WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:09.990 [MUSIC] I'd like to welcome everybody. 00:00:09.990 --> 00:00:11.220 My name is Russell Green. 00:00:11.220 --> 00:00:11.940 I'm a professor at 00:00:11.940 --> 00:00:13.800 the Geotechnical Engineering Program area 00:00:13.800 --> 00:00:14.940 from the Department of Civil and 00:00:14.940 --> 00:00:16.680 Environmental Engineering. 00:00:16.680 --> 00:00:18.390 My understanding is that we have, 00:00:18.390 --> 00:00:20.370 in addition to attendees 00:00:20.370 --> 00:00:21.930 from civil and environmental engineering, 00:00:21.930 --> 00:00:23.680 but also mining and geoscience, 00:00:23.680 --> 00:00:27.060 and I'd like to give a special welcome to them. 00:00:27.060 --> 00:00:31.230 My job is to introduce Mr. Allen Cadden. 00:00:31.230 --> 00:00:33.780 He's an alumni of Virginia Tech, 00:00:33.780 --> 00:00:35.859 he's the principal of Schnabel Engineering, 00:00:35.859 --> 00:00:38.485 and he's also the Chairman of the Board for Schnabel. 00:00:38.485 --> 00:00:40.880 He's been a strong supporter of our program, 00:00:40.880 --> 00:00:43.685 to include the sponsor of this lecture, 00:00:43.685 --> 00:00:46.610 as well as being the representative from Schnabel to 00:00:46.610 --> 00:00:50.290 the CTVTR setting that we have. 00:00:50.290 --> 00:00:53.160 After the lecture, there is food in the back, 00:00:53.160 --> 00:00:54.930 and that is also courtesy of Schnabel and 00:00:54.930 --> 00:00:56.970 all are welcome to partake in that. 00:00:56.970 --> 00:00:59.130 With that, I would like to welcome Allen Cadden. 00:00:59.130 --> 00:01:12.230 [APPLAUSE] 00:01:12.230 --> 00:01:13.610 Okay. Thank you. 00:01:13.610 --> 00:01:16.235 It's a pleasure to be back here at Virginia Tech. 00:01:16.235 --> 00:01:17.960 This is our 12th lecture, 00:01:17.960 --> 00:01:20.210 it's been a great month so far. 00:01:20.210 --> 00:01:23.100 I'm looking forward to another incredible lecture, 00:01:23.100 --> 00:01:25.395 so thank you for joining us today. 00:01:25.395 --> 00:01:28.095 Thank you, Dr. Green, Dr. Bills, 00:01:28.095 --> 00:01:30.150 and the associates back there, 00:01:30.150 --> 00:01:33.235 thank you very much for helping to coordinate all this. 00:01:33.235 --> 00:01:36.415 It's wonderful to see so many in attendance today. 00:01:36.415 --> 00:01:39.025 I always enjoy the opportunity to catch up with 00:01:39.025 --> 00:01:42.305 many old friends here when I visit the campus. 00:01:42.305 --> 00:01:45.100 We at Schnabel have enjoyed this opportunity to share 00:01:45.100 --> 00:01:46.930 some history and insight 00:01:46.930 --> 00:01:48.985 about the civil engineering world. 00:01:48.985 --> 00:01:51.955 In particular, the parts that interact with the Earth, 00:01:51.955 --> 00:01:55.145 which is really our specialty and our interest. 00:01:55.145 --> 00:01:58.615 Schnabel recently celebrated our 60th anniversary. 00:01:58.615 --> 00:02:00.430 I am proud to say that I've 00:02:00.430 --> 00:02:02.140 been part of about half of that, 00:02:02.140 --> 00:02:03.580 so over 30 years. 00:02:03.580 --> 00:02:05.440 I've been a part of Schnabel Engineering, 00:02:05.440 --> 00:02:07.505 and it's been a wonderful career for me. 00:02:07.505 --> 00:02:09.190 We have 18 offices, 00:02:09.190 --> 00:02:10.945 mostly on the East Coast. 00:02:10.945 --> 00:02:14.350 We work throughout the country and around the world, 00:02:14.350 --> 00:02:15.790 and for a firm of our size, 00:02:15.790 --> 00:02:17.200 we're rather unique having worked in 00:02:17.200 --> 00:02:20.570 about 140 different countries in the last decade or so. 00:02:20.570 --> 00:02:22.710 It's an interesting opportunity to see 00:02:22.710 --> 00:02:25.200 a lot of different experiences, 00:02:25.200 --> 00:02:27.130 and it's also a great opportunity to meet 00:02:27.130 --> 00:02:29.755 some wonderful people around the world, 00:02:29.755 --> 00:02:31.650 one of which is our speaker today, 00:02:31.650 --> 00:02:33.580 and we'll introduce you here in a second. 00:02:33.580 --> 00:02:36.535 I'm also happy to say that over the 60 years, 00:02:36.535 --> 00:02:37.960 we have grown in the breadth of 00:02:37.960 --> 00:02:41.095 our services as well as the geographic reach. 00:02:41.095 --> 00:02:43.125 Moving from predominantly a 00:02:43.125 --> 00:02:45.620 geotechnical engineering consulting firm, 00:02:45.620 --> 00:02:47.720 we now include geosciences, 00:02:47.720 --> 00:02:49.940 dam and underground engineering, 00:02:49.940 --> 00:02:53.210 and designing services with 00:02:53.210 --> 00:02:57.220 our staff of experienced people located in these offices. 00:02:57.220 --> 00:02:59.895 You'll know from our tagline, 00:02:59.895 --> 00:03:01.110 which you can see on 00:03:01.110 --> 00:03:03.195 the bottom there, "Build Better Together." 00:03:03.195 --> 00:03:05.360 That speaks to our focus on 00:03:05.360 --> 00:03:07.310 working closely together within 00:03:07.310 --> 00:03:08.750 our company to bring 00:03:08.750 --> 00:03:11.935 the best capabilities we can to a project, 00:03:11.935 --> 00:03:15.275 but also working closely with our clients to understand 00:03:15.275 --> 00:03:17.360 their needs and to find ways that 00:03:17.360 --> 00:03:20.450 we can help them become successful. 00:03:20.450 --> 00:03:22.850 You've probably been hearing something similar to 00:03:22.850 --> 00:03:24.725 that throughout your college career, 00:03:24.725 --> 00:03:26.870 that civil engineers lead teams. 00:03:26.870 --> 00:03:28.370 We work together to 00:03:28.370 --> 00:03:30.950 understand each other and to find solutions. 00:03:30.950 --> 00:03:33.365 This is the key to your success, 00:03:33.365 --> 00:03:35.150 and what will be key to your success, 00:03:35.150 --> 00:03:37.190 and is definitely the key to Schnabel's success 00:03:37.190 --> 00:03:39.200 over the years. 00:03:39.200 --> 00:03:40.885 It's probably a good segue 00:03:40.885 --> 00:03:44.434 to transition to the purpose that we're here for today, 00:03:44.434 --> 00:03:46.010 so thank you again for joining us. 00:03:46.010 --> 00:03:48.655 Let me introduce our guest speaker. 00:03:48.655 --> 00:03:51.045 With this lecture series, 00:03:51.045 --> 00:03:53.660 we strive to bring you representatives of 00:03:53.660 --> 00:03:56.330 the civil engineering construction community 00:03:56.330 --> 00:04:01.715 who have had a significant impact 00:04:01.715 --> 00:04:05.690 in the advancement of our practice and profession. 00:04:05.690 --> 00:04:07.520 This industry experts come to share 00:04:07.520 --> 00:04:11.065 experiences and insights gained throughout their career. 00:04:11.065 --> 00:04:13.040 They may further provide a 00:04:13.040 --> 00:04:14.750 little of their insight as to what you 00:04:14.750 --> 00:04:16.490 might experience that might not be 00:04:16.490 --> 00:04:18.665 in store for you early in your career. 00:04:18.665 --> 00:04:20.420 What you see at the end of your career 00:04:20.420 --> 00:04:22.475 is going to be completely up to you. 00:04:22.475 --> 00:04:26.570 Today, as our 12th Schnabel Engineering Lecturer, 00:04:26.570 --> 00:04:28.370 we're proud to bring you a good friend of 00:04:28.370 --> 00:04:29.840 mine who has worked around 00:04:29.840 --> 00:04:32.045 the world solving many interesting, 00:04:32.045 --> 00:04:36.310 self-service challenges, Mr. Paolo Mazzalai. 00:04:36.310 --> 00:04:39.590 Mr. Mazzalai has particular expertise in 00:04:39.590 --> 00:04:43.460 many areas of advanced engineering and related services, 00:04:43.460 --> 00:04:46.085 which he has developed throughout his career. 00:04:46.085 --> 00:04:49.100 In particular, in his career at 00:04:49.100 --> 00:04:53.000 his recent role as CEO of SWS Engineering. 00:04:53.000 --> 00:04:55.770 SWS is a company based in Italy, 00:04:55.770 --> 00:04:56.975 the Northern part of Italy, 00:04:56.975 --> 00:04:58.340 which also operates throughout 00:04:58.340 --> 00:05:02.134 subsidiaries from within North America, 00:05:02.134 --> 00:05:03.995 to Africa, the Middle East, 00:05:03.995 --> 00:05:07.320 and Asia, so he's seen a lot over the years. 00:05:07.320 --> 00:05:10.005 In 1973, Mr. Mazzalai 00:05:10.005 --> 00:05:11.660 graduated in Civil Engineering from 00:05:11.660 --> 00:05:13.700 the University of Padua, 00:05:13.700 --> 00:05:16.155 where he's also taught 00:05:16.155 --> 00:05:19.775 as associate professor for many years. 00:05:19.775 --> 00:05:22.025 That's near Venice, by the way, 00:05:22.025 --> 00:05:26.285 in case you ever want to take his class, but I'm kidding. 00:05:26.285 --> 00:05:28.400 He often reminds me 00:05:28.400 --> 00:05:31.550 that the field has been his laboratory. 00:05:31.550 --> 00:05:33.710 From the early dam engineering projects 00:05:33.710 --> 00:05:36.030 beginning in the 80s with Valda dam, 00:05:36.030 --> 00:05:39.510 which is near his home in Trento, 00:05:39.510 --> 00:05:41.490 to the 90s when he worked on 00:05:41.490 --> 00:05:42.960 one of the largest, at that time, 00:05:42.960 --> 00:05:46.440 TBM road tunnels in Martignano, 00:05:46.440 --> 00:05:53.280 [LAUGHTER] and continuing deep 00:05:53.280 --> 00:05:56.085 tunnels in squeezing ground in the Alpine mountains, 00:05:56.085 --> 00:05:57.735 like the Brenner Base Tunnel, 00:05:57.735 --> 00:06:00.405 that you'll hear more about today in his presentation, 00:06:00.405 --> 00:06:02.130 soon to be the world's longest 00:06:02.130 --> 00:06:04.405 railway tunnel when it's completed. 00:06:04.405 --> 00:06:07.160 The challenging urban tunneling installed 00:06:07.160 --> 00:06:09.620 consolidated in place in the City of Florence 00:06:09.620 --> 00:06:12.890 and investigations of the effect of urban tunneling and 00:06:12.890 --> 00:06:17.155 excavation on building distortion and damage. 00:06:17.155 --> 00:06:20.900 The keyword for his career has always been innovation. 