Many existing Piedmont hardwood stands are composed of trees that are largely under 45 cm in diameter and contain a desirable oak component, as well as large amounts of undesirable red maple and sourwood. In stands under even-aged silviculture, season of harvest can be used as an effective management tool to favor different species compositions. If oak or other hardwood production is the management objective a dormant season harvest will result in increased sprout vigor of all oak as well as non-oak species. If pine conversion is the objective then a growing season harvest will reduce the vigor of all hardwood species and allow for easier competition control. The higher densities of all classes of regenerants on better sites indicates control will be more difficult.