Beamforming is an integral part of most signal processingsystems in active or passive sonars. The delays used to generate a beam are functions of the sound velocity, which depends on temperature, salinity, and pressure. ...

Consider the problem of estimating the direction of arrival of a plane wave using a linear array of length L with M sensors. Let 0 denote the direction with respect to the array axis. Assume that we know that 0 >0. The ...

Some errors in the literature are noted concerning the calculation of the maximum-likelihood estimator.

A linear array can detect a plane wave signai at a wrong bearing if the signal wavelengths are shorter than twice the distance between the closest adjacent sensors. This penomenon, called spatial aliasing, is most pronounced ...

Most array signal processing systems use delay-and-sum beamforming to estimate source bearings. This paper demonstrates the close relationship between beamforming and frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis. The latter ...