00:06:20.900 --> 00:06:23.765 Nowadays, he's dealing with digital projects, 00:06:23.765 --> 00:06:27.784 large datasets, SSS infra protocol, 00:06:27.784 --> 00:06:30.560 which you'll have to corner him after the presentation in 00:06:30.560 --> 00:06:33.450 the back to ask him some details about that, 00:06:33.450 --> 00:06:35.610 and other new patented systems such as 00:06:35.610 --> 00:06:38.085 the Smart Cross Passages, 00:06:38.085 --> 00:06:41.355 which is a means to drill between tunnels underground, 00:06:41.355 --> 00:06:43.290 what a challenging feat. 00:06:43.290 --> 00:06:45.840 An international planner and designer of 00:06:45.840 --> 00:06:49.170 major infrastructure projects and transportation, 00:06:49.170 --> 00:06:52.020 including roadways, highways, and railways, 00:06:52.020 --> 00:06:54.795 and water systems including rivers and dams, 00:06:54.795 --> 00:06:57.420 Mr. Mazzalai has also never shied about sharing 00:06:57.420 --> 00:06:59.880 his experience as author 00:06:59.880 --> 00:07:02.530 and co-author of over a hundred scientific papers, 00:07:02.530 --> 00:07:03.860 as a member of several 00:07:03.860 --> 00:07:06.455 scientific and entrepreneurial associations. 00:07:06.455 --> 00:07:08.150 So without further ado, 00:07:08.150 --> 00:07:12.650 [FOREIGN] [LAUGHTER] Paolo Mazzalai. 00:07:12.650 --> 00:07:19.440 [APPLAUSE] 00:07:19.440 --> 00:07:20.840 Thank you. I try to wear 00:07:20.840 --> 00:07:23.570 the second micro because that one is just with me. 00:07:23.570 --> 00:07:25.245 You need me to help you put it on you? 00:07:25.245 --> 00:07:29.685 No. It's not so easy, but- 00:07:29.685 --> 00:07:32.290 You just stick that in your pocket. 00:07:34.070 --> 00:07:36.330 I put here. 00:07:36.330 --> 00:07:42.130 That might need to get pinned on. Okay. 00:07:42.180 --> 00:07:43.840 Hopefully, I don't break 00:07:43.840 --> 00:07:45.430 anybody's ears as I'm doing this. 00:07:45.430 --> 00:07:47.090 Okay. 00:07:48.780 --> 00:07:50.575 Here we go. 00:07:50.575 --> 00:07:56.665 It's fine. You listen me? Okay. 00:07:56.665 --> 00:07:58.180 Almost, there we go. 00:07:58.180 --> 00:07:59.665 Thank you, Allen. Can you hear it? 00:07:59.665 --> 00:08:01.015 Can you hear, everybody? 00:08:01.015 --> 00:08:04.060 Okay, thanks. Thank you all for being here. 00:08:04.060 --> 00:08:05.560 [NOISE] Thanks to Virginia Tech 00:08:05.560 --> 00:08:07.630 and to Schnabel for this invitation. 00:08:07.630 --> 00:08:09.295 Many thanks to Allen, 00:08:09.295 --> 00:08:11.080 I have had the opportunity to 00:08:11.080 --> 00:08:14.155 appreciate his professional skill and social commitment. 00:08:14.155 --> 00:08:16.255 My name is Paolo Mazzalai, 00:08:16.255 --> 00:08:19.210 being here with you is a great honor for me. 00:08:19.210 --> 00:08:21.430 For many years, I have taught 00:08:21.430 --> 00:08:25.130 Engineering at the University of Padua in Italy. 00:08:27.900 --> 00:08:30.640 In Padua, Italy, I've been involved in 00:08:30.640 --> 00:08:33.070 several road and railway infrastructure project, 00:08:33.070 --> 00:08:35.605 as well as dams and the regulatory plans. 00:08:35.605 --> 00:08:37.300 For the last 15 years, 00:08:37.300 --> 00:08:40.300 my main interest has focused on underground structure. 00:08:40.300 --> 00:08:42.760 [BACKGROUND] I am chairman of SWS, 00:08:42.760 --> 00:08:45.640 a mid-size engineering company based in Italy, 00:08:45.640 --> 00:08:50.305 small size compared to the US market size. 00:08:50.305 --> 00:08:56.380 Today, I'll be talking about opportunities, 00:08:56.380 --> 00:08:59.995 challenges, and innovation in underground tunneling. 00:08:59.995 --> 00:09:03.505 All the design cases I have selected 00:09:03.505 --> 00:09:08.125 for today's lecture are based on my own experience, 00:09:08.125 --> 00:09:12.100 as I've been directly involved in this project. 00:09:12.100 --> 00:09:14.290 In the next hour, 00:09:14.290 --> 00:09:17.185 I will discover together 00:09:17.185 --> 00:09:21.385 why we can define these cases special. 00:09:21.385 --> 00:09:24.370 My experience is international but today, 00:09:24.370 --> 00:09:28.150 I will present full works performed in Italy. 00:09:28.150 --> 00:09:31.809 Italy is one of a kind country, 00:09:31.809 --> 00:09:34.570 so compact, complex, so beautiful, 00:09:34.570 --> 00:09:38.305 what is necessary to apply innovative technologies 00:09:38.305 --> 00:09:40.810 and intelligence solution from 00:09:40.810 --> 00:09:43.390 a technical and environmental point of view. 00:09:43.390 --> 00:09:47.680 The goal of today's reading is to share lesson 00:09:47.680 --> 00:09:50.290 learn and ideas with students 00:09:50.290 --> 00:09:54.085 entering the engineering career. 00:09:54.085 --> 00:09:56.995 Ever since my 1st youth, 00:09:56.995 --> 00:09:59.410 I've lived in environment with 00:09:59.410 --> 00:10:03.625 many engineers and my 1st wish was to become an engineer. 00:10:03.625 --> 00:10:08.155 Now after many years of engineer profession, 00:10:08.155 --> 00:10:09.790 my answer to the question, 00:10:09.790 --> 00:10:13.105 what do engineers do is very simple; 00:10:13.105 --> 00:10:16.270 it's incredible and interesting life. 00:10:16.270 --> 00:10:17.920 I was so lucky, 00:10:17.920 --> 00:10:20.560 and I wish the same for all of you. 00:10:20.560 --> 00:10:24.340 [BACKGROUND] I hope I can transmit you today, at least, 00:10:24.340 --> 00:10:27.670 some personal experiences and most of all, 00:10:27.670 --> 00:10:30.625 the passion that has driven them. 00:10:30.625 --> 00:10:34.240 About my career, Allen just spoken enough, 00:10:34.240 --> 00:10:39.025 so I start with a short presentation of SWS. 00:10:39.025 --> 00:10:41.905 I founded SWS in 1982, 00:10:41.905 --> 00:10:43.464 it is based in Taranto. 00:10:43.464 --> 00:10:49.015 We started as a regional engineering consultancy firm 00:10:49.015 --> 00:10:52.015 dedicated to three main cores, 00:10:52.015 --> 00:10:53.800 soil, water, and structure. 00:10:53.800 --> 00:10:55.900 SWS is the acronym. 00:10:55.900 --> 00:10:59.260 Then about 15 years ago, 00:10:59.260 --> 00:11:01.075 our core business become 00:11:01.075 --> 00:11:05.455 that of underground infrastructure. 00:11:05.455 --> 00:11:09.500 Our tag is innovation in underground solution. 00:11:11.340 --> 00:11:15.520 SWS core values are passion, 00:11:15.520 --> 00:11:18.670 innovation, commitment and integrity. 00:11:18.670 --> 00:11:21.430 If we analyze the feedback of 00:11:21.430 --> 00:11:24.325 visitor from outside our organization, 00:11:24.325 --> 00:11:27.010 the most frequent one referring to 00:11:27.010 --> 00:11:30.640 people met in our office is passion and commitment. 00:11:30.640 --> 00:11:36.910 Our engineers are on average between 30 and 35. 00:11:36.910 --> 00:11:41.095 This is the confirmation that in a proper environment, 00:11:41.095 --> 00:11:43.750 the professional life of a young engineer can be 00:11:43.750 --> 00:11:46.870 truly inspired by passion and commitment. 00:11:46.870 --> 00:11:49.195 Now, I come back to you. 00:11:49.195 --> 00:11:52.165 You are in a beautiful University, Virginia Tech. 00:11:52.165 --> 00:11:54.760 I've been here for the 1st time, really beautiful. 00:11:54.760 --> 00:11:56.110 So I am sure that you are 00:11:56.110 --> 00:11:58.330 strongly motivated for being here. 00:11:58.330 --> 00:12:01.060 You are receiving high level education 00:12:01.060 --> 00:12:03.085 and training in this campus, 00:12:03.085 --> 00:12:05.590 but you must never forget then 00:12:05.590 --> 00:12:08.005 your future engineer profession 00:12:08.005 --> 00:12:10.300 will primarily consist in solving 00:12:10.300 --> 00:12:13.000 problems and taking decisions. 00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:15.010 This is what will be waiting for 00:12:15.010 --> 00:12:17.740 you in your future professional life. 00:12:17.740 --> 00:12:21.535 Now, let's see what's happening around. 00:12:21.535 --> 00:12:24.390 The world has been 00:12:24.390 --> 00:12:27.060 changing rapidly in the last few years, 00:12:27.060 --> 00:12:29.085 and with the same speed, 00:12:29.085 --> 00:12:30.750 the contents and method 00:12:30.750 --> 00:12:32.745 of engineering including tunneling, 00:12:32.745 --> 00:12:35.170 are changing as well. 00:12:38.160 --> 00:12:42.805 What drives the engineering science today? 00:12:42.805 --> 00:12:44.980 The same that drives 00:12:44.980 --> 00:12:47.605 the development of underground works. 00:12:47.605 --> 00:12:52.785 Input at the top, creativity, multidisciplinarity, 00:12:52.785 --> 00:12:55.290 and innovation are the driving forces 00:12:55.290 --> 00:12:58.770 for the any engineering and underground project. 00:12:58.770 --> 00:13:02.950 Creativity, you don't have to go far. 00:13:02.950 --> 00:13:06.355 Simply read the motto of your university to confirm it, 00:13:06.355 --> 00:13:09.580 invent the future, you are in the right place. 00:13:09.580 --> 00:13:11.725 Multidisciplinarity. 00:13:11.725 --> 00:13:13.645 Only the ability to manage 00:13:13.645 --> 00:13:17.980 multiple disciplines can lead to success in engineering, 00:13:17.980 --> 00:13:20.635 particularly in underground engineering. 00:13:20.635 --> 00:13:22.585 Some of these disciplines are 00:13:22.585 --> 00:13:24.940 geotechnical engineering, rock mechanics, 00:13:24.940 --> 00:13:27.850 mechatronics, material science and engineering, 00:13:27.850 --> 00:13:31.300 geology, MEP, architecture and many more. 00:13:31.300 --> 00:13:36.265 Innovation. It is the basis of any disruption, 00:13:36.265 --> 00:13:39.355 and disruptions are essential for growth. 00:13:39.355 --> 00:13:42.340 A small example of effective, 00:13:42.340 --> 00:13:44.560 innovative disruption has been our decision, 00:13:44.560 --> 00:13:47.290 15 years ago to transform SWS from 00:13:47.290 --> 00:13:49.990 a small multipurpose engineering company 00:13:49.990 --> 00:13:53.245 to a deeply specialized in underground solution. 