WEBVTT 1 00:00:06.139 --> 00:00:09.140 A:middle L:90% it's my pleasure to introduce our first speaker. Um 2 00:00:09.150 --> 00:00:11.429 A:middle L:90% , first, I'd like to also, uh, 3 00:00:11.439 --> 00:00:14.449 A:middle L:90% give a big welcome to our guests. Um, 4 00:00:14.460 --> 00:00:17.050 A:middle L:90% and we look forward to forward to hearing more from 5 00:00:17.050 --> 00:00:19.809 A:middle L:90% you, uh, in the future. Um, 6 00:00:19.820 --> 00:00:23.399 A:middle L:90% Sharon Altomare, PhD, is an architect, architectural 7 00:00:23.399 --> 00:00:26.809 A:middle L:90% historian and educator. She's an assistant professor of architecture 8 00:00:26.809 --> 00:00:29.440 A:middle L:90% and urbanism at Virginia Tech, where she teaches design 9 00:00:29.440 --> 00:00:32.789 A:middle L:90% studios and urbanism courses. She received a bachelor of 10 00:00:32.799 --> 00:00:35.939 A:middle L:90% arts with a major in architecture from Washington University in 11 00:00:35.939 --> 00:00:38.570 A:middle L:90% ST Louis. A master of architecture from the University 12 00:00:38.570 --> 00:00:41.469 A:middle L:90% of Oregon, a master of philosophy and architecture from 13 00:00:41.469 --> 00:00:44.369 A:middle L:90% the University of Cape Town and a PhD in architecture 14 00:00:44.369 --> 00:00:47.570 A:middle L:90% from the University of California, Berkeley. Her research 15 00:00:47.570 --> 00:00:51.439 A:middle L:90% explores how architectural practices operate within the address and address 16 00:00:51.450 --> 00:00:55.310 A:middle L:90% conditions of urbanized inequality, attending to issues of race 17 00:00:55.320 --> 00:00:59.859 A:middle L:90% , gender and climate change. Her latest research examines 18 00:00:59.869 --> 00:01:03.719 A:middle L:90% architects, aspirations for political and spatial change. In 19 00:01:03.719 --> 00:01:07.359 A:middle L:90% late the apartheid Cape Town, her teaching writings and 20 00:01:07.359 --> 00:01:11.810 A:middle L:90% presentations addressed topics including modernism, gender and architecture, 21 00:01:11.819 --> 00:01:15.180 A:middle L:90% public space and architectural activism. In addition to scholarly 22 00:01:15.180 --> 00:01:18.670 A:middle L:90% work, she has practiced architecture in the San Francisco 23 00:01:18.670 --> 00:01:22.319 A:middle L:90% Bay Area, focusing on innovative community houses. Please 24 00:01:22.319 --> 00:01:27.450 A:middle L:90% join me in welcoming Sharon and former Kelly. So 25 00:01:27.459 --> 00:01:33.319 A:middle L:90% I'm gonna be speaking today about a couple of incidences 26 00:01:33.329 --> 00:01:36.370 A:middle L:90% of women's struggles in South Africa, and I have 27 00:01:36.370 --> 00:01:38.670 A:middle L:90% to give a little disclaimer. There's something going to 28 00:01:38.670 --> 00:01:38.799 A:middle L:90% be going on, and near the end of the 29 00:01:38.799 --> 00:01:42.230 A:middle L:90% lecture that might feel awkward. I've been working on 30 00:01:42.230 --> 00:01:45.159 A:middle L:90% this piece this a little bit of research for awhile 31 00:01:45.170 --> 00:01:48.859 A:middle L:90% , long before this event was sort of planned. 32 00:01:49.239 --> 00:01:52.340 A:middle L:90% And I'm actually quoting one of our attendees here, 33 00:01:52.349 --> 00:01:55.640 A:middle L:90% Leslie Loco, because I was trying to figure out 34 00:01:55.640 --> 00:01:57.890 A:middle L:90% ways to think through these things I'm looking at. 35 00:01:57.890 --> 00:02:00.549 A:middle L:90% Unless these work proved to be very helpful. Yeah 36 00:02:01.239 --> 00:02:06.890 A:middle L:90% , so Loretta and Copos novel and they didn't die 37 00:02:06.900 --> 00:02:08.650 A:middle L:90% opens with this scene. There's a rural part of 38 00:02:08.650 --> 00:02:12.629 A:middle L:90% the cuisine you, Natale province in South Africa and 39 00:02:12.629 --> 00:02:15.530 A:middle L:90% an undisclosed year. The clearly in the first couple 40 00:02:15.530 --> 00:02:20.099 A:middle L:90% decades of apartheid, which began in 1948 the rural 41 00:02:20.099 --> 00:02:22.479 A:middle L:90% black women of the area have committed an act of 42 00:02:22.479 --> 00:02:24.650 A:middle L:90% civil disobedience. They have emptied the dipping tanks. 43 00:02:25.039 --> 00:02:29.490 A:middle L:90% These tanks hold chemicals used to treat cattle for insect 44 00:02:29.500 --> 00:02:31.689 A:middle L:90% borne disease. Ostensibly, the tanks were devices for 45 00:02:31.689 --> 00:02:36.840 A:middle L:90% improving rural life, yet is a forced and unsustainable 46 00:02:36.840 --> 00:02:40.270 A:middle L:90% rural existence. the apartheid system binds black women to 47 00:02:40.270 --> 00:02:43.800 A:middle L:90% the land, forbidding them to move from their assigned 48 00:02:43.810 --> 00:02:46.689 A:middle L:90% ethnic homeland. The land is in horrible condition and 49 00:02:46.689 --> 00:02:51.500 A:middle L:90% can support only the most meager subsistence department and at 50 00:02:51.500 --> 00:02:54.569 A:middle L:90% the side of assistance. The apartheid states required rural 51 00:02:54.569 --> 00:02:59.289 A:middle L:90% dwellers to use dipping tanks to supposedly control disease. 