Comparative Study of Heel Movement and Foot Biomechanics in Aluminum Nail-On and Indirect Glue-On Fabric Cuff Shoes in Horses

Abstract

The equine hoof is a dynamic structure that undergoes deformation during locomotion, contributing to shock absorption and vascular perfusion. Traditional shoeing methods have been implicated in restricting natural hoof movement, potentially altering biomechanics and increasing the risk of hoof pathologies. This study aimed to compare the effects of two aluminum shoeing techniques—nail-on shoes and indirect glue-on fabric cuff shoes on heel movement in horses of various breeds and disciplines. Fifteen healthy horses were evaluated under three conditions: barefoot, aluminum nail-on shoes, and indirect glue-on fabric cuff shoes. A displacement sensor was affixed to the heels of one forelimb to measure total heel displacement over 20 strides at both the walk and trot. Testing was conducted on both hard (asphalt) and soft (arena footing) surfaces. Mixed-model ANOVA was used to assess differences between shoeing conditions. Results demonstrated significantly greater heel expansion in barefoot horses compared to both shoeing conditions (P < 0.0001). While indirect glue-on shoes allowed for more heel movement than nail-on shoes at the trot (P = 0.0005), no significant difference was observed between the two at the walk (P = 0.1742). These findings confirm that both shoe types restrict heel expansion, though to differing degrees. Limitations of this study include the absence of an absolute zero baseline measurement, preventing differentiation between heel expansion and contraction, as well as data loss for some horses on soft footing due to low heel conformation. This study contributes to the understanding of equine hoof biomechanics and the impact of shoeing techniques on heel movement. The findings support the need for further investigation into alternative materials and methods that optimize hoof function. Additionally, they have implications for therapeutic farriery, particularly in cases requiring hoof stabilization, such as coffin bone fractures.