00:13:53.245 --> 00:13:56.815 Output at the bottom. 00:13:56.815 --> 00:14:01.525 A project supported by the three driving forces above, 00:14:01.525 --> 00:14:02.830 you have safety, 00:14:02.830 --> 00:14:06.325 complexity management, and sustainability. 00:14:06.325 --> 00:14:12.235 Safety is a must that can never be forgotten. 00:14:12.235 --> 00:14:17.605 People's lives are worth more than any engineering job, 00:14:17.605 --> 00:14:20.410 both during construction and operation. 00:14:20.410 --> 00:14:25.150 Complexity management has to be in any engineering work. 00:14:25.150 --> 00:14:27.160 Managing complexity 00:14:27.160 --> 00:14:30.610 requires tools and organizational experience, 00:14:30.610 --> 00:14:33.850 typical of well-organized companies. 00:14:33.850 --> 00:14:38.680 Sustainability allows performing large work 00:14:38.680 --> 00:14:42.085 in sensitive and complex environment, 00:14:42.085 --> 00:14:44.545 maintaining the ecological balance, 00:14:44.545 --> 00:14:49.070 and avoiding depletion of natural resources. 00:14:50.310 --> 00:14:53.005 We start with a brief history 00:14:53.005 --> 00:14:54.820 of underground construction. 00:14:54.820 --> 00:14:58.180 When did excavation activity start in the past? 00:14:58.180 --> 00:15:00.760 The origins are very ancient, 00:15:00.760 --> 00:15:02.035 but I want to focus 00:15:02.035 --> 00:15:05.605 our analysis on the last two centuries. 00:15:05.605 --> 00:15:09.580 Tunnel excavation in the recent past has referred to 00:15:09.580 --> 00:15:12.100 conventional method associated with 00:15:12.100 --> 00:15:15.475 the countries when they have been 1st developed. 00:15:15.475 --> 00:15:18.280 Originally, the number of tunnels were 00:15:18.280 --> 00:15:22.255 small and excavation approach was not systematic, 00:15:22.255 --> 00:15:25.310 but based on specific experiences 00:15:25.310 --> 00:15:28.700 related to particular geological and local condition. 00:15:28.700 --> 00:15:30.825 You can see in this slide, 00:15:30.825 --> 00:15:33.560 different excavation sequences adopted in 00:15:33.560 --> 00:15:35.510 different countries like Austrian, 00:15:35.510 --> 00:15:37.280 German, Belgium, English. 00:15:37.280 --> 00:15:40.270 Now we are using to 00:15:40.270 --> 00:15:43.089 quite totally the full-face excavation, 00:15:43.089 --> 00:15:47.960 but it's the last development. 00:15:50.190 --> 00:15:54.520 The excavation technology has strongly developed in 00:15:54.520 --> 00:15:58.765 the 20th century and in the 1st part of the 21st. 00:15:58.765 --> 00:16:02.530 Among the main factors that contributed to 00:16:02.530 --> 00:16:04.765 this progress are the following one: 00:16:04.765 --> 00:16:07.780 improvement in blasting technique, 00:16:07.780 --> 00:16:11.710 introduction of new equipment and machinery 00:16:11.710 --> 00:16:14.680 which now can even 00:16:14.680 --> 00:16:18.490 allow the crossing of heterogeneous rock mass, 00:16:18.490 --> 00:16:21.730 the laying of excavation support 00:16:21.730 --> 00:16:25.060 mainly by means of short grid and concrete casting, 00:16:25.060 --> 00:16:28.285 soil improvement and consolidation technique, 00:16:28.285 --> 00:16:31.880 characteristic of the working environment, ventilation, 00:16:31.880 --> 00:16:37.005 lighting and the effective control of groundwater. 00:16:37.005 --> 00:16:39.160 Last but not least, 00:16:39.160 --> 00:16:41.270 method of design excavation and 00:16:41.270 --> 00:16:44.290 support installation as an ATM, 00:16:44.290 --> 00:16:48.530 a Deco, Norwegian method, etc. 00:16:51.210 --> 00:16:56.135 What the progress on mechanized on the ground excavation? 00:16:56.135 --> 00:16:59.420 Here there is a summary from the early stage 00:16:59.420 --> 00:17:02.870 of the mechanized excavation, 00:17:02.870 --> 00:17:08.664 1818, top on the left is not a TBM, 00:17:08.664 --> 00:17:12.755 it's a shield for protecting a conventional excavation. 00:17:12.755 --> 00:17:20.005 The 2nd one is a funny new TBM, 00:17:20.005 --> 00:17:23.575 I don't know if really operates effectively. 00:17:23.575 --> 00:17:26.755 But in the 2nd line you can find 00:17:26.755 --> 00:17:31.305 the 1st TBM Robbins in 1952, 00:17:31.305 --> 00:17:34.935 and the one extra on the right side, 00:17:34.935 --> 00:17:40.285 one extra [inaudible] of the 3rd millennium. 00:17:40.285 --> 00:17:44.030 You can see that if you compare the dimension of the 00:17:44.030 --> 00:17:49.455 main with the diameter of the TBM or the face of the TBM, 00:17:49.455 --> 00:17:52.205 you can image how is the progress 00:17:52.205 --> 00:17:56.070 in the construction of this machinery. 00:17:57.330 --> 00:18:00.550 Now, we try to start 00:18:00.550 --> 00:18:04.344 from the safety and the working condition. 00:18:04.344 --> 00:18:15.234 This is a movie of the '90s of the last century, 00:18:15.234 --> 00:18:19.585 and this is the rock blasting for the dam construction 00:18:19.585 --> 00:18:25.910 in construction either power plant in North of Italy. 00:18:26.310 --> 00:18:29.290 This is the construction of the dam, 00:18:29.290 --> 00:18:33.250 this is original movie recorded at that time. 00:18:33.250 --> 00:18:38.155 We'll see the construction phase 00:18:38.155 --> 00:18:42.130 where the risk are evident, 00:18:42.130 --> 00:18:45.455 are present, and safety is really a crucial aspect. 00:18:45.455 --> 00:18:47.120 This is the turbine Pelton, 00:18:47.120 --> 00:18:50.404 this at that time was the biggest worldwide. 00:18:50.404 --> 00:18:54.020 This is the old-style site rail 00:18:54.020 --> 00:18:57.250 for the water tunnel excavation. 00:18:57.250 --> 00:19:01.280 This is a compressor there doing hammers, 00:19:02.220 --> 00:19:08.080 dynamite cartridges, and charging 00:19:08.080 --> 00:19:10.640 blast holes with cartridges 00:19:10.640 --> 00:19:14.760 in a very not sophisticated way. 00:19:16.920 --> 00:19:21.020 But this is what happened at the time. 00:19:21.270 --> 00:19:25.670 Firing the fuse without any hurry. 00:19:26.580 --> 00:19:29.660 Look the sequence. 00:19:31.500 --> 00:19:35.050 Fire it in the lines and then go away, 00:19:35.050 --> 00:19:39.415 [LAUGHTER] [BACKGROUND] before blasting. 00:19:39.415 --> 00:19:46.840 Blasting, and then compressed air loader 00:19:46.840 --> 00:19:49.240 for muck removal. 00:19:49.240 --> 00:19:51.160 This is our story, 00:19:51.160 --> 00:19:53.019 but with this system, 00:19:53.019 --> 00:19:56.875 in North of Italy are being constructed 00:19:56.875 --> 00:19:58.810 a huge number of 00:19:58.810 --> 00:20:01.780 hydropower plants and huge number 00:20:01.780 --> 00:20:04.190 of kilometers of tunnels. 00:20:04.440 --> 00:20:13.015 Let's go. Now, we are comparing the same procedure, 00:20:13.015 --> 00:20:15.790 drill and blast, excavation circle 00:20:15.790 --> 00:20:18.730 is completely different. 00:20:18.730 --> 00:20:23.260 We can see some stages of excavation, drilling, 00:20:23.260 --> 00:20:25.180 both installation, mucking, 00:20:25.180 --> 00:20:28.135 [inaudible] , welded wire mesh, 00:20:28.135 --> 00:20:31.089 lighting machinery ventilation is present 00:20:31.089 --> 00:20:34.645 always during the construction phase, 00:20:34.645 --> 00:20:37.900 and even you can record 00:20:37.900 --> 00:20:46.060 the blasting [NOISE] with a camera. 00:20:46.060 --> 00:20:48.250 You can control the blasting in 00:20:48.250 --> 00:20:52.150 very sophisticated and useful way. 00:20:52.150 --> 00:20:54.220 This is what happens now in 00:20:54.220 --> 00:20:57.010 the excavation of the longest tunnel worldwide, 00:20:57.010 --> 00:20:59.035 the Brenner Base Tunnel. 00:20:59.035 --> 00:21:02.530 What is happening in the TBM? 00:21:02.530 --> 00:21:04.210 The working condition in TBM 00:21:04.210 --> 00:21:06.385 for people have completely changed. 00:21:06.385 --> 00:21:08.650 The inner part of the TBM is 00:21:08.650 --> 00:21:10.780 like an office moving underground. 00:21:10.780 --> 00:21:13.555 No comparison with the old phase 00:21:13.555 --> 00:21:14.620 of the excavation method. 00:21:14.620 --> 00:21:19.660 [NOISE] Well, 00:21:19.660 --> 00:21:21.790 for considering the progress 00:21:21.790 --> 00:21:26.755 on uncertainty definition of risk control, 00:21:26.755 --> 00:21:28.135 I love this phrase. 00:21:28.135 --> 00:21:29.980 This phrase is, so what is 00:21:29.980 --> 00:21:32.890 ahead of the phase uncertainty? 00:21:32.890 --> 00:21:38.290 The phrase is by Sir Alan Muir Wood, 00:21:38.290 --> 00:21:39.535 is a co-founder of 00:21:39.535 --> 00:21:43.677 ITA, International Tunneling Association. 00:21:43.677 --> 00:21:46.210 In underground, the real cost 00:21:46.210 --> 00:21:47.620 of overall feasibility of 00:21:47.620 --> 00:21:50.110 any project is dominated by geology. 00:21:50.110 --> 00:21:53.155 Uncertainty geology ahead of the phase 00:21:53.155 --> 00:21:55.870 can be eliminated in underground project, 00:21:55.870 --> 00:21:58.330 but should be minimized by 00:21:58.330 --> 00:22:01.900 geophysical investigation through understanding 00:22:01.900 --> 00:22:04.945 of the regional geology and that hydrogeology. 00:22:04.945 --> 00:22:09.340 But the risk is not totally canceled. 00:22:09.340 --> 00:22:12.460 How do we proceed with the risk? 00:22:12.460 --> 00:22:15.760 The risk is the combination of impact, 00:22:15.760 --> 00:22:17.860 the possible negative consequences of 00:22:17.860 --> 00:22:19.945 the project in terms of safety, cost, 00:22:19.945 --> 00:22:23.470 delay, environment, and probability, 00:22:23.470 --> 00:22:27.490 chance of the negative event will occur. 00:22:27.490 --> 00:22:31.750 Main sources of risk are changes in economic, 00:22:31.750 --> 00:22:34.165 commercial, social, political contexts. 00:22:34.165 --> 00:22:36.805 Sometimes, this aspect is not well 00:22:36.805 --> 00:22:39.820 defined during the design phase 00:22:39.820 --> 00:22:41.815 and during the construction phase. 