52 00:03:00.240 --> 00:03:02.400 A:middle L:90% Yet the women are also required to maintain the dipping 53 00:03:02.400 --> 00:03:07.150 A:middle L:90% tanks without compensation. So as the novel opens, 54 00:03:07.159 --> 00:03:09.500 A:middle L:90% the women have, as we are made to understand 55 00:03:09.509 --> 00:03:14.710 A:middle L:90% , again empty the tanks and the apartheid official tasked 56 00:03:14.719 --> 00:03:17.430 A:middle L:90% with administering the area. Supposedly quote, These are 57 00:03:17.430 --> 00:03:20.979 A:middle L:90% his words, the only white person who is thought 58 00:03:20.979 --> 00:03:23.669 A:middle L:90% to know the pulse of the people yet did not 59 00:03:23.680 --> 00:03:25.669 A:middle L:90% understand anything about the place or its people or its 60 00:03:25.669 --> 00:03:30.550 A:middle L:90% problems. End quote. He bemoans the women's actions 61 00:03:30.560 --> 00:03:32.659 A:middle L:90% . He asks himself, quote. What do dipping 62 00:03:32.659 --> 00:03:36.900 A:middle L:90% tanks have to do with clinics and doctors and starving 63 00:03:36.909 --> 00:03:38.550 A:middle L:90% Children? What do they have to do with schools 64 00:03:38.560 --> 00:03:43.659 A:middle L:90% and beer? House? This struggle at the heart 65 00:03:43.659 --> 00:03:46.819 A:middle L:90% of in Cobos novel and my presentation today is at 66 00:03:46.819 --> 00:03:50.460 A:middle L:90% the heart of encoders novel and of my presentation. 67 00:03:50.939 --> 00:03:53.039 A:middle L:90% Both the novel and my talk argue that these seemingly 68 00:03:53.050 --> 00:03:57.889 A:middle L:90% disparate spaces and terrains of action actually have everything to 69 00:03:57.889 --> 00:04:00.770 A:middle L:90% do with each other. Together, rural and urban 70 00:04:00.770 --> 00:04:03.930 A:middle L:90% spaces, dipping tanks and schools and beer halls illustrate 71 00:04:03.939 --> 00:04:09.449 A:middle L:90% how gendered struggle takes form through architecture. Now studying 72 00:04:09.460 --> 00:04:12.460 A:middle L:90% each and their inter connectivity can expand. How we 73 00:04:12.460 --> 00:04:15.790 A:middle L:90% think about architecture. I'm gonna make this argument by 74 00:04:15.790 --> 00:04:19.329 A:middle L:90% linking together a pair of narratives these stretch across the 75 00:04:19.329 --> 00:04:23.879 A:middle L:90% time and space of the South African apartheid nation. 76 00:04:23.889 --> 00:04:27.339 A:middle L:90% They connect Durban to Cape Town and the early early 77 00:04:27.339 --> 00:04:30.379 A:middle L:90% struggles against apartheid to urban struggles in the years immediately 78 00:04:30.389 --> 00:04:34.579 A:middle L:90% after apartheid. The primary actors in each narrative are 79 00:04:34.579 --> 00:04:39.319 A:middle L:90% black women from rural areas, each making claims through 80 00:04:39.319 --> 00:04:43.459 A:middle L:90% architecture in cities. Their stories illustrate how it can 81 00:04:43.459 --> 00:04:46.649 A:middle L:90% read the city as a site of speculative aspirational. 82 00:04:46.649 --> 00:04:49.279 A:middle L:90% Imagine it's through these stories. The city becomes a 83 00:04:49.279 --> 00:04:54.600 A:middle L:90% place where alternative, particularly subaltern, gendered and racialized 84 00:04:54.600 --> 00:04:58.790 A:middle L:90% realities are set into motion. So I'm gonna start 85 00:04:58.800 --> 00:05:03.430 A:middle L:90% in Durban in 1959 black women, many originally from 86 00:05:03.430 --> 00:05:06.649 A:middle L:90% rural areas, stage protests that led to the closure 87 00:05:06.660 --> 00:05:11.709 A:middle L:90% of Durban's male only beer halls. The Baylor halls 88 00:05:11.709 --> 00:05:14.910 A:middle L:90% were state owned male spaces. They were established in 89 00:05:14.910 --> 00:05:17.589 A:middle L:90% South African cities early in the 20th century's. The 90 00:05:17.589 --> 00:05:20.930 A:middle L:90% halls built upon what had been what continues to be 91 00:05:20.939 --> 00:05:27.060 A:middle L:90% an indigenous cultural tradition of making and consuming fermented alcoholic 92 00:05:27.439 --> 00:05:30.579 A:middle L:90% beverages. The halls were also, however, an 93 00:05:30.589 --> 00:05:34.709 A:middle L:90% emblematic feature in the migrant labor system upon which South 94 00:05:34.709 --> 00:05:40.889 A:middle L:90% Africa is industrial system and apartheid were built under migrant 95 00:05:40.889 --> 00:05:44.029 A:middle L:90% labor, which was key feature in South Africa's gold 96 00:05:44.029 --> 00:05:47.000 A:middle L:90% and diamond extraction system. Men spent large parts of 97 00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:49.430 A:middle L:90% the year away from home, and thus from their 98 00:05:49.430 --> 00:05:54.829 A:middle L:90% traditional places of all sorts of activities, including veer 99 00:05:54.829 --> 00:05:58.550 A:middle L:90% consumptions. So the beer halls were established by the 100 00:05:58.550 --> 00:06:00.860 A:middle L:90% state in order to replace what has been a traditional 101 00:06:00.870 --> 00:06:04.209 A:middle L:90% activity. Um, and so therefore they really act 102 00:06:04.209 --> 00:06:09.089 A:middle L:90% as a part of these rural urban divides. Um 103 00:06:09.100 --> 00:06:10.800 A:middle L:90% , and in a way you can think about the 104 00:06:10.810 --> 00:06:13.589 A:middle L:90% beer halls is capturing as part of a system in 105 00:06:13.589 --> 00:06:16.569 A:middle L:90% which the state captured men's bodies and labor, and 106 00:06:16.569 --> 00:06:20.569 A:middle L:90% then also their culture. Um, the systems, 107 00:06:20.569 --> 00:06:25.060 A:middle L:90% however, though we're incredibly gendered because it was women 108 00:06:25.069 --> 00:06:30.509 A:middle L:90% who traditionally brewed and sold the beer. So in 109 00:06:30.509 --> 00:06:33.790 A:middle L:90% this way the approach the beer halls where in some 110 00:06:33.790 --> 00:06:36.819 A:middle L:90% ways much more fundamental concern for women than they were 111 00:06:36.819 --> 00:06:42.100 A:middle L:90% four men and this concern reached a climax in 1929 112 00:06:42.110 --> 00:06:45.230 A:middle L:90% and an incident shown here when the state announced it 113 00:06:45.230 --> 00:06:48.370 A:middle L:90% was imposing even more severe restrictions upon the brewing and 114 00:06:48.370 --> 00:06:53.269 A:middle L:90% consumption of quote, fear, fear. Waves of 115 00:06:53.269 --> 00:06:57.860 A:middle L:90% protests broke out in Durban and the surrounding smaller metropolitan 116 00:06:57.870 --> 00:07:01.389 A:middle L:90% areas. Record numbers of women across Natale were were 117 00:07:01.389 --> 00:07:08.850 A:middle L:90% fined or jailed. And again in 1959 the protests 118 00:07:08.850 --> 00:07:13.160 A:middle L:90% broke out. And this time, and the impetus 119 00:07:13.160 --> 00:07:16.029 A:middle L:90% was in the Cato Manor area of Durban we see 120 00:07:16.029 --> 00:07:19.860 A:middle L:90% here, um, when women were making a series 121 00:07:19.860 --> 00:07:25.149 A:middle L:90% of demands that were being unmet by the state concerning 122 00:07:25.149 --> 00:07:30.019 A:middle L:90% both the provision of health clinics and homebrewing permits. 123 00:07:30.029 --> 00:07:33.100 A:middle L:90% So after as Mr Pinar, the apartheid official from 124 00:07:33.110 --> 00:07:35.850 A:middle L:90% and they didn't die, could not understand the clinics 125 00:07:35.850 --> 00:07:39.779 A:middle L:90% and the beer halls were connected. They were both 126 00:07:39.779 --> 00:07:43.459 A:middle L:90% spaces that manifested the oppression of the apartheid state. 127 00:07:44.339 --> 00:07:46.339 A:middle L:90% Um, and in both cases, both in 1929 128 00:07:46.339 --> 00:07:49.310 A:middle L:90% and 1959. Part of what was going on was 129 00:07:49.310 --> 00:07:53.519 A:middle L:90% the state was not only, um, instituting the 130 00:07:53.529 --> 00:07:56.930 A:middle L:90% beer halls but restricting the number of permits that were 131 00:07:56.930 --> 00:08:00.199 A:middle L:90% given for home brewing, Um, which was then 132 00:08:00.199 --> 00:08:03.930 A:middle L:90% pushing more men into the beer halls. Um, 133 00:08:03.939 --> 00:08:07.569 A:middle L:90% and under this system, what happens is a variety 134 00:08:07.569 --> 00:08:11.139 A:middle L:90% of things. So for one, what is a 135 00:08:11.139 --> 00:08:16.269 A:middle L:90% cultural activity gets appropriated by the state, but there's 136 00:08:16.269 --> 00:08:18.259 A:middle L:90% also a loss of income, and it's really a 137 00:08:18.269 --> 00:08:20.100 A:middle L:90% double loss of income. There's a loss of income 138 00:08:20.100 --> 00:08:24.259 A:middle L:90% from by the women from the sale of the beer 139 00:08:24.439 --> 00:08:24.959 A:middle L:90% . But also, when the sale of the bear 140 00:08:24.959 --> 00:08:28.060 A:middle L:90% is happening within the community by women to men, 141 00:08:28.069 --> 00:08:31.689 A:middle L:90% the money stays within the community. And this way 142 00:08:31.689 --> 00:08:33.919 A:middle L:90% the money is being extracted by the state. It's 143 00:08:33.919 --> 00:08:37.769 A:middle L:90% almost sort of like the old company store sort of 144 00:08:37.779 --> 00:08:41.830 A:middle L:90% system. Um, but the system, the entire 145 00:08:41.830 --> 00:08:43.809 A:middle L:90% beer hall system, is also very much part of 146 00:08:43.820 --> 00:08:46.309 A:middle L:90% this migrant labor system. Men are considered to only 147 00:08:46.320 --> 00:08:50.210 A:middle L:90% be temporary urban dwellers. They were not actually residents 148 00:08:50.220 --> 00:08:56.399 A:middle L:90% of cities. Um, yet this subsistence farming, 149 00:08:56.399 --> 00:08:58.460 A:middle L:90% as I was saying in the area, drew that 150 00:09:01.639 --> 00:09:05.090 A:middle L:90% , so the subsistence farming in the area was incredibly 151 00:09:05.090 --> 00:09:07.940 A:middle L:90% impaired. So you have these conditions. These existence 152 00:09:07.940 --> 00:09:11.690 A:middle L:90% , it's were incredibly precarious and which men are being 153 00:09:11.690 --> 00:09:13.250 A:middle L:90% pulled off the land when we're expected to stay on 154 00:09:13.250 --> 00:09:16.740 A:middle L:90% the land and maintain the household. But there's very 155 00:09:16.740 --> 00:09:20.139 A:middle L:90% few resources for doing that, and women were very 156 00:09:20.149 --> 00:09:24.179 A:middle L:90% constricted and very rarely given passes to leave the cities 157 00:09:24.740 --> 00:09:30.659 A:middle L:90% . Um, so in June 1959 women entered the 158 00:09:30.659 --> 00:09:35.009 A:middle L:90% Cato Paul Cato Manor beer hall and quote scattered the 159 00:09:35.009 --> 00:09:37.149 A:middle L:90% utensils and chase the menfolk out of the bureau hall 160 00:09:37.840 --> 00:09:41.019 A:middle L:90% . This entering and disturbing of the beers halls continued 161 00:09:41.019 --> 00:09:45.669 A:middle L:90% throughout Durban through a number of beer halls and really 162 00:09:45.669 --> 00:09:48.990 A:middle L:90% throughout the entire Natale regions, and the protests were 163 00:09:48.990 --> 00:09:52.009 A:middle L:90% so intense that three days later, the state board 164 00:09:52.019 --> 00:09:54.860 A:middle L:90% all the beer halls to be closed for 10 days 165 00:09:54.330 --> 00:10:00.649 A:middle L:90% and the end most remained permanently closed. This resistance 166 00:10:00.649 --> 00:10:03.750 