservation 10. Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet 11. Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima 12. Conserving Tunas: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth 13. Groupers and Spawning Aggregations 14. Menhaden and Forage Fish Management 15. Takeaways for Successful Fish Conservation Suggested citation
Orth, Donald (2023). Fish, Fishing, and Conservation. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation. https://doi.org/10.21061/fishandconservation. Licensed with CC BY 4.0. About the author
Donald J. Orth is the Thomas H. Jones Professor in the Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He has taught the following courses: Ichthyology, Stream Habitat Management, Fisheries Management, Fish Population Dynamics, Fish, Fishing, and Conservation, and First-Year Experience in Natural Resources. His principal interests are in population and community ecology, stream fish ecology, regulated rivers, instream flow and stream habitat assessment, fisheries management, and fish population dynamics. He has guided numerous undergraduate research projects and advised 33 graduate students during his career. Don attended Eastern Illinois University (BS) and Oklahoma State University (MS and PhD). He is a Life Member of the American Fisheries Society and a Certified Fisheries Professional. He is also a Fellow of the American Fisheries Society, the American Institute of Fisheries Research Biologists, and the Virginia Natural Resources Leadership Institute. Don has published more than 150 primary papers and 50 technical reports on fish, fisheries, and riverine management. Much of his research was also communicated with a general audience in over 180 popular articles. He has received numerous awards for his teaching and contributions to conservation and public outreach. Most recently, the Virginia Chapter of the American Fisheries Society awarded him the Eugene W. Surber Award for years of significant contributions to the field of fisheries science. Selected acknowledgments
Publication of this work was made possible in part by grants from VIVA, the Virtual Library of Virginia, and the University Libraries at Virginia Tech through its Open Education Initiative, which provides development assistance and financial support to Virginia Tech faculty who wish to use, create, or adapt openly licensed teaching materials to support student learning. The University Libraries also contributed faculty and staff support. Donald Orth’s contributions were supported in part by the U.S. Department of Agriculture through the National Institute of Food and Agriculture Program and Virginia Tech Polytechnic Institute and State University. Additional funding support was provided by the Thomas H. Jones Endowment. View errata
Report an error Accessibility statement
Virginia Tech is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The Open Education Initiative is committed to continuous improvement regarding accessibility. The text, images, and links in the PDF versions of this text are tagged structurally and include alternative text, which allows for machine readability. Audio recordings of each profile in fish conservation are available as mp3 files via Spotify and Pressbooks. Please contact openeducation@vt.edu if you are a person with a disability and have suggestions to make this book more accessible. Cover art: Nora Ligus
Cover design: Kindred Grey
Fostering Communities of Transformation in STEM Higher Education: A Multi-institutional Collection of DEI Initiatives
Briganti, Jonathan S.; Sible, Jill C.; Brown, Anne M. (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2024-02-01)

Dive into the multifaceted landscape of inclusive excellence in STEM education with Fostering Communities of Transformation in STEM Higher Education. This scholarly work examines transformative initiatives from Virginia Tech, Radford University, Trinity Washington University, and Towson University, showcasing their role as catalysts in cultivating inclusive excellence across diverse STEM disciplines. Take inspiration from their projects and guidance from their lessons learned with this collection. Are you reviewing or adopting this book for a course?
Please help us understand your use by filling out this form. How to access this book
The main landing page for this book is https://doi.org/10.21061/fosteringcommunities.
The open textbook is freely available online in multiple formats including PDF and EPUB.