00:22:41.815 --> 00:22:45.730 Inappropriate contract project management, 00:22:45.730 --> 00:22:49.870 at the various geotechnical condition, 00:22:49.870 --> 00:22:52.735 inappropriate design sometime happens. 00:22:52.735 --> 00:22:54.220 Inappropriate selection of 00:22:54.220 --> 00:22:56.830 construction techniques and procedures. 00:22:56.830 --> 00:22:59.605 For reducing the risk, 00:22:59.605 --> 00:23:01.720 we need a risk management plan. 00:23:01.720 --> 00:23:04.480 A risk management plans should be adopted to 00:23:04.480 --> 00:23:07.990 minimize the risk to an ALARP level. 00:23:07.990 --> 00:23:12.055 ALARP stands for as low as reasonably practicable. 00:23:12.055 --> 00:23:13.750 This is the target of 00:23:13.750 --> 00:23:17.110 the modern design in construction management. 00:23:17.110 --> 00:23:19.450 How do we manage 00:23:19.450 --> 00:23:21.865 the risk in practice? This is the question. 00:23:21.865 --> 00:23:23.515 In the following slides, 00:23:23.515 --> 00:23:25.120 we will see how to apply 00:23:25.120 --> 00:23:27.040 the procedure in different cases. 00:23:27.040 --> 00:23:34.750 [NOISE] Now, I go back to my personal experience. 00:23:34.750 --> 00:23:40.555 I will introduce four special cases I was involved with. 00:23:40.555 --> 00:23:42.745 These cases represent 00:23:42.745 --> 00:23:45.490 concrete answer to different question. 00:23:45.490 --> 00:23:47.605 The question are starting with, 00:23:47.605 --> 00:23:50.120 how is it possible to excavate? 00:23:50.120 --> 00:23:57.210 But the technical translation of how is possible is, 00:23:57.210 --> 00:23:59.100 how do we minimize the risk? 00:23:59.100 --> 00:24:01.305 This is the main goal 00:24:01.305 --> 00:24:04.710 of the designer and the constructor. 00:24:04.710 --> 00:24:08.200 The question are four. 00:24:10.650 --> 00:24:13.090 How it's possible to excavate 00:24:13.090 --> 00:24:15.025 the world longest railway tunnel? 00:24:15.025 --> 00:24:16.525 It's in the North of Italy, 00:24:16.525 --> 00:24:19.240 is the Brenner Base Tunnel. 00:24:19.240 --> 00:24:21.070 It's 64 kilometers long. 00:24:21.070 --> 00:24:24.170 Three tubes. A lot of 00:24:25.380 --> 00:24:31.600 infrastructure along the track stations 00:24:31.600 --> 00:24:34.525 for rescue and so on. 00:24:34.525 --> 00:24:36.370 The second question is, 00:24:36.370 --> 00:24:39.130 how is possible to excavate a rail 00:24:39.130 --> 00:24:42.520 underneath Florence in presence of ancient buildings? 00:24:42.520 --> 00:24:45.370 We'll see how it's possible and 00:24:45.370 --> 00:24:48.970 what are the risk and how we can measure the risk. 00:24:48.970 --> 00:24:50.995 The third question is, 00:24:50.995 --> 00:24:53.710 how it's possible to excavate the enlargement 00:24:53.710 --> 00:24:57.070 of a highway tunnel in presence of traffic? 00:24:57.070 --> 00:25:02.245 Again, in Italy, in the East-side. 00:25:02.245 --> 00:25:04.675 The last is, how it's possible 00:25:04.675 --> 00:25:08.785 to excavate a metro crossing very difficult soil? 00:25:08.785 --> 00:25:11.875 We are in Sicily, near the town of Catania, 00:25:11.875 --> 00:25:17.830 at the foot of the volcano Aetna. 00:25:17.830 --> 00:25:20.020 We start of the first question, 00:25:20.020 --> 00:25:21.400 how it's possible to excavate 00:25:21.400 --> 00:25:24.190 a metro in a very difficult soil? 00:25:24.190 --> 00:25:30.160 Catania is really in a very strange place, 00:25:30.160 --> 00:25:35.155 where you can find hard rock mixed with coarse soil, 00:25:35.155 --> 00:25:40.000 clay, silty clay, silts. 00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:43.135 It's very heterogeneous. 00:25:43.135 --> 00:25:45.475 How it's possible to guarantee 00:25:45.475 --> 00:25:48.700 the safety and minimize the risk? 00:25:48.700 --> 00:25:52.060 The answer is, choosing the 00:25:52.060 --> 00:25:55.795 best effective, optimized TBM. 00:25:55.795 --> 00:26:00.310 Maybe not all the students here are 00:26:00.310 --> 00:26:06.250 knowing in detail how many kinds of TBM are existing, 00:26:06.250 --> 00:26:09.520 but there are many possibilities, 00:26:09.520 --> 00:26:11.875 different excavation methods. 00:26:11.875 --> 00:26:13.525 So the best way, 00:26:13.525 --> 00:26:16.135 the answer for realizing 00:26:16.135 --> 00:26:19.570 a tunnel in that soil condition 00:26:19.570 --> 00:26:22.150 is to choose the best effective device TBM. 00:26:22.150 --> 00:26:27.835 Now, how do we do for choosing the optimized TBM? 00:26:27.835 --> 00:26:30.310 We have to follow a procedure. 00:26:30.310 --> 00:26:33.850 We describe the procedure we used in Catania. 00:26:33.850 --> 00:26:37.000 We start from a very detailed map. 00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:39.640 The image you see is a picture by 00:26:39.640 --> 00:26:42.055 our Digital Terrain Model 00:26:42.055 --> 00:26:44.560 developed directly for this site. 00:26:44.560 --> 00:26:47.815 It combines open source 3D surface model 00:26:47.815 --> 00:26:51.460 and detailed topographic survey performed on site. 00:26:51.460 --> 00:26:58.670 This is the first data necessary for the process. 00:26:58.680 --> 00:27:01.960 The topographic survey has to be combined with 00:27:01.960 --> 00:27:04.900 a 3D geotechnical representation. 00:27:04.900 --> 00:27:07.870 The sum of these two components define 00:27:07.870 --> 00:27:12.970 the framework where the 3D metro project can be placed. 00:27:12.970 --> 00:27:16.825 This is what we are calling digital project. 00:27:16.825 --> 00:27:19.780 We are really transferring procedures coming 00:27:19.780 --> 00:27:23.320 from automotive aerospace environment, 00:27:23.320 --> 00:27:26.440 transfer it to civil construction. 00:27:26.440 --> 00:27:34.015 The project is not more a huge file of 2D drawings, 00:27:34.015 --> 00:27:36.145 but it's an entire model of 00:27:36.145 --> 00:27:40.300 all the environment interest in the infrastructure, 00:27:40.300 --> 00:27:43.450 starting from the early stage in 00:27:43.450 --> 00:27:48.790 the pre-feasibility study till the maintenance. 00:27:48.790 --> 00:27:51.295 This is the idea. 00:27:51.295 --> 00:27:55.464 Now, with this data, 00:27:55.464 --> 00:28:00.310 we proceed for choosing the TBM. 00:28:00.310 --> 00:28:03.340 In this case, distinguishing 00:28:03.340 --> 00:28:06.695 between open TBM, EPB, and Slurry, 00:28:06.695 --> 00:28:08.445 then three main categories, 00:28:08.445 --> 00:28:11.040 we have to exclude the first one because we are 00:28:11.040 --> 00:28:14.220 under the water table and so we are in presence of water. 00:28:14.220 --> 00:28:19.050 So the choice is only between EPB and Slurry. 00:28:19.050 --> 00:28:24.120 How do we choose the correct? 00:28:24.120 --> 00:28:28.095 I have to spend some words for describing the process. 00:28:28.095 --> 00:28:33.140 This is the core for the correct choose. 00:28:33.140 --> 00:28:36.430 The analysis is performed in four different steps. 00:28:36.430 --> 00:28:41.020 I don't think that you can comprehend all the details, 00:28:41.020 --> 00:28:43.405 but just for describing the procedure, 00:28:43.405 --> 00:28:45.970 because it's important to describe 00:28:45.970 --> 00:28:50.440 the procedure and then we can improve each single step. 00:28:50.440 --> 00:28:53.950 The first one, the first step is to identify 00:28:53.950 --> 00:28:55.675 the potential risks due to the 00:28:55.675 --> 00:28:58.435 geological and type of geological condition. 00:28:58.435 --> 00:29:00.850 For example, front excavation failure 00:29:00.850 --> 00:29:04.150 due to insufficient front pressure. 00:29:04.150 --> 00:29:07.540 Excessive load on TBM shield due to high gloat. 00:29:07.540 --> 00:29:10.555 So you have to identify the potential risk. 00:29:10.555 --> 00:29:12.790 The potential impact of 00:29:12.790 --> 00:29:16.925 all risks has to be assessed considering extra cost. 00:29:16.925 --> 00:29:21.090 Delay in the environmental structural impacts. 00:29:21.090 --> 00:29:25.215 General standard classifications, the impact has low, 00:29:25.215 --> 00:29:27.365 medium, high, and very high. 00:29:27.365 --> 00:29:30.620 I drink a bit of water. 00:29:32.880 --> 00:29:36.580 The second step is to calculate the probability 00:29:36.580 --> 00:29:39.955 of occurrence of each risk for entire tunnel. 00:29:39.955 --> 00:29:43.630 This calculation is based 00:29:43.630 --> 00:29:46.030 on engineering models and can be 00:29:46.030 --> 00:29:48.580 highly demanding if performed 00:29:48.580 --> 00:29:52.120 manually without the support of advanced digital tools. 00:29:52.120 --> 00:29:56.470 The level of risk is then calculated as the product of 00:29:56.470 --> 00:30:02.470 the risk impact times the risk likelihood. Step 3. 00:30:02.470 --> 00:30:04.870 Once the risk level is assessed for 00:30:04.870 --> 00:30:08.230 the entire panel and for each TBM type, 00:30:08.230 --> 00:30:12.610 the engineer chooses the TBM type 00:30:12.610 --> 00:30:16.285 associated with the lowest risk profile. 00:30:16.285 --> 00:30:21.115 The last step is after the TBM choice, 00:30:21.115 --> 00:30:24.490 the analyses are performed several 00:30:24.490 --> 00:30:28.870 times to optimize that one specific TBM. 00:30:28.870 --> 00:30:32.215 Its parameters has shin diameter, 00:30:32.215 --> 00:30:34.000 length, resistance, 00:30:34.000 --> 00:30:36.610 [inaudible] trust, [inaudible] torque. 00:30:36.610 --> 00:30:39.580 The aim of this optimization is to 00:30:39.580 --> 00:30:42.895 reduce the residual risk as far as possible, 00:30:42.895 --> 00:30:45.820 is the concept of ALARP risk. 00:30:45.820 --> 00:30:49.510 [NOISE] 00:30:49.510 --> 00:30:52.330 In this slide, this represented 00:30:52.330 --> 00:30:53.770 the optimized condition for 00:30:53.770 --> 00:30:55.420 the EPB front pressure 00:30:55.420 --> 00:30:58.039 for minimizing the impact on buildings. 00:30:58.039 --> 00:31:01.650 If you have a too high pressure, 00:31:01.650 --> 00:31:03.660 you can uplift the building. 