A:middle L:90% against the beer halls at the very initial moment was 167 00:10:03.759 --> 00:10:07.820 A:middle L:90% led by men but was very quickly became a protest 168 00:10:07.820 --> 00:10:09.909 A:middle L:90% that was taken over by the women. But in 169 00:10:09.909 --> 00:10:15.090 A:middle L:90% doing so, the women faced rebuffs both from black 170 00:10:15.090 --> 00:10:18.779 A:middle L:90% men and from the state. They became in the 171 00:10:18.779 --> 00:10:22.740 A:middle L:90% discourse around the beer halls and the protests conversations not 172 00:10:22.740 --> 00:10:24.429 A:middle L:90% just about the beer halls, but about men controlling 173 00:10:24.429 --> 00:10:30.279 A:middle L:90% their women. Um, and then the beer hall 174 00:10:30.289 --> 00:10:33.669 A:middle L:90% . Protests lead even further, and eventually to these 175 00:10:33.679 --> 00:10:37.019 A:middle L:90% acts like the the emptying of the dipping tanks. 176 00:10:37.029 --> 00:10:41.090 A:middle L:90% So historians have traced how these protests moved across the 177 00:10:41.090 --> 00:10:43.649 A:middle L:90% countryside. So what I feel is happening is that 178 00:10:43.649 --> 00:10:48.490 A:middle L:90% the beer hall protests really stitched together spatial, cultural 179 00:10:48.500 --> 00:10:52.580 A:middle L:90% and economic realms. The beer house themselves stood in 180 00:10:52.580 --> 00:10:56.870 A:middle L:90% for a broad set of concerns about the entire racialized 181 00:10:56.870 --> 00:11:01.019 A:middle L:90% apartheid system. They also illustrate how gender gets inculcated 182 00:11:01.029 --> 00:11:05.159 A:middle L:90% in apartheid era social relations, in which the women 183 00:11:05.159 --> 00:11:09.840 A:middle L:90% were doubly bound both by the state and by black 184 00:11:09.850 --> 00:11:15.289 A:middle L:90% men. So the second narrative moves across the nation 185 00:11:15.289 --> 00:11:18.899 A:middle L:90% to Cape Town and to the latter years of apartheid 186 00:11:18.899 --> 00:11:22.100 A:middle L:90% in first years after apartheid. And it concerns a 187 00:11:22.100 --> 00:11:26.549 A:middle L:90% series of efforts to upgrade Cape Town's migrant labor hostels 188 00:11:26.940 --> 00:11:30.610 A:middle L:90% and ways in which women were marginalized within this process 189 00:11:30.620 --> 00:11:35.279 A:middle L:90% and they reactively claimed a space both metaphorically and material 190 00:11:35.279 --> 00:11:37.639 A:middle L:90% in which to act. The women in the Cape 191 00:11:37.639 --> 00:11:41.720 A:middle L:90% Town story held a lot of similarities. The women 192 00:11:41.720 --> 00:11:45.220 A:middle L:90% in the beer hall stories there again, rural women 193 00:11:45.230 --> 00:11:46.889 A:middle L:90% who have moved to the city this time they're moving 194 00:11:46.889 --> 00:11:50.620 A:middle L:90% sort of across the nation, um, further across 195 00:11:50.620 --> 00:11:52.200 A:middle L:90% the nation to get to Cape Town. But they're 196 00:11:52.200 --> 00:11:58.429 A:middle L:90% still moving from rural areas to urban areas, Um 197 00:11:58.440 --> 00:12:00.750 A:middle L:90% , and in both cases, coming to the city 198 00:12:00.750 --> 00:12:03.710 A:middle L:90% was a defiance of the policies that really sought to 199 00:12:03.710 --> 00:12:07.220 A:middle L:90% make black residents in cities under apartheid only temporary, 200 00:12:07.230 --> 00:12:11.330 A:middle L:90% just purely to meet labour needs. And again, 201 00:12:11.330 --> 00:12:13.990 A:middle L:90% in this case, the women were doubly bound by 202 00:12:13.990 --> 00:12:20.090 A:middle L:90% the state and like black men. So the to 203 00:12:20.090 --> 00:12:22.490 A:middle L:90% explain very briefly the project of the hostel, the 204 00:12:22.490 --> 00:12:26.750 A:middle L:90% migrant labor, hostile upgrades. The hospitals were predominantly 205 00:12:26.750 --> 00:12:31.460 A:middle L:90% male, only spaces again. There were dormitory like 206 00:12:31.470 --> 00:12:35.679 A:middle L:90% accommodations that men were expected to live in during this 207 00:12:35.679 --> 00:12:39.159 A:middle L:90% temporary times that they were residents in the city. 208 00:12:39.639 --> 00:12:43.299 A:middle L:90% Um, and both the spatial condition of the hostels 209 00:12:43.309 --> 00:12:46.710 A:middle L:90% , their location on the periphery of the city really 210 00:12:46.710 --> 00:12:50.460 A:middle L:90% reproduce the marginality, um, of the migrant labor 211 00:12:50.460 --> 00:12:54.039 A:middle L:90% system at the scale, the kind of more intimate 212 00:12:54.039 --> 00:12:58.039 A:middle L:90% scale of the city. So these migrant laborers were 213 00:12:58.039 --> 00:13:01.019 A:middle L:90% subject to. It's called the past control, um 214 00:13:01.019 --> 00:13:03.490 A:middle L:90% , system where every person that had to have one 215 00:13:03.490 --> 00:13:05.879 A:middle L:90% of these past books and you had to you are 216 00:13:05.889 --> 00:13:09.029 A:middle L:90% only allowed to leave. What was your ethnically assigned 217 00:13:09.029 --> 00:13:11.029 A:middle L:90% to homeland, which were in the rural areas? 