A paperback print version (in color) is available and can be ordered here. ISBNs
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-957213-84-2
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-957213-83-5
ISBN (print): 978-1-957213-82-8
Table of contents 1. Preparing STEM Teachers to Be Change Makers 2. Resequencing the Chemistry Curriculum to Retain Chemistry Majors 3. Delayed Enrollment in General Chemistry Recitation 4. Assessing Changes in Student Engagement Using a Mixed-Methods Approach 5. Development and Assessment of a Four-Week Summer Research Experience for Undergraduates 6. Creating Impactful Moments 7. Community, Curriculum, and CUREs 8. We’re All in This Together
VIGNETTE: Reflecting on the Impact of Engelpalooza 9. Teaching to Make Math Resonate 10. Strategies for Creating and Sustaining Inclusive Makerspaces 11. Creating a Space in the Curriculum for Effective Mentoring to Foster Student Connections and Agency 12. Gunpowder Code Club 13. Using Departmental Book Clubs to Bridge the Faculty-Staff-Student Gap 14. Institutionally Advancing Inclusive Excellence 15. From the Soul
About the editors
Jonathan S. Briganti
Jonathan S. Briganti works in the Virginia Tech University Libraries as the manager of the DataBridge program, which trains undergraduate students from across all disciplines in applied data science and consults with partners across and beyond campus to improve the quality of their data and its outputs. He received both his BS and MS from Virginia Tech and has since found passion in creating open-source educational resources and accessible research environments to bring a more engaged and diverse pool of researchers to the table. Jill C. Sible
Jill C. Sible serves as Associate Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education and Professor of Biological Sciences at Virginia Tech where she has worked since 1998. She is the Program Director of Virginia Tech’s Inclusive Excellence project, which has empowered science faculty and departments to apply a learning mindset and data-informed approach to changing classes, curricula, and culture to be inclusive of all students, especially those historically marginalized in science and higher education. Anne M. Brown
Anne M. Brown is an Associate Professor and Associate Director in Research and Informatics under University Libraries, Virginia Tech and is an Affiliate Professor in the Biochemistry Department. As a computational biochemist, her research focuses on computer-aided drug discovery and the aggregation process of amyloids. She is committed to undergraduate research and outreach. Today, she continues in her lifelong mission to create and expand opportunities for students of all backgrounds and provide them with mentorship to facilitate their success. Suggested citation
Jonathan S. Briganti, Jill C. Sible, and Anne M. Brown, eds. (2024). Fostering Communities of Transformation in STEM Higher Education: A Multi-institutional Collection of DEI Initiatives. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech Publishing. https://doi.org/10.21061/fosteringcommunities. Licensed with CC BY 4.0. View errata | Report an error Accessibility
Virginia Tech is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Please contact publishing@vt.edu if you are a person with a disability and have suggestions to make this book more accessible. Cover design: Catherine Freed
Fundamentals of Business
Skripak, Stephen J. (Virginia Tech, 2016-05)
Fundamentals of Business (2016) is an openly licensed (CC BY NC SA 3.0) textbook designed for use in Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business introductory level business course, MGT1104 Foundations of Business. A new version of this book was released in August 2018. See http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84848 for more details. If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook, please help us understand a little more about your use by filling out this form http://bit.ly/business-interest. Share and find ancillary resources for this book at OER Commons. Questions? Comments? Did you adopt this book? Please contact the project manager at openeducation@vt.edu. A testbank is now available by request for this book. The testbank is available to any instructor who has adopted Fundamentals of Business in their course. This work is a project of University Libraries and the Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech. Lead: Stephen J. Skripak (adapter)
Contributors: Richard Parsons, Anastasia Cortes, Anita Walz
Layout: Anastasia Cortes
Selected graphics: Brian Craig http://bcraigdesign.com
Cover design: Trevor Finney
Student Reviewers: Jonathan De Pena, Nina Lindsay, Sachi Soni
Project Manager: Anita Walz Editable files are available in MSWord in the .zip folder. Please view the README.txt file within this zipped collection. Print-on-demand softcover versions of this work are available at the cost of manufacturing and shipping from Lulu Press: color | black & white. Selected graphics produced by Brian Craig are available CC BY 4.0 via WikimediaCommons. ISBN: (B&W): 978-0-9979201-1-6
ISBN: (Color): 978-0-9979201-0-9 Table of Contents
Preface: Teamwork in Business
Chapter 1: The Foundations of Business
Chapter 2: Economics and Business
Chapter 3: Ethics and Social Responsibility
Chapter 4: Business in a Global Environment
Chapter 5: Forms of Business Ownership
Chapter 6: Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business
Chapter 7: Management and Leadership
Chapter 8: Structuring Organizations
Chapter 9: Operations Management
Chapter 10: Motivating Employees
Chapter 11: Managing Human Resources
Chapter 12: Union/Management Issues
Chapter 13: Marketing: Providing Value to Customers
Chapter 14: Pricing Strategy
Chapter 15: Hospitality and Tourism
Chapter 16: Accounting and Financial Information
Chapter 17: Personal Finances To request access to the permissions files, please contact vtechworks@vt.edu.