00:31:03.660 --> 00:31:06.005 If the pressure is too low, 00:31:06.005 --> 00:31:08.440 can emerge some settlements. 00:31:08.440 --> 00:31:13.630 If the front pressure is low, 00:31:13.630 --> 00:31:16.855 you can induce differential settlements in the building. 00:31:16.855 --> 00:31:20.380 It's a complicated situation. 00:31:20.380 --> 00:31:22.000 Well, now I show 00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:27.010 the 4D excavation process representation 00:31:27.010 --> 00:31:29.605 versus building risk assessment. 00:31:29.605 --> 00:31:32.810 This is not a pure drawing. 00:31:33.060 --> 00:31:36.415 We'll speak about BIM later. 00:31:36.415 --> 00:31:38.740 But it's the representation of 00:31:38.740 --> 00:31:40.480 the excavation process linked 00:31:40.480 --> 00:31:43.090 to the building risk assessment. 00:31:43.090 --> 00:31:45.295 Tunnel excavation is combined 00:31:45.295 --> 00:31:47.170 with station enlargement strategy, 00:31:47.170 --> 00:31:48.670 shaft construction according to 00:31:48.670 --> 00:31:50.485 the work plan in different. 00:31:50.485 --> 00:31:54.700 The different colors of 00:31:54.700 --> 00:31:56.320 the building as connected with 00:31:56.320 --> 00:31:58.675 a different level of risk of the same 00:31:58.675 --> 00:32:02.935 and the necessity to 00:32:02.935 --> 00:32:07.525 introduce other techniques for protecting from the risk. 00:32:07.525 --> 00:32:13.750 So it's a forecasting of the process of construction, 00:32:13.750 --> 00:32:17.440 connected with the effect on the entire environment, 00:32:17.440 --> 00:32:19.210 including soil, and buildings, 00:32:19.210 --> 00:32:21.130 and what it's connected. 00:32:21.130 --> 00:32:24.490 But take into account that 00:32:24.490 --> 00:32:28.270 the main risk was not 00:32:28.270 --> 00:32:32.140 connected with the sensitivity of the buildings, 00:32:32.140 --> 00:32:36.110 but mainly with the difficult soil 00:32:36.210 --> 00:32:40.250 encountered by the TBM. 00:32:43.800 --> 00:32:47.140 Well, this is the picture of the TBM. 00:32:47.140 --> 00:32:48.880 You saw an EPB. 00:32:48.880 --> 00:32:50.965 The white is not snow. 00:32:50.965 --> 00:32:53.650 It's the conditioning foam, 00:32:53.650 --> 00:32:55.885 anti-clogging conditioning foam. 00:32:55.885 --> 00:32:59.410 It's really another very important aspect 00:32:59.410 --> 00:33:02.124 in dimensioning EPB, 00:33:02.124 --> 00:33:05.170 tune a body machine in difficult soil. 00:33:05.170 --> 00:33:07.680 You have to do a lot of proofs. 00:33:07.680 --> 00:33:09.795 This morning, we visited 00:33:09.795 --> 00:33:11.970 some labs here, geotechnical labs, 00:33:11.970 --> 00:33:17.290 but even for a conditioning foam testing, 00:33:17.290 --> 00:33:27.040 it's necessary to have a very spatial lab. 00:33:27.040 --> 00:33:31.344 With scaling this spatial analysis, 00:33:31.344 --> 00:33:34.540 there are some procedure, not as conventional, 00:33:34.540 --> 00:33:37.705 but a procedure for checking 00:33:37.705 --> 00:33:41.170 the effect on the excavation 00:33:41.170 --> 00:33:43.809 of the conditioning additives. 00:33:43.809 --> 00:33:50.110 The diameter is 10.24 meters. 00:33:50.110 --> 00:33:54.220 I didn't convert the meters in feet, 00:33:54.220 --> 00:33:56.560 but maybe you can image 00:33:56.560 --> 00:33:59.860 what is 10 meters in a real dimension. 00:33:59.860 --> 00:34:03.985 Well, so this is the procedure for avoiding risk 00:34:03.985 --> 00:34:09.745 in excavating a tunnel in a difficult soil. 00:34:09.745 --> 00:34:13.090 The second question, how it's possible to 00:34:13.090 --> 00:34:14.650 excavate the enlargement of 00:34:14.650 --> 00:34:17.630 a highway tunnel in presence of traffic? 00:34:17.760 --> 00:34:25.780 Imagine that this is a highway north, 00:34:25.780 --> 00:34:28.480 south of Italy, east part of Italy, 00:34:28.480 --> 00:34:29.920 near the sea side, 00:34:29.920 --> 00:34:31.540 there is huge traffic. 00:34:31.540 --> 00:34:33.265 It's impossible to close 00:34:33.265 --> 00:34:36.130 completely the highway and we're not 00:34:36.130 --> 00:34:41.080 possible to construct another tunnel in parallel. 00:34:41.080 --> 00:34:43.660 The second one, there were two tunnels. 00:34:43.660 --> 00:34:47.920 One was doubled with the construction of a new one, 00:34:47.920 --> 00:34:49.885 but one of the two were 00:34:49.885 --> 00:34:54.610 not possible to doubling in another side, 00:34:54.610 --> 00:34:57.535 so was necessary to maintain the traffic. 00:34:57.535 --> 00:35:00.550 How was possible to maintain the traffic? 00:35:00.550 --> 00:35:03.580 Was possible innovating TBM. 00:35:03.580 --> 00:35:06.790 We are not mechanical engineer, 00:35:06.790 --> 00:35:10.165 but we are civil engineer in 00:35:10.165 --> 00:35:16.060 dealing with the soil and rocks in a very confident way. 00:35:16.060 --> 00:35:24.385 So we suggested the creation of a big saw, a cutting saw. 00:35:24.385 --> 00:35:26.935 We'll see in detail in the next picture. 00:35:26.935 --> 00:35:28.600 For doing what? 00:35:28.600 --> 00:35:30.700 For cutting the soil. 00:35:30.700 --> 00:35:33.970 We put a shelter. 00:35:33.970 --> 00:35:40.120 I'll go here. We put a shelter in concrete for 00:35:40.120 --> 00:35:42.880 protecting the traffic in 00:35:42.880 --> 00:35:46.600 the original and existing tunnel. 00:35:46.600 --> 00:35:53.590 Then we use an arch in which is installed a big saw, 00:35:53.590 --> 00:35:57.490 six meter long, and we cut the soil. 00:35:57.490 --> 00:36:00.730 The soil was over-consolidating clay, not rock. 00:36:00.730 --> 00:36:03.745 It was over-consolidating clay. 00:36:03.745 --> 00:36:07.870 Not extra-strong, but not soft, 00:36:07.870 --> 00:36:11.860 and we realized you 00:36:11.860 --> 00:36:15.680 can see this is a longitudinal section. 00:36:22.380 --> 00:36:25.315 Okay. No, [LAUGHTER] fantastic. 00:36:25.315 --> 00:36:33.340 We have the temporary lining 00:36:33.340 --> 00:36:39.745 is done by cut with the saw, filling with shotcrete. 00:36:39.745 --> 00:36:42.040 Then you realize a umbrella for 00:36:42.040 --> 00:36:45.580 protecting a temporary lining. 00:36:45.580 --> 00:36:50.920 Then the traffic is inside the shelter. 00:36:50.920 --> 00:36:53.920 Perfect. In between, there is 00:36:53.920 --> 00:36:58.510 our excavation method for taking away all the soil, 00:36:58.510 --> 00:37:01.839 demolishing the existing lining, 00:37:01.839 --> 00:37:06.250 and then realizing the final lining 00:37:06.250 --> 00:37:08.425 in concrete with segment. 00:37:08.425 --> 00:37:10.584 We can see the sequence. 00:37:10.584 --> 00:37:13.750 Thank you so much for your help. 00:37:13.750 --> 00:37:16.000 This is the sequence. 00:37:16.000 --> 00:37:19.735 Pre-cut, left up. 00:37:19.735 --> 00:37:22.870 Filling with shotcrete is a big saw. 00:37:22.870 --> 00:37:27.370 We'll see directly in dimension and in characteristic. 00:37:27.370 --> 00:37:30.835 Then we'll excavate in-between the shelter. 00:37:30.835 --> 00:37:32.560 This is the shelter, and 00:37:32.560 --> 00:37:41.350 the temporary lining is after this final lining segment. 00:37:41.350 --> 00:37:43.930 So you open the space, 00:37:43.930 --> 00:37:47.710 you protect with the final lining, 00:37:47.710 --> 00:37:49.975 and the work is done. 00:37:49.975 --> 00:37:52.015 There are two movies. 00:37:52.015 --> 00:37:54.820 The first one is the assembly of 00:37:54.820 --> 00:37:58.180 the big saw in the factory. 00:37:58.180 --> 00:38:02.215 It's a mechanical Italian factory, 00:38:02.215 --> 00:38:05.410 and the second one is installation on the site. 00:38:05.410 --> 00:38:07.820 We start with the first. 00:38:08.730 --> 00:38:16.880 It's a mechanical factory near Bologna. This is the saw. 00:38:16.980 --> 00:38:21.490 That is the shape of the shelter. 00:38:21.490 --> 00:38:25.225 We tested the saw with strong concrete. 00:38:25.225 --> 00:38:27.400 If it's effective on strong concrete, 00:38:27.400 --> 00:38:31.450 it will be enough for over-consolidated clay. 00:38:31.450 --> 00:38:34.930 You can see the job is just completed. 00:38:34.930 --> 00:38:36.940 The highway is open. 00:38:36.940 --> 00:38:42.730 So the result, it was on time 00:38:42.730 --> 00:38:53.120 in terms of time and cost-effective, and good. 00:38:55.350 --> 00:38:58.780 It's an innovation because 00:38:58.780 --> 00:39:01.450 the second worldwide application, 00:39:01.450 --> 00:39:05.530 the first one was performed in 00:39:05.530 --> 00:39:11.095 another enlargement of highway in Italy. 00:39:11.095 --> 00:39:13.120 But they have had a lot of problems 00:39:13.120 --> 00:39:15.205 because the dimension, it was not so good, 00:39:15.205 --> 00:39:17.920 so they used 10 times 00:39:17.920 --> 00:39:20.785 the forecast period for the construction. 00:39:20.785 --> 00:39:23.425 But now, with this experience, 00:39:23.425 --> 00:39:24.790 even with this experience, 00:39:24.790 --> 00:39:27.595 we have had the possibility to design 00:39:27.595 --> 00:39:31.735 with the mechanical company. 00:39:31.735 --> 00:39:34.870 We have the possibility to design a correct saw. 00:39:34.870 --> 00:39:36.550 This is the saw, 00:39:36.550 --> 00:39:43.600 and this is the process, the installation. 00:39:43.600 --> 00:39:46.300 The road traffic is interrupted overnight, 00:39:46.300 --> 00:39:49.330 one time only, to allow the position 00:39:49.330 --> 00:39:50.620 of the TBM and the 00:39:50.620 --> 00:39:53.480 beginning of the tunnel to be enlarged. 00:39:53.940 --> 00:39:56.200 You can see the tunnel, 00:39:56.200 --> 00:39:59.640 the shelter, and overnight, 00:39:59.640 --> 00:40:05.745 we put the TBM on-site, 00:40:05.745 --> 00:40:13.320 over the shelter, for starting with the enlargement. 00:40:13.320 --> 00:40:25.055 [NOISE] 00:40:25.055 --> 00:40:36.125 This is the overnight work, traffic was interrupted. 