218 00:13:11.039 --> 00:13:13.509 A:middle L:90% If you had a past, if you had a 219 00:13:13.519 --> 00:13:16.669 A:middle L:90% job or some reason to be in the city for 220 00:13:16.669 --> 00:13:18.269 A:middle L:90% a short period of time? And for the men 221 00:13:18.269 --> 00:13:22.570 A:middle L:90% who had jobs in Cape town is an example of 222 00:13:22.570 --> 00:13:26.940 A:middle L:90% the conditions in which they lived. Mhm. The 223 00:13:26.950 --> 00:13:31.460 A:middle L:90% living conditions within the hostiles were deplorable at best. 224 00:13:31.470 --> 00:13:35.139 A:middle L:90% Um, this is an image of an average hostel 225 00:13:35.149 --> 00:13:39.820 A:middle L:90% , uh, unit. So there's a number of 226 00:13:39.820 --> 00:13:41.580 A:middle L:90% rooms, each with two or three beds. There's 227 00:13:41.590 --> 00:13:46.230 A:middle L:90% a kitchen area, a toilet that has the most 228 00:13:46.240 --> 00:13:50.879 A:middle L:90% meager of facilities. Some cold water taps, um 229 00:13:50.889 --> 00:13:54.460 A:middle L:90% , hit sort of latrines, usually not showers. 230 00:13:54.840 --> 00:13:56.769 A:middle L:90% Um, and there was. The idea was, 231 00:13:56.769 --> 00:13:58.769 A:middle L:90% it's basically one man for bed, and then a 232 00:13:58.779 --> 00:14:03.059 A:middle L:90% building such as this would have two or four hostiles 233 00:14:03.070 --> 00:14:07.070 A:middle L:90% within the building. And then all of these are 234 00:14:07.070 --> 00:14:11.690 A:middle L:90% arranged in a really sprawling fashion across the landscape at 235 00:14:11.690 --> 00:14:15.629 A:middle L:90% the periphery of the city. Mhm. So the 236 00:14:15.629 --> 00:14:18.820 A:middle L:90% project to improve the built condition of the hospitals began 237 00:14:18.820 --> 00:14:22.460 A:middle L:90% in 1985. So about nine years before apartheid ended 238 00:14:22.940 --> 00:14:28.299 A:middle L:90% as a way of agitating against apartheid without participating in 239 00:14:28.299 --> 00:14:31.639 A:middle L:90% labour related strikes or protests. Because the men that 240 00:14:31.639 --> 00:14:33.820 A:middle L:90% lived here only lived here because they passes to work 241 00:14:33.830 --> 00:14:35.980 A:middle L:90% . And at the time much of the protest against 242 00:14:35.980 --> 00:14:39.110 A:middle L:90% apartheid was going on in factories was very closely connected 243 00:14:39.110 --> 00:14:43.200 A:middle L:90% to labor movements. But if the men went on 244 00:14:43.200 --> 00:14:45.899 A:middle L:90% strike and lost their jobs. They also would lose 245 00:14:45.899 --> 00:14:48.129 A:middle L:90% their ability to be in the city. So demanding 246 00:14:48.129 --> 00:14:52.379 A:middle L:90% the improvement of the hostels was a way of agitating 247 00:14:52.379 --> 00:14:54.809 A:middle L:90% against the system. And these were a set of 248 00:14:54.820 --> 00:14:58.309 A:middle L:90% conditions that they meet which, as you can see 249 00:14:58.309 --> 00:15:01.740 A:middle L:90% , there really closely tying together employment, the right 250 00:15:01.740 --> 00:15:05.090 A:middle L:90% to be in the city and the right to live 251 00:15:05.090 --> 00:15:07.789 A:middle L:90% as families. Because these were male only hostels, 252 00:15:07.799 --> 00:15:09.700 A:middle L:90% women were not allowed to be their women and Children 253 00:15:09.700 --> 00:15:13.159 A:middle L:90% other than for brief temporary visits. So in a 254 00:15:13.159 --> 00:15:16.470 A:middle L:90% way, these conditions really speak to a much broader 255 00:15:16.470 --> 00:15:22.360 A:middle L:90% set of concerns around the entire infrastructure of apartheid. 256 00:15:22.139 --> 00:15:26.429 A:middle L:90% What happened was in cities were made in 1985. 257 00:15:26.440 --> 00:15:30.269 A:middle L:90% The project began in 1985 and in 1986 the passed 258 00:15:30.269 --> 00:15:33.870 A:middle L:90% laws were abolished and what became women and families were 259 00:15:33.870 --> 00:15:37.850 A:middle L:90% able to come to the cities. But what became 260 00:15:37.850 --> 00:15:39.360 A:middle L:90% one man for bed became one family for bet. 261 00:15:41.539 --> 00:15:46.080 A:middle L:90% Um so the process of upgrading the hostels, um 262 00:15:46.090 --> 00:15:50.830 A:middle L:90% , has been widely and very deservedly celebrated for transforming 263 00:15:50.840 --> 00:15:56.960 A:middle L:90% really deplorable examples of the specialty of the migrant labor 264 00:15:56.960 --> 00:15:58.570 A:middle L:90% system into modest family housing. And these are some 265 00:15:58.570 --> 00:16:03.629 A:middle L:90% images of some of the upgraded hostels. But the 266 00:16:03.639 --> 00:16:07.220 A:middle L:90% piece that I'm concerned with today is how the process 267 00:16:07.220 --> 00:16:10.879 A:middle L:90% was heavily dominated by the male hostel dwellers. When 268 00:16:10.879 --> 00:16:11.629 A:middle L:90% I first started on this project, one of the 269 00:16:11.639 --> 00:16:14.950 A:middle L:90% things that got me interested in it was this is 270 00:16:14.960 --> 00:16:18.509 A:middle L:90% about the domestic about reproductive labour. So there's got 271 00:16:18.509 --> 00:16:19.730 A:middle L:90% to be an interesting gender component and what I actually 272 00:16:19.730 --> 00:16:22.320 A:middle L:90% found out that it was. But it wasn't what 273 00:16:22.320 --> 00:16:23.850 A:middle L:90% I was expecting, which is The women were completely 274 00:16:23.850 --> 00:16:29.750 A:middle L:90% sidelined out of the entire process of upgrading, um 275 00:16:30.240 --> 00:16:33.590 A:middle L:90% to the process was entirely led by the men, 276 00:16:33.600 --> 00:16:38.720 A:middle L:90% and this really followed a very kind of traditional patriarchal 277 00:16:38.730 --> 00:16:41.980 A:middle L:90% internal governing system that was already at play within the 278 00:16:41.980 --> 00:16:45.309 A:middle