Fundamentals of Business, fourth edition
Poff, Ron; Skripak, Stephen J. (Pamplin College of Business in association with Virginia Tech Publishing, 2023-01-05)

Fundamentals of Business, fourth edition (2023) is an 434-page open education resource intended to serve as a no-cost, faculty-customizable primary text for one-semester undergraduate introductory business courses. It covers the following topics in business: Teamwork; economics; ethics; entrepreneurship; business ownership, management, and leadership; organizational structures and operations management; human resources and motivating employees; managing in labor union contexts; marketing and pricing strategy; hospitality and tourism, accounting and finance, personal finances, and technology in business. The textbook was designed for use in Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business introductory level business course, MGT1104 Foundations of Business and is shared under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial ShareAlike 4.0 license. The main landing page for this book is: https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentalsofbusiness4e An online, interactive, accessible version of this book is available at: https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/fundamentalsofbusiness4e. Information for instructors
If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook, please help us understand your use by filling out this form. If you are an instructor seeking supplementary resources for teaching, please join the listserv for this book and the instructor resource sharing portal. Slides are available for this book.
A test bank is available by request for this book.
Please note that the test bank does not at this point reflect changes made between the third and fourth editions. The test bank is available to any instructor who has adopted Fundamentals of Business in their course. ISBNs
ISBN (print - color): 978-1-957213-24-8
Order a print copy here (color)
ISBN (print-black & white): 978-1-957213-25-5
Order a print copy here (B&W)
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-957213-21-7
ISBN (Pressbooks): 978-1-957213-23-1
Pressbooks
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-957213-22-4 Instructors reviewing, selecting or adapting the text are encouraged to register their use by filling out this form in order to stay up to date regarding new volumes and editions, supplements, newly issued print versions, errata, and collaborative development or research opportunities. You may submit comments or report errors using this form. Additional suggestions or feedback may be submitted via email at: publishing@vt.edu. View errata
Report an error This work is published by Pamplin College of Business in association with Virginia Tech Publishing. Funding and technical assistance for this project was provided by the University Libraries' Open Education Initiative. Accessibility notice
Virginia Tech Publishing is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The Pressbooks (HTML) and ePub versions of this text are tagged structurally and include alternative text, which allows for machine readability. What’s new? This version of the book, the Fourth Edition, improves upon the 2016, 2018, and 2020 editions. Improvements include: - Data updates - Updated graphics and photos; - Added interactive, live-data graphs to the online version for key economic indicators in Chapter 3: Economics and Business; - Reorganized and added significant additional content to Chapter 4: Ethics and Social Responsibility; - Renamed and substantially expanded content in Chapter 7: Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development; - Added additional content to chapters 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 17; - Addition of completely new chapter — Chapter 19: Technology in Business; A detailed list of changes by chapter is available in Version Notes at the back of the book. Features of the book
Each chapter lists learning objectives at the beginning of the chapter and key takeaways at the end of the chapter. The Pressbooks version of this book also includes interactive self-quizzing. Table of contents 1. Teamwork in Business 2. The Foundations of Business 3. Economics and Business 4. Ethics and Social Responsibility 5. Business in a Global Environment 6. Forms of Business Ownership 7. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development 8. Management and Leadership 9. Structuring Organizations 10. Operations Management 11. Motivating Employees 12. Managing Human Resources 13. Union/Management Issues 14. Marketing: Providing Value to Customers 15. Pricing Strategy 16. Hospitality and Tourism 17. Accounting and Financial Information 18. Personal Finances 19. Technology in Business How to cite this book
Ron Poff (2023). Fundamentals of Business, 4th Edition, Blacksburg: Pamplin College of Business. https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentalsofbusiness4e. Licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0. About the author