00:40:36.125 --> 00:40:40.430 We are taking picture from the shield, 00:40:40.430 --> 00:40:43.170 the shield is there, this is the shield, 00:40:46.780 --> 00:40:52.160 and over the shield this is installed there, 00:40:52.160 --> 00:41:03.290 the TBM night is 00:41:03.290 --> 00:41:07.475 finishing and the traffic will restart, 00:41:07.475 --> 00:41:10.190 and the excavation will start. 00:41:10.190 --> 00:41:15.020 This is the second answer to the second question. 00:41:15.020 --> 00:41:17.870 The third question is how it's possible to excavate 00:41:17.870 --> 00:41:19.520 the rail underneath fluoresce 00:41:19.520 --> 00:41:21.965 in presence of ancient buildings? 00:41:21.965 --> 00:41:24.125 The answer is using 00:41:24.125 --> 00:41:28.069 proper monitoring and compensation grounding activity. 00:41:28.069 --> 00:41:31.235 We are working in Downtown Florence, 00:41:31.235 --> 00:41:33.950 near the most important historical buildings 00:41:33.950 --> 00:41:36.110 of Italian Renaissance, 00:41:36.110 --> 00:41:38.795 so it's important place. 00:41:38.795 --> 00:41:44.079 We have to take all the safety 00:41:44.079 --> 00:41:51.445 and even procedural techniques for avoiding any damage. 00:41:51.445 --> 00:41:56.215 We have done a lot of shaft from which you can 00:41:56.215 --> 00:41:58.685 inject the mortar and 00:41:58.685 --> 00:42:02.940 protect and avoid settlements in the building. 00:42:03.700 --> 00:42:09.935 This is a view, a picture of the TBM is again APV, 00:42:09.935 --> 00:42:14.130 TBM, 9.4 meters in diameter. 00:42:15.280 --> 00:42:22.130 I don't know if you can read from from every place here, 00:42:22.130 --> 00:42:27.785 but the tunnel is 60 kilometer, 00:42:27.785 --> 00:42:31.430 two tunnel of eight kilometer each. 00:42:31.430 --> 00:42:37.310 We are under passing more than 200 ancient building 00:42:37.310 --> 00:42:43.910 and the alignment is crossing all Downtown Florence. 00:42:43.910 --> 00:42:49.670 [NOISE] What about the monitoring system? 00:42:49.670 --> 00:42:52.310 The monitoring system is the only way 00:42:52.310 --> 00:42:56.284 for taking under control what is happening, 00:42:56.284 --> 00:43:01.750 and for managing all the compensation grouting necessary. 00:43:01.750 --> 00:43:05.800 We have more than 40 cross-section 00:43:05.800 --> 00:43:07.800 of geotechnical monitoring, 00:43:07.800 --> 00:43:11.960 40 cross-section of internal tunnel monitoring, 00:43:11.960 --> 00:43:15.260 more than 5,000 targets in the building, 00:43:15.260 --> 00:43:17.660 and the real-time monitoring 00:43:17.660 --> 00:43:20.735 system for the compensation grouting. 00:43:20.735 --> 00:43:22.985 There is a drawing here, 00:43:22.985 --> 00:43:25.700 you can see the distance 00:43:25.700 --> 00:43:29.300 of the TBM from the shallow foundation of 00:43:29.300 --> 00:43:33.320 this building and in-between with 00:43:33.320 --> 00:43:37.835 volume loss due to this process of excavation, 00:43:37.835 --> 00:43:40.010 you have potential settlements. 00:43:40.010 --> 00:43:41.435 You need to inject 00:43:41.435 --> 00:43:44.720 something in between for avoiding this. 00:43:44.720 --> 00:43:47.270 This is what we have done, 00:43:47.270 --> 00:43:50.570 but not using only experience, 00:43:50.570 --> 00:43:53.690 AUK inject, stop, inject. 00:43:53.690 --> 00:43:57.485 No, there is a complete monitoring platform 00:43:57.485 --> 00:44:00.410 managing all the data coming from the TBM, 00:44:00.410 --> 00:44:02.630 coming from the targets on the buildings, 00:44:02.630 --> 00:44:08.510 coming from the instrument installed inside the ground, 00:44:08.510 --> 00:44:12.020 and managing what is not really big data, 00:44:12.020 --> 00:44:14.630 but it's a huge number of data to be 00:44:14.630 --> 00:44:18.630 managed for controlling what is happening. 00:44:18.940 --> 00:44:22.460 Is evident that sometime 00:44:22.460 --> 00:44:26.480 even a modeling, 2D, 3D modeling, 00:44:26.480 --> 00:44:31.910 I am showing this just 00:44:31.910 --> 00:44:35.180 for showing without compensation 00:44:35.180 --> 00:44:37.520 the settlement is happening here. 00:44:37.520 --> 00:44:41.674 With compensation, you can reduce 00:44:41.674 --> 00:44:47.585 quite zero settlement connected with the volume loss. 00:44:47.585 --> 00:44:50.885 This is the shaft in Florence, 00:44:50.885 --> 00:44:54.230 this is the station, 00:44:54.230 --> 00:44:56.930 this is an underground station under construction 00:44:56.930 --> 00:45:00.760 now the architect is normal foster. 00:45:00.760 --> 00:45:02.305 We are not architects, 00:45:02.305 --> 00:45:05.095 we are the designer of the tunnel of 00:45:05.095 --> 00:45:09.850 the compensation grouting system. 00:45:09.850 --> 00:45:16.515 The main aspects are connected with the platform. 00:45:16.515 --> 00:45:19.340 The main aspect of the platform for 00:45:19.340 --> 00:45:22.700 managing of the data is integration 00:45:22.700 --> 00:45:24.890 of different data sources coming from 00:45:24.890 --> 00:45:29.120 surveys in ground monitor TBM data, 00:45:29.120 --> 00:45:31.970 elaborating data in real time according to 00:45:31.970 --> 00:45:35.790 customer algorithm to produce engineer indicators, 00:45:35.790 --> 00:45:39.190 lost volume, volume loss, distortion, 00:45:39.190 --> 00:45:42.265 etc, and the production of 00:45:42.265 --> 00:45:44.830 combined graphs for every building 00:45:44.830 --> 00:45:46.585 for checking what is the forecast, 00:45:46.585 --> 00:45:49.150 if what is happening is fitting 00:45:49.150 --> 00:45:53.530 with what we have forecasting during the design phase. 00:45:53.530 --> 00:46:00.130 [NOISE] Using a well organized monitoring 00:46:00.130 --> 00:46:03.470 and control in the system 00:46:03.470 --> 00:46:06.230 for avoiding settlements it's 00:46:06.230 --> 00:46:09.095 the best way for reducing risk 00:46:09.095 --> 00:46:12.710 acrossing a few meters below 00:46:12.710 --> 00:46:17.390 the foundation important town like Florence. 00:46:17.390 --> 00:46:19.730 The 4th question, last question, 00:46:19.730 --> 00:46:22.370 the 4th is how it's possible to escalate 00:46:22.370 --> 00:46:25.370 the world longest railway tunnel? 00:46:25.370 --> 00:46:28.310 Maybe, this is a tunnel. 00:46:28.310 --> 00:46:31.490 The high-speed rail is 00:46:31.490 --> 00:46:34.835 connected north and south of Europe from Sicily 00:46:34.835 --> 00:46:39.020 Rails is connected with the Island of Malta and North 00:46:39.020 --> 00:46:51.380 of Sweden and the Finland. 00:46:51.380 --> 00:46:55.130 Thanks. The question is, 00:46:55.130 --> 00:46:59.330 managing complexity there are even other problems, 00:46:59.330 --> 00:47:01.850 is not the only but the main problem in 00:47:01.850 --> 00:47:05.330 a so longest tunnel is managing complexity 00:47:05.330 --> 00:47:08.870 and multidisciplinarity and protecting the environment. 00:47:08.870 --> 00:47:12.200 If you consider that the excavation of 00:47:12.200 --> 00:47:15.860 64 kilometers multiply by 00:47:15.860 --> 00:47:18.785 three of tunnel in 00:47:18.785 --> 00:47:22.400 is quite 10 millions 00:47:22.400 --> 00:47:24.830 of cubic meter or excavated material. 00:47:24.830 --> 00:47:27.110 You have to reposition 00:47:27.110 --> 00:47:29.390 this in a very sensitive environment. 00:47:29.390 --> 00:47:33.020 You know that dolomite is a UNESCO World Heritage site, 00:47:33.020 --> 00:47:34.670 this is the real problem. 00:47:34.670 --> 00:47:38.405 [NOISE] How do we resolve the problem? 00:47:38.405 --> 00:47:41.779 This is the alignment, 00:47:41.779 --> 00:47:45.950 the general map with a comparison between 00:47:45.950 --> 00:47:47.660 the existing tunnel alignment is 00:47:47.660 --> 00:47:51.080 the green line is narrow, steep, 00:47:51.080 --> 00:47:53.870 longer with the new design alignment 00:47:53.870 --> 00:47:55.460 is the red is in tunnel 00:47:55.460 --> 00:48:02.070 two station for escaping possibility. 00:48:02.430 --> 00:48:06.595 Is managing a huge number of data. 00:48:06.595 --> 00:48:12.475 If you consider that there are many TBN working together, 00:48:12.475 --> 00:48:15.850 many war construction company working, 00:48:15.850 --> 00:48:21.925 you have to manage all the services. 00:48:21.925 --> 00:48:26.110 Even avoiding environmental problem and 00:48:26.110 --> 00:48:30.835 the relationship with the road system existing. 00:48:30.835 --> 00:48:36.130 You have to resolve a lot of problems. 00:48:36.130 --> 00:48:39.085 Even from the geological point of view, 00:48:39.085 --> 00:48:40.750 it is not an easy situation. 00:48:40.750 --> 00:48:44.380 It says that the answer in that part 00:48:44.380 --> 00:48:46.060 are at the edge between 00:48:46.060 --> 00:48:48.910 the African tectonic plate and the European plate. 00:48:48.910 --> 00:48:50.470 In detail, each color 00:48:50.470 --> 00:48:52.795 represents a different geological formation, 00:48:52.795 --> 00:48:57.199 significant faults or evidence showing huge complexity. 00:48:57.240 --> 00:49:01.690 Now, we are describing what we 00:49:01.690 --> 00:49:06.670 have done a lot on the construction, 00:49:06.670 --> 00:49:08.500 and the Italian side in which as WS 00:49:08.500 --> 00:49:10.640 is involved for the construction design, 00:49:10.640 --> 00:49:14.985 the estimated cost is 1.3 billion Euro. 00:49:14.985 --> 00:49:17.055 There are three tunnels, 00:49:17.055 --> 00:49:21.800 two main tunnels 10.7 meter in diameter. 00:49:21.800 --> 00:49:28.230 Exploratory tunnel, 6.8 meter in diameter. 00:49:28.230 --> 00:49:36.815 How do we manage this big complexity? 00:49:36.815 --> 00:49:41.155 BIM, it's the magnificent, 00:49:41.155 --> 00:49:46.525 magnificent tool for managing complex situation. 00:49:46.525 --> 00:49:52.090 BIM is really a unique and complete database for owners, 00:49:52.090 --> 00:49:54.100 constructor, engineers, 00:49:54.100 --> 00:49:55.780 including all the data of 00:49:55.780 --> 00:49:59.870 the project in a clear and organized way. 00:50:00.720 --> 00:50:03.550 What are the advantages? 