L:90% hostels. It's called the Sibanda, which is the 279 00:16:45.309 --> 00:16:48.970 A:middle L:90% headman system. One man is sort of designated ahead 280 00:16:49.039 --> 00:16:52.429 A:middle L:90% over each of the hostile areas, but within this 281 00:16:52.429 --> 00:16:56.409 A:middle L:90% system, women were considered literally non persons. A 282 00:16:56.409 --> 00:16:59.830 A:middle L:90% woman was only was not allowed to speak in public 283 00:16:59.830 --> 00:17:02.980 A:middle L:90% meetings. She could only be spoken for by, 284 00:17:02.990 --> 00:17:07.269 A:middle L:90% uh, male. Um And so in response, 285 00:17:07.279 --> 00:17:10.380 A:middle L:90% um, the women who are active in the process 286 00:17:10.380 --> 00:17:12.460 A:middle L:90% there was a large hostel dwellers association and there were 287 00:17:12.470 --> 00:17:15.160 A:middle L:90% women who are members of the hostage Weller's association. 288 00:17:15.539 --> 00:17:18.789 A:middle L:90% They turned their attention to different types of programs and 289 00:17:18.789 --> 00:17:22.240 A:middle L:90% spaces. Um, and these are areas that are 290 00:17:22.240 --> 00:17:26.839 A:middle L:90% more arguably related to reproductive labor. So they organized 291 00:17:26.849 --> 00:17:29.740 A:middle L:90% clinics. These mobile clinics to be, um, 292 00:17:29.750 --> 00:17:33.519 A:middle L:90% uh, instituted. They built crushes. So pre 293 00:17:33.519 --> 00:17:36.960 A:middle L:90% skills. Um, and this is one that's amongst 294 00:17:37.039 --> 00:17:40.210 A:middle L:90% some of the hostels, Um, and, uh 295 00:17:40.220 --> 00:17:42.670 A:middle L:90% , and they built market. And the crashes particularly 296 00:17:42.670 --> 00:17:47.549 A:middle L:90% were important because they freed women from the reproductive labor 297 00:17:47.559 --> 00:17:48.990 A:middle L:90% so they could go out and work, engage in 298 00:17:48.990 --> 00:17:52.690 A:middle L:90% paid work, which really sort of change the social 299 00:17:52.690 --> 00:17:59.599 A:middle L:90% internal social systems. And I read these us these 300 00:17:59.609 --> 00:18:03.309 A:middle L:90% in these elements as supplements to the housing. So 301 00:18:03.309 --> 00:18:07.440 A:middle L:90% they fill out the broader spatial and social infrastructure of 302 00:18:07.450 --> 00:18:10.809 A:middle L:90% the hostile areas. And they claimed a role for 303 00:18:10.809 --> 00:18:15.890 A:middle L:90% the women in spatial production. The third piece that 304 00:18:15.890 --> 00:18:19.819 A:middle L:90% they did the market was this project, which was 305 00:18:19.829 --> 00:18:23.819 A:middle L:90% the Google Latu Central meat market, and this project 306 00:18:23.819 --> 00:18:29.420 A:middle L:90% was designed through a participatory process with an architect current 307 00:18:29.420 --> 00:18:32.539 A:middle L:90% . Smuts and current insists on doing all of her 308 00:18:32.539 --> 00:18:36.660 A:middle L:90% projects through participatory processes. She's very, very adamant 309 00:18:36.839 --> 00:18:40.279 A:middle L:90% militant about this, um, and much of our 310 00:18:40.279 --> 00:18:45.079 A:middle L:90% work has worked with communities and impoverished areas around Cape 311 00:18:45.079 --> 00:18:48.109 A:middle L:90% Town and in the peripheries of Cape Town. And 312 00:18:48.109 --> 00:18:49.660 A:middle L:90% what the market sought to do was really to provide 313 00:18:49.660 --> 00:18:55.170 A:middle L:90% an infrastructure for the various traders in the area. 314 00:18:55.339 --> 00:18:59.200 A:middle L:90% So together they worked out this system where there would 315 00:18:59.210 --> 00:19:02.289 A:middle L:90% be sort of this L shaped bar, um, 316 00:19:02.299 --> 00:19:04.710 A:middle L:90% that would block the wind, provide all the infrastructure 317 00:19:04.710 --> 00:19:07.859 A:middle L:90% necessary for the market, and then this big, 318 00:19:07.869 --> 00:19:11.460 A:middle L:90% undulating, curving roof that would house all the market 319 00:19:11.460 --> 00:19:15.410 A:middle L:90% spaces underneath. Interestingly, I've been told by others 320 00:19:15.420 --> 00:19:18.009 A:middle L:90% that, um, initially, while the women were 321 00:19:18.019 --> 00:19:21.460 A:middle L:90% instrumental in designing the process, initially the men actually 322 00:19:21.470 --> 00:19:22.799 A:middle L:90% kept the women out of even holding market stalls. 323 00:19:22.809 --> 00:19:27.779 A:middle L:90% But that's now mhm. So to me, these 324 00:19:27.779 --> 00:19:32.849 A:middle L:90% two instances, the Durban Beer Hall protests, um 325 00:19:32.859 --> 00:19:34.990 A:middle L:90% , enclosures and the female lead efforts in the Cape 326 00:19:34.990 --> 00:19:40.380 A:middle L:90% Town hostels bring up questions about the relationship of building 327 00:19:40.390 --> 00:19:42.150 A:middle L:90% and design to architecture. And to make sense of 328 00:19:42.150 --> 00:19:45.559 A:middle L:90% these, I've turned to a variety of scholarship. 