About the previous author
Fundamentals of Business, 4th edition is adapted from a work produced and distributed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. We wish to extend our gratitude to the original author for portions of her book which were remixed and adapted to form portions of Chapters 1-15 and 17-18 of Fundamentals of Business. If the publisher and author are both willing to allow us to provide attribution to the author while retaining use of the Creative Commons license and continuing to provide free public access, we will gladly and publicly thank the original author here. About Ron Poff
Ron Poff is Assistant Professor of Management Practice in the Management Department at Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, where he teaches management courses. He began his career as an enlisted member of the US Navy Reserves before entering his primary career in supply chain operations then sales and marketing, where he served in executive roles with large corporations for over 25 years. As an entrepreneur, he then founded his own marketing agency. His education includes a B.S. in Business Management, M.S. Marketing, and a Graduate Certificate in eMarketing. About Stephen Skripak
Stephen J. Skripak is retired Professor of Practice in Management at Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech (2005 - 2021) and former Associate Dean for Graduate Programs (2006-2014). He is a senior executive with 25 years of business leadership experience, including positions as General Manager and Chief Financial Officer with divisions of Fortune 500 companies. His background includes financial services, consumer packaged goods, apparel, and industrial companies, with emphasis in turnaround situations. He was the lead contributor and subject matter expert for the 2016 and 2018 editions of Fundamentals of Business, and reviewed the 2020 and 2023 versions of the book. Contributors
Lead contributor: Ron Poff
Contributors to the fourth edition: Howard Haines, John Andy Travers
Managing editor: Anita Walz
Editorial assistant, graphic design, and production manager: Kindred Grey
Past reviewers/contributors: Anastasia Cortes, Jonathan De Pena, Lisa R. Fournier, Lauren Holt, Nina Lindsay, Katie Manning, Sarah Mease, Richard Parsons, Sachi Soni, Michael Stamper, Gary Walton, and Blake Warner
Fundamentals of Business, Second Edition
Skripak, Stephen J.; Cortes, Anastasia; Walz, Anita R.; Parsons, Richard; Walton, Gary (VT Publishing, 2018-08-31)

Fundamentals of Business, Second Edition (2018) is an 372-page open education resource intended to serve as a no-cost, faculty customizable primary text for one-semester undergraduate introductory business courses. It covers the following topics in business: Teamwork; economics; ethics; entrepreneurship; business ownership, management, and leadership; organizational structures and operations management; human resources and motivating employees; managing in labor union contexts; marketing and pricing strategy; hospitality and tourism, accounting and finance, and personal finances. The textbook was designed for use in Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business introductory level business course, MGT1104 Foundations of Business and is shared under a Creative Commons Non-Commercial ShareAlike 4.0 license. NOTE: A third edition of this book was released in 2020. See http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99283 for more details and to freely access the third edition. If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook, please help us understand your use by filling out this form http://bit.ly/business-interest. If you are an instructor seeking supplementary resources for teaching, please join the listserv for this book and the resource sharing portal. A testbank is now available by request for this book. The testbank is available to any instructor who has adopted Fundamentals of Business in their course. Permanent handle: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84848 (PDF, epub, and other versions)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentals-of-business-vtechworks (PDF, epub, and other versions)
Online book: https://oen.pressbooks.pub/fundamentalsofbusiness (eBook-Pressbooks)
ISBN (print-color): 9780997920178 Available on Amazon
ISBN (print-black & white): 9781949373981 Available on Amazon
ISBN (ebook-PDF): 9781949373905
ISBN (eBook-Pressbooks): 97809979201-3-0 Instructors reviewing, selecting or adapting the text are encouraged to register their use with VT Publishing at in order to stay up to date regarding new volumes and editions, supplements, newly issued print versions, errata, and collaborative development or research opportunities. You may submit comments or report errors using this form. Additional suggestions or feedback may be submitted via email at: publishing@vt.edu Errors, omissions, and additions This work is a project of the Pamplin College of Business and University Libraries at Virginia Tech. This work is published by VT Publishing. What’s new?
