Global Issues Initiative (GII)

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https://hdl.handle.net/10919/91379

The Global Issues Initiative (GII), centered in the greater Washington D.C. metropolitan area, is a component of ISCE that addresses international policy questions facing United States at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels.

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APHIS Workshop on Avocado Model
Cororaton, Caesar B. (Virginia Tech, 2009-06-16)
The goals of the workshop are: (a) to discuss and learn how to code the Mexican avocado model of Peterson and Orden (2008) and (b) to run the model under various model parameters and scenarios.
Assessing the Potential Economic and Poverty Effects of the National Greening Program
Cororaton, Caesar B.; Arlene Inocencio; Tiongco, Marites; Manalang, Anna Bella (Virginia Tech, 2015-11-10)
This presentation assesses the potential economic and poverty effects of the National Greening Program in the Phillipines in 2012-2050.
The Challenge Of Increasing Global Trade: How To Address Linkages And Barriers
Orden, David R.; Peterson, Everett B. (Virginia Tech, 2008-02-22)
Two specific cases of trade regulation are examined in this presentation. In the case of avocados from Mexico, the U.S. market has been opened following more than a decade of related rule making. Substantial imports now occur. In a second case, China has expressed interest in exporting fresh apples to the United States. There is not a related regulatory process underway, but China received approval to export fresh apples to Canada in 2004.
Cost and Benefit Analysis of Possible Philippine Participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement
Cororaton, Caesar B.; Orden, David R. (Virginia Tech, 2014-09-04)
The objective of this presentation was to quantify the effects of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) on trade, especially in terms of Philippine participation.
Farm Policy Reform in the United States: Past Progress and Future Evolution
Orden, David R. (Virginia Tech, 2007-10-29)
This chapter examines the issues facing U.S. farm policy in 2007 and beyond in an historical context. Reforms of the main commodity programs along a cash-out and decoupling path peaked when prices were high in 1995-96. Recent buyouts, driven largely by declining production levels and revenues, have also ended supply-control quota programs for peanuts and tobacco. Then, in a setback to reduced subsidies, countercyclical payments were re-institutionalized for the main commodities in 2002, although farmers retained substantial planting flexibility. The radical option of a broader buyout of the commodity programs is an idea whose time has not arrived. Instead, farm groups sought to retain their traditional programs in 2007, despite another commodity price boom. Under budget pressure, direct payments that represent the most decoupled instrument of support of farm incomes came under scrutiny in the domestic debate but were defended by subsidy recipients.
A Modeling Framework for Evaluating Economic Impacts of APHIS Import Regulations
Orden, David R.; Peterson, Everett B.; Cororaton, Caesar (Virginia Tech, 2012-09-27)
This presentation covers economics in regulatory decision making, a model framework, and a case study of the American beef market.
The Pending 2008 U.S. Farm Bill in Perspective
Orden, David R. (Virginia Tech, 2008-01)
This paper examines the issues facing U.S. farm policy in 2007 and beyond in an historical context. Reforms of the main commodity programs along a cash-out and decoupling path peaked when prices were high in 1995-96. Recent buyouts, driven largely by declining production levels and revenues, have also ended supply-control quota programs for peanuts and tobacco. Then, in a setback to reduced subsidies, countercyclical payments were re-institutionalized for the main commodities in 2002, although farmers retained substantial planting flexibility. The radical option of a broader buyout of the commodity programs is an idea whose time has not arrived. Instead, farm groups sought to retain their traditional programs in 2007, despite another commodity price boom. Under budget pressure, direct payments that represent the most decoupled instrument of support of farm incomes came under scrutiny in the domestic debate but were defended by subsidy recipients. In addition, agriculture now has a new policy tool and strengthened political clout through energy policy, and through this policy avenue substantial new power to influence agricultural prices.
Philippine Agricultural and Food Policies: Implications on Poverty and Income Distribution
Cororaton, Caesar B.; Corong, Erwin L. (Virginia Tech, 2008-12)
The objective of this presentation was to examine how trade policy affects food prices and poverty in the Philippines.
Potential Effects of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on the Philippine Economy
Cororaton, Caesar B. (Virginia Tech, 2015-12-01)
This presentation estimates the potential effects of the reduction in RCEP tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) in the Phillipines.
Potential Fresh Apple Imports from China: A Preliminary Case Study
Orden, David R.; Peterson, Everett B. (Virginia Tech, 2010-02-26)
This presentation considers the benefits of and possible obstacles to fresh apple imports from China.
The United States WTO Complaint on China’s Agricultural Domestic Support: Preliminary Observations
Brink, Lars; Orden, David R. (Virginia Tech, 2017-01-26)
This note provides some preliminary observations on the complaint initiated in September 2016 by the United States about China’s agricultural domestic support under the rules for dispute settlement of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The United States alleges that certain support for wheat, corn and rice exceeded China’s commitments under the Agreement on Agriculture in the years 2012-2015. The WTO established a Panel for this dispute on 25 January 2017. The note examines elements that may factor into a WTO Dispute Settlement Body ruling on this case, particularly the interpretation of “applied administered price” and “quantity of production eligible to receive the applied administered price”, key terms that determine market price support under the Agreement. China’s accession documents and annual support notifications, available only through 2010, report the eligible production as the quantities procured by state-authorized grain enterprises or less. The United States apparently is asserting that a larger production quantity, possibly total production, be counted and that China’s announced support prices are applied administered prices. The findings of a Panel or the Appellate Body on these definitional issues may involve the hierarchy between Agreement language that support be calculated “taking into account the constituent data and methodology” of a member and “in accordance with” the specific provisions of the Agreement. For rice, an issue is whether the administered price needs to be adjusted up from an unmilled to milled basis for comparability with the reference price of milled rice, which would increase calculated market price support. Since the United States has not made public its support calculations, the note estimates the market price support that might be calculated under the Agreement using total production. These estimates indicate support in excess of China’s limits on certain product-specific support, which is 8.5 percent of the value of production, for wheat and corn in all four years. Support for rice is excessive only if the administered price is adjusted to a milled basis. The excesses calculated under these assumptions sum to about USD 67 billion for 2015, a substantial amount compared to support within limits that would sum to about USD 19 billion. Market price support measured under the Agreement differs from economic measurements of market price support, such as by OECD. For 2012-2015, OECD measures economic market price support in China for wheat, corn and rice in the range of 14 to 39 percent of each product’s value of production. The coincidence of this situation with the possibility that China’s support under the Agreement exceeded its limits raises the prospect that, in this and possibly other cases, the WTO rules on domestic support may have an effect on reining in certain economic support. To meet its WTO commitments a country would in these circumstances need to limit the amount of economic support, or at least resort to different policy instruments than applied administered prices.

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