00:50:03.550 --> 00:50:06.040 I am not seller of BIM I am 00:50:06.040 --> 00:50:08.560 just only for describing the characteristics. 00:50:08.560 --> 00:50:11.275 Advantages, virtual validation of 00:50:11.275 --> 00:50:14.695 complex geometry and the clash free design. 00:50:14.695 --> 00:50:18.325 You don't have any clash if you design in 3D, 00:50:18.325 --> 00:50:22.165 because the 2D drawings are coming from the 3D model, 00:50:22.165 --> 00:50:24.950 so no clashes at all. 00:50:24.950 --> 00:50:28.500 Consistency of the design documentation, 00:50:28.500 --> 00:50:33.705 because for the operation of construction they need even, 00:50:33.705 --> 00:50:35.490 sometime it's not necessarily 00:50:35.490 --> 00:50:37.230 because it should be possible to use 3D, 00:50:37.230 --> 00:50:40.240 but we are not enough 00:50:40.240 --> 00:50:44.155 advanced for using these during construction. 00:50:44.155 --> 00:50:45.850 Some time happened, we have 00:50:45.850 --> 00:50:48.895 no experience with hydro-power plant in which 00:50:48.895 --> 00:50:54.340 they can use a tool like phone, 00:50:54.340 --> 00:50:59.800 or a tablet for checking where is the construction? 00:50:59.800 --> 00:51:01.255 What is happening? 00:51:01.255 --> 00:51:04.585 How many bars in that specific place? 00:51:04.585 --> 00:51:08.485 But this is not yet consolidated. 00:51:08.485 --> 00:51:10.720 But consistency of 00:51:10.720 --> 00:51:13.750 all the documentation is another advantage. 00:51:13.750 --> 00:51:15.685 Another advantage is that 00:51:15.685 --> 00:51:19.660 all the components can be defined at the proper scale. 00:51:19.660 --> 00:51:23.140 We can use larger or micro-scales, 00:51:23.140 --> 00:51:25.555 it depends how many information we want to add. 00:51:25.555 --> 00:51:28.870 In considering that, you have 00:51:28.870 --> 00:51:33.685 to connect this documentation with the price list, 00:51:33.685 --> 00:51:36.070 you have to enter in 00:51:36.070 --> 00:51:39.430 the details connected with the price list. 00:51:39.430 --> 00:51:43.465 It depends if it's only a pure of concrete, 00:51:43.465 --> 00:51:52.240 or it's a combination of concrete plus mechanical stuff, 00:51:52.240 --> 00:51:53.920 hydraulic stuff and so on, 00:51:53.920 --> 00:51:56.660 so you have to enter in different detail. 00:51:56.700 --> 00:52:01.060 One of the most important aspect is that, 00:52:01.060 --> 00:52:02.230 like I told you before, 00:52:02.230 --> 00:52:05.170 it's a unique repository of 00:52:05.170 --> 00:52:08.470 project info from concept to operation. 00:52:08.470 --> 00:52:13.195 This is the real big advantage for 00:52:13.195 --> 00:52:14.950 all the actors of 00:52:14.950 --> 00:52:19.360 the construction started from design to the maintenance. 00:52:19.360 --> 00:52:24.860 You can even simulate processes during construction. 00:52:25.040 --> 00:52:28.410 Now, I try to accelerate a bit 00:52:28.410 --> 00:52:32.950 because I don't know if I am on time. Where is Allen? 00:52:32.950 --> 00:52:36.085 I have to increase the speed. 00:52:36.085 --> 00:52:43.075 Okay, managing complexity in environment, 00:52:43.075 --> 00:52:46.630 like you can see in the picture is not so easy. 00:52:46.630 --> 00:52:51.234 One example of process control 00:52:51.234 --> 00:52:55.180 is the management of the repository 00:52:55.180 --> 00:52:59.830 for the deposit of 00:52:59.830 --> 00:53:03.295 the material coming from the excavation. 00:53:03.295 --> 00:53:11.305 The blue is the material not reusable for concrete, 00:53:11.305 --> 00:53:13.435 the yellow is reusable. 00:53:13.435 --> 00:53:19.180 You can appreciate the growth of the deposit in 00:53:19.180 --> 00:53:20.680 the two parts of 00:53:20.680 --> 00:53:25.285 the material during all the excavation phase. 00:53:25.285 --> 00:53:29.260 At the end you can arrive at a situation 00:53:29.260 --> 00:53:33.460 of consuming all the yellow material. 00:53:33.460 --> 00:53:36.775 Quite all the yellow material and 00:53:36.775 --> 00:53:40.900 having in a good position, 00:53:40.900 --> 00:53:44.800 all the material not usable. 00:53:44.800 --> 00:53:50.680 The complexity is really in a huge challenge in 00:53:50.680 --> 00:53:52.960 order to manage excavated material before 00:53:52.960 --> 00:53:56.125 the arrival to the deposit, 00:53:56.125 --> 00:53:57.580 is necessary to realize 00:53:57.580 --> 00:54:00.650 a complex underground logistic notes, 00:54:01.050 --> 00:54:04.255 avoiding transportation of public roads, 00:54:04.255 --> 00:54:07.000 it's not consistent conveyor belt system crash 00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:09.730 or batching plant, site railway. 00:54:09.730 --> 00:54:12.640 For managing these, BIM 00:54:12.640 --> 00:54:15.640 is the only tool for resolving this complexity. 00:54:15.640 --> 00:54:23.215 You have to reproduce even during the design phase and 00:54:23.215 --> 00:54:31.494 subdivided spaces even for the accesses. 00:54:31.494 --> 00:54:33.115 You have to put 00:54:33.115 --> 00:54:41.680 the legit site railway for transport of segments. 00:54:41.680 --> 00:54:43.900 In other aspects, very important 00:54:43.900 --> 00:54:46.435 is connected with the ventilation system. 00:54:46.435 --> 00:54:50.305 Ventilation system has many purposes. 00:54:50.305 --> 00:54:52.614 Improving of water quality, 00:54:52.614 --> 00:54:58.030 emergency handling, control in the environmental impact. 00:54:58.030 --> 00:54:59.485 But in this case, 00:54:59.485 --> 00:55:05.470 with the cover of more than 1,300 meters, 00:55:05.470 --> 00:55:12.250 the temperature of the rock create huge problem, 00:55:12.250 --> 00:55:17.410 because the average temperature of 00:55:17.410 --> 00:55:24.950 the rock that depth is around 41 degrees celsius. 00:55:25.290 --> 00:55:31.400 How much is 100 more or less Fahrenheit? 00:55:31.650 --> 00:55:35.875 If you don't use a cooling system, 00:55:35.875 --> 00:55:39.970 you can arrive at the temperature of the air inside 00:55:39.970 --> 00:55:44.380 the tunnel around 60 degrees, 00:55:44.380 --> 00:55:47.395 140 Fahrenheit is impossible for levy, 00:55:47.395 --> 00:55:51.310 so you have to add the specific cooling system. 00:55:51.310 --> 00:55:55.810 I cut some picture, 00:55:55.810 --> 00:55:57.205 I skipped some picture. 00:55:57.205 --> 00:56:00.070 The protection of the environment 00:56:00.070 --> 00:56:04.435 is a particular attention, 00:56:04.435 --> 00:56:10.390 even from the very start phase of the design phase. 00:56:10.390 --> 00:56:13.840 I want to illustrate only two aspects, 00:56:13.840 --> 00:56:18.085 wastewater management and final deposit. 00:56:18.085 --> 00:56:20.335 It's necessary to install 00:56:20.335 --> 00:56:25.435 a spatial plans for clarifying the water 00:56:25.435 --> 00:56:29.470 to assure the environment protection 00:56:29.470 --> 00:56:33.370 for drain the river is Arco, 00:56:33.370 --> 00:56:35.080 a good quality of water. 00:56:35.080 --> 00:56:39.070 Even for the excavated soil deposit 00:56:39.070 --> 00:56:43.195 is necessary to requalify the environment, 00:56:43.195 --> 00:56:47.140 permitting the planting of native species, 00:56:47.140 --> 00:56:51.895 and even the re-used for agriculture on the top. 00:56:51.895 --> 00:56:55.630 I am near to the end of the speech. 00:56:55.630 --> 00:57:00.130 I have only two aspects to underline with you. 00:57:00.130 --> 00:57:02.635 The first is the market. 00:57:02.635 --> 00:57:04.450 What is the market of 00:57:04.450 --> 00:57:08.395 the underground construction project? 00:57:08.395 --> 00:57:10.555 The pipeline is huge, 00:57:10.555 --> 00:57:14.785 If you can see on the picture by region, 00:57:14.785 --> 00:57:22.165 you are moving between 550 billion of US dollar 00:57:22.165 --> 00:57:26.095 in Europe and Asia Pacific, 00:57:26.095 --> 00:57:32.980 250 billion US dollar in America's,150 in Middle East. 00:57:32.980 --> 00:57:40.705 If you consider the pipeline versus countries, 00:57:40.705 --> 00:57:45.140 you can see that the third is USA. 00:57:45.870 --> 00:57:50.470 There are many opportunities of work for 00:57:50.470 --> 00:57:53.410 the person which intend to deal 00:57:53.410 --> 00:57:56.695 with this particular construction technique. 00:57:56.695 --> 00:58:01.420 What is the scope in U.S.A. 00:58:01.420 --> 00:58:06.009 mainly for constructing tunnels? 00:58:06.009 --> 00:58:08.590 It's connected mainly with water. 00:58:08.590 --> 00:58:14.995 The major part of 00:58:14.995 --> 00:58:18.220 underground construction is connected with water and 00:58:18.220 --> 00:58:23.125 mainly flood control hydropower, 00:58:23.125 --> 00:58:31.250 and they're not so large part with mass transportation. 00:58:33.120 --> 00:58:37.045 There are many opportunities for everybody. 00:58:37.045 --> 00:58:39.175 I go to the conclusion. 00:58:39.175 --> 00:58:42.610 I give even some suggestion for 00:58:42.610 --> 00:58:46.525 fresh engineers based on my own experience. 00:58:46.525 --> 00:58:49.630 The first suggestion is, be flexible. 00:58:49.630 --> 00:58:52.825 The world is now complex and chaotic. 00:58:52.825 --> 00:58:56.200 The problems we have to face change every day. 00:58:56.200 --> 00:58:58.720 The variables in play are so many, 00:58:58.720 --> 00:59:01.120 so try to be flexible. 00:59:01.120 --> 00:59:03.639 Second, be generous. 00:59:03.639 --> 00:59:05.440 Your privilege to be educated 00:59:05.440 --> 00:59:09.650 here shall become an advantage for many. 00:59:10.420 --> 00:59:14.390 The third one, good academic result 00:59:14.390 --> 00:59:16.130 is the best investment for your future. 00:59:16.130 --> 00:59:20.730 I think this don't need any comment. 00:59:21.430 --> 00:59:23.900 In the professional life, 00:59:23.900 --> 00:59:26.554 feet on the ground, job training experience, 00:59:26.554 --> 00:59:27.980 and training in the lab are 00:59:27.980 --> 00:59:31.040 the best start for the career of a fresh engineer. 