This version of the book, the second edition, improves upon the 2016 edition. Improvements include: - Correction of errata identified in the 2016 compilation and many minor improvements. - Renumbering of chapters and added front matter. - Addition of new content: the PESTEL model in Chapter 2, Qualtrax case study in Chapter 7, and substantive revision of Chapter 16 Hospitality and Tourism. - Addition of desktop and mobile friendly navigation features and interactive self-quizzing (Pressbooks version only). - Addition of links to related external videos. - Addition of a low-resolution version. - Addition of accessibility features. Accessible PDFs: Figures now include alternative text (AltText) which enables access by users of screen reader software. - Broader format availability: PDF, epub, mobi, html, PressbooksXML, and OpenDocument (ODF) which is unformatted text editable with MSWord. - Addition of a feedback form for reporting errata - Addition of a faculty listserv and sharing portal. - Errata and corrections made to the Pressbooks version. No changes made to other formats. Features of the book
Each chapter lists learning objectives at the beginning of the chapter and key takeaways at the end of the chapter. The Pressbooks version of this book also includes interactive self-quizzing. Editable files are available in HTML, Open Document, PressBooks XML, ePub, MOBI, and PDF. Selected graphics produced by Brian Craig are available CC BY 4.0 via WikimediaCommons. Table of contents
Chapter 1: Teamwork in Business
Chapter 2: The Foundations of Business
Chapter 3: Economics and Business
Chapter 4: Ethics and Social Responsibility
Chapter 5: Business in a Global Environment
Chapter 6: Forms of Business Ownership
Chapter 7: Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business
Chapter 8: Management and Leadership
Chapter 9: Structuring Organizations
Chapter 10: Operations Management
Chapter 11: Motivating Employees
Chapter 12: Managing Human Resources
Chapter 13: Union/Management Issues
Chapter 14: Marketing: Providing Value to Customers
Chapter 15: Pricing Strategy
Chapter 16: Hospitality and Tourism
Chapter 17: Accounting and Financial Information
Chapter 18: Personal Finances Suggested citation
Skripak, Stephen J. (2018). Fundamentals of Business, 2nd Edition, Blacksburg, VA: VT Publishing. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84848. Licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0. Contributors: Anastasia Cortes, Gary Walton, Richard Parsons, Anita Walz
Digital and print production: Corinne Guimont with Robert Browder
Alternative text and accessibility: Stephanie Edwards and Christa Miller
Selected graphics: Brian Craig
Cover design: Trevor Finney
Student reviewers: Jonathan De Pena, Nina Lindsay, Sachi Soni
Project manager / editor: Anita Walz About the author
About the Previous Author
Fundamentals of Business, 2nd edition is adapted from a work produced and distributed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. We wish to extend our gratitude to the original author for portions of her book which were remixed and adapted to form portions of Chapters 1-15 and 17-18 of Fundamentals of Business. If the publisher and author are both willing to allow us to provide attribution to the author while retaining use of the Creative Commons license and continuing to provide free public access, we will gladly and publicly thank the original author here.

About Stephen Skripak
Stephen J. Skripak is Professor of Practice in Management at Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech and former Associate Dean for Graduate Programs (2006-2014). He is a senior executive with 25 years of business leadership experience, including positions as General Manager and Chief Financial Officer with divisions of Fortune 500 companies. His background includes financial services, consumer packaged goods, apparel, and industrial companies, with emphasis in turnaround situations.
Fundamentals of Business, third edition
Skripak, Stephen J.; Poff, Ron (Pamplin College of Business in association with Virginia Tech Publishing, 2020-07)
Please note that a 4th edition of the open textbook, Fundamentals of Business, was released in 2023: https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentalsofbusiness4e.
Fundamentals of Business, third edition (2020) is an 370-page open education resource intended to serve as a no-cost, faculty customizable primary text for one-semester undergraduate introductory business courses. It covers the following topics in business: Teamwork; economics; ethics; entrepreneurship; business ownership, management, and leadership; organizational structures and operations management; human resources and motivating employees; managing in labor union contexts; marketing and pricing strategy; hospitality and tourism, accounting and finance, and personal finances. The textbook was designed for use in Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business introductory level business course, MGT1104 Foundations of Business and is shared under a Creative Commons Non-Commercial ShareAlike 4.0 license. An online, interactive, accessible version of this book is available at: https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/fundamentalsofbusiness3e If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook, please help us understand your use by filling out this form. If you are an instructor seeking supplementary resources for teaching, please join the listserv for this book and the resource sharing portal. A testbank is now available by request for this book. The testbank is available to any instructor who has adopted Fundamentals of Business in their course. Permanent handle: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99283 (PDF, epub, and other versions)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentals-of-business3e (eBook-Pressbooks)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentals-of-business3e-vtechworks (PDF, epub, and other versions) ISBNs
ISBN (print - color): 9781949373356
ISBN (print - B&W): 9781949373349
ISBN (PDF): 9781949373882
ISBN (Pressbooks): 9781949373875
ISBN (epub): 9781949373363 Are you reviewing or adopting this book for a course?