329 00:19:45.140 --> 00:19:48.250 A:middle L:90% That, for me, helps provoke, um, 330 00:19:48.259 --> 00:19:51.539 A:middle L:90% and disturbed kind of static, normative ideas about what 331 00:19:51.549 --> 00:19:55.349 A:middle L:90% is architecture. So, um, as Leslie logo 332 00:19:55.359 --> 00:20:00.509 A:middle L:90% has written a quote, um, discussions of architecture 333 00:20:00.519 --> 00:20:06.140 A:middle L:90% are often limited to traditional formal qualities supposedly intrinsic to 334 00:20:06.150 --> 00:20:08.960 A:middle L:90% architectural form, such as qualities of light space, 335 00:20:08.970 --> 00:20:14.170 A:middle L:90% organization materials, actualities, orders and so on. 336 00:20:14.640 --> 00:20:18.150 A:middle L:90% This reduction supports the classification of architecture as an object 337 00:20:18.160 --> 00:20:22.430 A:middle L:90% driven exercise. The building, validated through reproduction of 338 00:20:22.440 --> 00:20:25.829 A:middle L:90% those same qualities, is, in the end, 339 00:20:25.839 --> 00:20:30.589 A:middle L:90% everything and everything is my emphasis. So this critique 340 00:20:30.599 --> 00:20:34.269 A:middle L:90% of the building being everything applies to these South African 341 00:20:34.269 --> 00:20:37.809 A:middle L:90% cases because as I'm trying to draw attention to the 342 00:20:37.809 --> 00:20:42.450 A:middle L:90% intertwining of race and gender and struggle, I'm asking 343 00:20:42.450 --> 00:20:47.529 A:middle L:90% , Can we think about architecture beyond the building as 344 00:20:47.539 --> 00:20:51.380 A:middle L:90% the object? Um, and perhaps architects do, 345 00:20:51.390 --> 00:20:55.279 A:middle L:90% um, operate predominantly in the currency of design, 346 00:20:55.289 --> 00:21:00.359 A:middle L:90% of making form of eventually producing buildings and building design 347 00:21:00.640 --> 00:21:02.660 A:middle L:90% . But in the process, they engage with an 348 00:21:02.660 --> 00:21:06.470 A:middle L:90% effect social processes. And so I'm asking, Can 349 00:21:06.470 --> 00:21:11.569 A:middle L:90% we see architecture beyond the boundaries of architecture? Design 350 00:21:11.579 --> 00:21:15.579 A:middle L:90% acts? Another way to look at the aspirational acts 351 00:21:15.579 --> 00:21:18.160 A:middle L:90% discussed here is through the urban imaginary and another South 352 00:21:18.160 --> 00:21:23.339 A:middle L:90% African architectural scholar, Lindsay Bremner, asks, argues 353 00:21:23.339 --> 00:21:26.829 A:middle L:90% that architects and planners work, um, in a 354 00:21:26.829 --> 00:21:32.390 A:middle L:90% globally circulated representations, and they produce quote images of 355 00:21:32.390 --> 00:21:36.680 A:middle L:90% high rise buildings, sweeping boulevards, tarred roads, 356 00:21:36.690 --> 00:21:40.470 A:middle L:90% motor vehicles and these tell quote of an ambition to 357 00:21:40.470 --> 00:21:42.720 A:middle L:90% be part of a global world. The instances of 358 00:21:42.720 --> 00:21:47.450 A:middle L:90% the woman that I have discussed always also invoke ambitions 359 00:21:47.450 --> 00:21:49.380 A:middle L:90% through their urban imaginary. But there's, however, 360 00:21:49.380 --> 00:21:53.579 A:middle L:90% concerns not globalization, but rather aspirations for a more 361 00:21:53.579 --> 00:21:57.769 A:middle L:90% just equitable participation in the making of the city. 362 00:21:59.240 --> 00:22:03.140 A:middle L:90% Sometimes such ambitions require the demolition of architecture, as 363 00:22:03.140 --> 00:22:04.380 A:middle L:90% in the case of the beer halls. And sometimes 364 00:22:04.380 --> 00:22:07.180 A:middle L:90% they call for the creation of new architectural forms the 365 00:22:07.180 --> 00:22:11.619 A:middle L:90% crushes, the meat market as well as new configurations 366 00:22:11.619 --> 00:22:15.609 A:middle L:90% of agency regarding how and whom gets to participate in 367 00:22:15.609 --> 00:22:21.809 A:middle L:90% the creation of architecture. So in conclusion, I 368 00:22:21.809 --> 00:22:26.279 A:middle L:90% brought together one of these rather disparate stories of black 369 00:22:26.279 --> 00:22:30.130 A:middle L:90% South African women women who have come to urban areas 370 00:22:30.140 --> 00:22:33.349 A:middle L:90% and disturb South Africa's urban rural divides. And these 371 00:22:33.349 --> 00:22:37.779 A:middle L:90% women's were subject to racialized legislation. Yet they also 372 00:22:37.789 --> 00:22:41.500 A:middle L:90% faced a second round of refusals from men of their 373 00:22:41.500 --> 00:22:45.430 A:middle L:90% own race. And these these stories to me illustrate 374 00:22:45.430 --> 00:22:48.039 A:middle L:90% the range of binaries that attempt to force black women 375 00:22:48.039 --> 00:22:52.190 A:middle L:90% to the periphery. These batteries include masculinity versus femininity 376 00:22:52.200 --> 00:22:56.250 A:middle L:90% , urban versus rural, white versus black, and 377 00:22:56.250 --> 00:23:00.619 A:middle L:90% additionally, these stories expand what we think of as 378 00:23:00.630 --> 00:23:03.039 A:middle L:90% architecture. The histories of the beer hall protests in 379 00:23:03.039 --> 00:23:07.329 A:middle L:90% the childcare initiatives. I claim our architectural histories, 380 00:23:07.339 --> 00:23:11.519 A:middle L:90% and these women stand out in the realm of architectural 381 00:23:11.519 --> 00:23:15.970 A:middle L:90% scholarship because they are precarious urban dwellers whose work in 382 00:23:15.970 --> 00:23:19.579 A:middle L:90% the terrain of architecture subverts architectures, normative position as 383 00:23:19.579 --> 00:23:22.890 A:middle L:90% an agent of power. And these cases, urban 384 00:23:22.890 --> 00:23:26.769 A:middle L:90% architecture gets used to articulate demands for fair treatment, 385 00:23:26.779 --> 00:23:30.119 A:middle L:90% for equity, for the opportunity to create a life 386 00:23:30.130 --> 00:23:33.619 A:middle L:90% where and how one wants. And these stories are 387 00:23:33.619 --> 00:23:37.490 