00:59:31.040 --> 00:59:33.650 If you are interested in geomechanic application, 00:59:33.650 --> 00:59:36.050 I suggest you a period of training in a country 00:59:36.050 --> 00:59:37.520 where these applications have been 00:59:37.520 --> 00:59:39.020 widely used: Mid Europe, 00:59:39.020 --> 00:59:41.370 Italy, Austria, and Switzerland. 00:59:41.680 --> 00:59:45.560 Underground application will still be 00:59:45.560 --> 00:59:48.815 an extra large market for a medium log period. 00:59:48.815 --> 00:59:52.445 Good opportunities for each one of you. 00:59:52.445 --> 00:59:55.970 The last, here at Virginia Tech, 00:59:55.970 --> 01:00:00.125 you are on the right way to become great civil engineers, 01:00:00.125 --> 01:00:04.730 both for yourself and for the country you live in. 01:00:04.730 --> 01:00:09.840 Well, there are two slides. 01:00:10.090 --> 01:00:12.980 The actual mission of the engineer 01:00:12.980 --> 01:00:15.230 is evident and still valid in 01:00:15.230 --> 01:00:17.810 Herbert Hoover's premonitions about 01:00:17.810 --> 01:00:21.620 his career as a mining engineer before entering politics. 01:00:21.620 --> 01:00:24.725 You know that Herbert Hoover is the 31st president 01:00:24.725 --> 01:00:29.210 of U.S.A. from 1929-1933. 01:00:29.210 --> 01:00:31.880 What is the phrase? 01:00:31.880 --> 01:00:38.240 The phrase is, there is the fascination of 01:00:38.240 --> 01:00:40.655 watching a figment of the imagination 01:00:40.655 --> 01:00:44.900 emerge through the aid of science to a plane on paper. 01:00:44.900 --> 01:00:49.625 Then it moves to realization in stone or metal or energy. 01:00:49.625 --> 01:00:52.295 Then it brings jobs and homes to men. 01:00:52.295 --> 01:00:54.260 Then it elevates the standard of 01:00:54.260 --> 01:00:57.140 living and adds to the comfort of life. 01:00:57.140 --> 01:00:59.540 That is the engineer's high privilege. 01:00:59.540 --> 01:01:02.240 I think that it's valid today, 01:01:02.240 --> 01:01:08.490 like 70 or 80 years ago. 01:01:09.610 --> 01:01:12.380 Well, what I have to add? 01:01:12.380 --> 01:01:15.020 This slide report the paper with 01:01:15.020 --> 01:01:18.320 technical details on the work is post to today. 01:01:18.320 --> 01:01:20.900 You can download the full papers at 01:01:20.900 --> 01:01:25.815 the web address, www.swsglobal.com/vt2017. 01:01:25.815 --> 01:01:28.720 I suggest you to read these papers and if you 01:01:28.720 --> 01:01:31.750 have any additional question after reading, 01:01:31.750 --> 01:01:33.910 please feel free to send me a mail. 01:01:33.910 --> 01:01:35.745 I launch a proposal, 01:01:35.745 --> 01:01:38.360 SWS is always open and willing 01:01:38.360 --> 01:01:41.225 to host in terms for short period of time. 01:01:41.225 --> 01:01:44.450 If somebody is interested in this kind of work, 01:01:44.450 --> 01:01:46.460 don't hesitate to contact me. 01:01:46.460 --> 01:01:50.240 I wish all the best to each one of you. 01:01:50.240 --> 01:01:53.480 Thanks for your kind attention, 01:01:53.480 --> 01:01:55.610 and I apologize for my bad English, 01:01:55.610 --> 01:01:58.130 for the pronouncement of 01:01:58.130 --> 01:01:59.390 the speech. Thank you so much. [APPLAUSE] 01:01:59.390 --> 01:02:09.110 That was wonderful. Thank you. 01:02:09.110 --> 01:02:11.660 I really appreciate you leaving 01:02:11.660 --> 01:02:14.060 us with the words that the future is bright, 01:02:14.060 --> 01:02:16.280 there's a lot of workforce in the underground world, 01:02:16.280 --> 01:02:17.645 that's exciting to hear 01:02:17.645 --> 01:02:18.320 those kind of [OVERLAPPING] 01:02:18.320 --> 01:02:20.690 It's a good market, really. 01:02:20.690 --> 01:02:22.775 Well, we're going to be busy for a long time to come. 01:02:22.775 --> 01:02:24.110 Yeah. Thank you. 01:02:24.110 --> 01:02:25.920 Any questions? 01:02:26.080 --> 01:02:28.880 But please speak slowly because it's for 01:02:28.880 --> 01:02:31.740 me very difficult to understand some time. 01:02:33.100 --> 01:02:37.325 Yes. Back there. Yes. 01:02:37.325 --> 01:02:39.260 Do you have in-house expertise in BIM or did you 01:02:39.260 --> 01:02:44.690 contract for that [inaudible] 01:02:44.690 --> 01:02:46.430 Do you have in-house expertise 01:02:46.430 --> 01:02:48.080 in BIM or did you contract for that one? 01:02:48.080 --> 01:02:54.110 Absolutely, yes. We are applying BIM in many application. 01:02:54.110 --> 01:03:00.709 It's really a huge advanced support 01:03:00.709 --> 01:03:05.705 for realizing better design, 01:03:05.705 --> 01:03:11.135 more consistent design without any glaciers. 01:03:11.135 --> 01:03:13.670 We have one experience in Canada 01:03:13.670 --> 01:03:16.970 using BIM in an hydro-power plant. 01:03:16.970 --> 01:03:20.270 It's an effective method for reducing glaciers, 01:03:20.270 --> 01:03:23.570 for permitting the construction of 01:03:23.570 --> 01:03:30.265 important structure without reducing a lot of problems. 01:03:30.265 --> 01:03:32.755 When you have connection between 01:03:32.755 --> 01:03:37.765 different staff where it was at them, concrete them, 01:03:37.765 --> 01:03:46.930 pours between 500 until 1000 cubic meter each. 01:03:46.930 --> 01:03:50.140 Full of mechanical components, 01:03:50.140 --> 01:03:56.120 hydraulic stuff, electric part, 01:03:56.120 --> 01:03:58.685 it's impossible to manage 01:03:58.685 --> 01:04:03.290 huge number of components without having 01:04:03.290 --> 01:04:08.270 a well-controlled and performing way 01:04:08.270 --> 01:04:13.980 of putting together all these aspects. 01:04:14.970 --> 01:04:16.090 Yes. 01:04:16.090 --> 01:04:20.240 Will you design the Sal machine for expanding 01:04:20.240 --> 01:04:23.480 the [inaudible] The developers of the machine were 01:04:23.480 --> 01:04:27.500 expecting to use the machine in more than one work. 01:04:27.500 --> 01:04:28.850 [OVERLAPPING] 01:04:28.850 --> 01:04:32.540 It depends. This is a big question. Very interesting. 01:04:32.540 --> 01:04:34.715 Now in the world, 01:04:34.715 --> 01:04:41.765 there are a huge number of TBM working now, today. 01:04:41.765 --> 01:04:47.195 If we number how many TBM are working today, 01:04:47.195 --> 01:04:52.010 I think that 1,000 could be huge numbers. 01:04:52.010 --> 01:04:54.755 But the strange situation is that 01:04:54.755 --> 01:04:59.600 all these TBM are different one from each other. 01:04:59.600 --> 01:05:03.995 But the difference in cutters, 01:05:03.995 --> 01:05:08.690 the difference in dimension 01:05:08.690 --> 01:05:12.155 of the shield could be accepted, 01:05:12.155 --> 01:05:15.215 but the difference in diameter is out of mind. 01:05:15.215 --> 01:05:17.855 There is one 9.3 meters, 01:05:17.855 --> 01:05:21.530 the other is 8.9 meter. 01:05:21.530 --> 01:05:27.365 No unification of this kind of parameters. 01:05:27.365 --> 01:05:31.400 This could be the target for the 01:05:31.400 --> 01:05:35.600 [NOISE] more and more development of this market. 01:05:35.600 --> 01:05:39.800 But I think that it's the producer of 01:05:39.800 --> 01:05:44.720 the TBM are not so happy to unify diameters and system, 01:05:44.720 --> 01:05:46.880 because each is a prototype 01:05:46.880 --> 01:05:49.220 and the prototype costs much more than, 01:05:49.220 --> 01:05:53.180 and if you have to ask I don't know. 01:05:53.180 --> 01:05:56.150 A car for you 01:05:56.150 --> 01:05:57.380 is different that you go to 01:05:57.380 --> 01:05:59.540 the dealer and you say I choose that, 01:05:59.540 --> 01:06:02.270 that is different. Other questions? 01:06:02.270 --> 01:06:03.210 Thank you. 01:06:03.210 --> 01:06:09.840 I would like to ask if Europe companies that deals with 01:06:09.840 --> 01:06:17.330 the preliminary incremental assessment, 01:06:17.330 --> 01:06:18.140 the Italiano [inaudible] 01:06:18.140 --> 01:06:19.340 Yeah. Are you Italian? 01:06:19.340 --> 01:06:20.360 Yeah. 01:06:20.360 --> 01:06:27.515 Yes. But we don't cover all the aspects. 01:06:27.515 --> 01:06:31.400 We are 130 person. 01:06:31.400 --> 01:06:34.010 We are a small company in 01:06:34.010 --> 01:06:37.354 the international market, but deeply specialized. 01:06:37.354 --> 01:06:41.810 My idea is just for giving one image. 01:06:41.810 --> 01:06:44.600 We are sharpening only green pencil. 01:06:44.600 --> 01:06:46.295 We don't have the other color, 01:06:46.295 --> 01:06:48.860 but green pencil we are sharpening well-written pencil. 01:06:48.860 --> 01:06:52.250 We can analyze some aspects, 01:06:52.250 --> 01:06:55.250 sometime we need expertise from 01:06:55.250 --> 01:06:59.820 other companies, from other professionist. 01:07:01.840 --> 01:07:05.750 Did they name that TBM of the cutter? 01:07:05.750 --> 01:07:06.950 Excuse me? 01:07:06.950 --> 01:07:08.375 The TBM with the saw, 01:07:08.375 --> 01:07:09.590 did they give it a name? 01:07:09.590 --> 01:07:15.215 No, sometimes happens. 01:07:15.215 --> 01:07:17.610 Anything else? 01:07:18.010 --> 01:07:20.240 Or everything is clear or 01:07:20.240 --> 01:07:22.730 everything is completely unclear? 01:07:22.730 --> 01:07:23.750 [OVERLAPPING] 01:07:23.750 --> 01:07:25.670 We are all waiting to talk to you in the back. 01:07:25.670 --> 01:07:28.820 [LAUGHTER] Okay. But if you have more question, 01:07:28.820 --> 01:07:31.280 the mail address is there, 01:07:31.280 --> 01:07:34.550 so you don't hesitate to send me a mail. 01:07:34.550 --> 01:07:38.390 If you want to answer to my last proposal, 01:07:38.390 --> 01:07:41.420 up to you. [LAUGHTER] 01:07:41.420 --> 01:07:42.995 Please enjoy yourself. 01:07:42.995 --> 01:07:46.040 Help yourself to the food and drink back there 01:07:46.040 --> 01:07:47.060 Thank you. 01:07:47.060 --> 01:07:48.440 Mazzalai, I'll be here to answer questions. 01:07:48.440 --> 01:07:49.790 [OVERLAPPING] Happy to talk to you. 01:07:49.790 --> 01:07:52.130 Absolutely. If you need something we can discuss. 01:07:52.130 --> 01:08:04.000 Thank you. [APPLAUSE]