Please help us understand your use by filling out this form. Errata and error reporting
View errata
Report an error This work is published by Pamplin College of Business in association with Virginia Tech Publishing. Accessibility notice
Screen reader accessible versions of this text currently include ePub and Pressbooks versions. PDFs of the text do not currently have all available accessibility features enabled. What’s new?
The third edition improves upon the 2016 and 2018 editions.
Improvements include: - Data updates - Updated figures (graphics and images) modernized to new color palette and to include more representative images of people; - Updated content, especially to reflect changes in technology, law, and economics; - Updated examples to include companies more familiar to today’s students. A detailed list of changes by chapter is available in the version notes at the back of the book. Features of the book
Each chapter lists learning objectives at the beginning of the chapter and key takeaways at the end of the chapter. The Pressbooks version of this book also includes interactive self-quizzing. Editable files are available in HTML, Open Document, PressBooks XML, ePub, MOBI, and PDF. Selected graphics produced by Kindred Grey are available under a CC BY SA 4.0 license via WikimediaCommons. Table of contents
Chapter 1: Teamwork in Business vChapter 2: The Foundations of Business
Chapter 3: Economics and Business
Chapter 4: Ethics and Social Responsibility
Chapter 5: Business in a Global Environment
Chapter 6: Forms of Business Ownership
Chapter 7: Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business
Chapter 8: Management and Leadership
Chapter 9: Structuring Organizations
Chapter 10: Operations Management
Chapter 11: Motivating Employees
Chapter 12: Managing Human Resources
Chapter 13: Union/Management Issues
Chapter 14: Marketing: Providing Value to Customers
Chapter 15: Pricing Strategy
Chapter 16: Hospitality and Tourism
Chapter 17: Accounting and Financial Information
Chapter 18: Personal Finances Suggested citation
Skripak, Stephen J. and Poff, Ron (2020). Fundamentals of Business, 3rd Edition, Blacksburg, VA: VT Publishing. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99283. Licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0. About the author
About the previous author
Fundamentals of Business, 3rd edition is adapted from a work produced and distributed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. We wish to extend our gratitude to the original author for portions of their book which were remixed and adapted to form portions of Chapters 1-15 and 17-18 of Fundamentals of Business. If the publisher and author are both willing to allow us to provide attribution to the author while retaining use of the Creative Commons license and continuing to provide free public access, we will gladly and publicly thank the original author here. Stephen Skripak
Stephen J. Skripak is Professor of Practice in Management at Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech and former Associate Dean for Graduate Programs (2006-2014). He is a senior executive with 25 years of business leadership experience, including positions as General Manager and Chief Financial Officer with divisions of Fortune 500 companies. His background includes financial services, consumer packaged goods, apparel, and industrial companies, with emphasis in turnaround situations. Ron Poff
Ron Poff is Assistant Professor of Management Practice in the Management Department at Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, where he teaches management courses. He began his career as an enlisted member of the US Navy Reserves before entering his primary career in supply chain operations then sales and marketing, where he served in executive roles with large corporations for over 25 years. As an entrepreneur, he then founded his own marketing agency. His education includes a B.S. in Business Management, M.S. Marketing, and a Graduate Certificate in eMarketing. Contributors
Lead contributor: Ron Poff
Managing editor: Anita Walz
Reviewers/contributors: Lisa R. Fournier, Kindred Grey, Lauren Holt, Katie Manning, Sarah Mease, Michael Stamper, and Blake Warner
Past reviewers/contributors: Anastasia Cortes, Jonathan De Pena, Nina Lindsay, Richard Parsons, Sachi Soni, and Gary Walton
Digital and print production: Robert Browder
Cover design, figure design, and alternative text: Kindred Grey

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