This paper describes a strategy that draws its strength from training and participatory research approaches and methodologies not only to increase income and food flows, but also to improve the socioeconomic conditions of grassroots households as well as address aspects of vulnerability. It focuses on trees and tree seed (and other tree products) as a store of wealth that supports rural livelihoods and encourages conservation and devolved management of the critical natural resource base. Trees, and tree products are discussed in the context of agroforestry systems and component technologies designed to increase income, improve productivity and cultivate conservation ethics.