A:middle L:90% ones of ambitions for our voice, for agency, 388 00:23:37.500 --> 00:23:41.849 A:middle L:90% for meaningful participation in the nation's economy. So it 389 00:23:41.849 --> 00:23:45.450 A:middle L:90% is in this spirit in which the building is not 390 00:23:45.460 --> 00:23:48.450 A:middle L:90% everything, and architecture is so much more than building 391 00:23:48.460 --> 00:23:52.509 A:middle L:90% that the significance of the gender protests began to enter 392 00:23:52.509 --> 00:23:55.839 A:middle L:90% into the realm of architectural discourse. The women that 393 00:23:55.839 --> 00:23:56.849 A:middle L:90% are right about this paper have sought to claim a 394 00:23:56.849 --> 00:24:00.700 A:middle L:90% place which brings together their spatial environment with their economic 395 00:24:00.710 --> 00:24:04.710 A:middle L:90% lively, puts their health and their families some of 396 00:24:04.710 --> 00:24:10.039 A:middle L:90% their struggles, produce architecture and the capital A um 397 00:24:10.049 --> 00:24:11.849 A:middle L:90% as it is traditionally framed, such as the meat 398 00:24:11.849 --> 00:24:15.640 A:middle L:90% market, which has been published widely in South African 399 00:24:15.640 --> 00:24:18.559 A:middle L:90% architectural journals. Some, however, also produced changes 400 00:24:18.559 --> 00:24:22.529 A:middle L:90% to space in ways that question What are the disciplinary 401 00:24:22.529 --> 00:24:26.630 A:middle L:90% boundaries of architecture? They illustrate that architecture has the 402 00:24:26.630 --> 00:24:29.569 A:middle L:90% potential to go beyond built form to serve as a 403 00:24:29.569 --> 00:24:33.660 A:middle L:90% terrain of action and aspiration, a material and symbolic 404 00:24:33.660 --> 00:24:37.200 A:middle L:90% feature through which to make claims for social equality and 405 00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:41.230 A:middle L:90% recognition. Thank you. Mhm. Come on. 406 00:24:41.640 --> 00:24:48.349 A:middle L:90% Okay, we have time for questions. If there 407 00:24:57.039 --> 00:25:06.380 A:middle L:90% Okay. Yes, I have one. And it's 408 00:25:06.380 --> 00:25:11.289 A:middle L:90% a little computer. Yeah, if the men are 409 00:25:11.289 --> 00:25:15.430 A:middle L:90% separated from the women and have restricted access and the 410 00:25:15.440 --> 00:25:18.799 A:middle L:90% women can't leave were their regular times that the men 411 00:25:18.809 --> 00:25:22.670 A:middle L:90% got off, which meant that procreation. Because this 412 00:25:22.670 --> 00:25:25.740 A:middle L:90% would be a way to limit appropriation. Because then 413 00:25:25.740 --> 00:25:26.920 A:middle L:90% when the women the men were allowed to go home 414 00:25:26.930 --> 00:25:30.809 A:middle L:90% , clearly they could cohabitate with their wives and then 415 00:25:30.819 --> 00:25:36.500 A:middle L:90% there would be Children. But we're there's certain months 416 00:25:36.500 --> 00:25:37.640 A:middle L:90% only the Children were going. This is a couple 417 00:25:37.640 --> 00:25:41.319 A:middle L:90% of times a year. Wasn't quarterly? Uh, 418 00:25:41.329 --> 00:25:44.569 A:middle L:90% no. It's a fascinating questions. I'm going to 419 00:25:44.569 --> 00:25:48.890 A:middle L:90% go back to this book cover because this novel, 420 00:25:48.900 --> 00:25:51.759 A:middle L:90% um and they didn't die the first part of the 421 00:25:51.759 --> 00:25:55.769 A:middle L:90% novel essentially about that question. So the it's about 422 00:25:55.779 --> 00:25:57.069 A:middle L:90% one woman. It's an amazing novel. It's one 423 00:25:57.069 --> 00:26:00.670 A:middle L:90% woman who just goes through these horrible struggles after struggles 424 00:26:00.670 --> 00:26:03.130 A:middle L:90% , and it opens up in addition to the dipping 425 00:26:03.130 --> 00:26:06.990 A:middle L:90% tank. She has a husband who's working in Durban 426 00:26:06.990 --> 00:26:08.250 A:middle L:90% , but she can't get pregnant. They're just they're 427 00:26:08.250 --> 00:26:11.259 A:middle L:90% trying and it's not happening. But she gets to 428 00:26:11.259 --> 00:26:14.099 A:middle L:90% see him so rarely. And her mother in law 429 00:26:14.109 --> 00:26:15.930 A:middle L:90% , who is her neighbor, is really giving her 430 00:26:15.940 --> 00:26:18.769 A:middle L:90% grief about the fact that she's not producing a child 431 00:26:18.039 --> 00:26:21.230 A:middle L:90% . So at one point in the book, she 432 00:26:21.240 --> 00:26:22.730 A:middle L:90% goes, um, she begs and begs to get 433 00:26:22.730 --> 00:26:27.140 A:middle L:90% a permit to go into town into Durban so that 434 00:26:27.140 --> 00:26:32.480 A:middle L:90% she can try to locate with her husband. And 435 00:26:32.480 --> 00:26:33.720 A:middle L:90% there's actually the Bear Hall. Protests are going on 436 00:26:33.720 --> 00:26:37.259 A:middle L:90% , which for me was part of what sort of 437 00:26:37.269 --> 00:26:41.730 A:middle L:90% inspired me thinking about these two stories together? Um 438 00:26:41.740 --> 00:26:42.690 A:middle L:90% , I do. It's good. So there were 439 00:26:42.700 --> 00:26:45.059 A:middle L:90% men are able to come home at Christmas time, 440 00:26:45.440 --> 00:26:48.150 A:middle L:90% so there's long breaks at Christmas time. They could 441 00:26:48.150 --> 00:26:52.880 A:middle L:90% get occasional other periods off. I have no idea 442 00:26:52.880 --> 00:26:55.519 A:middle L:90% about the timeliness, the seasonality of babies being born 443 00:26:55.519 --> 00:26:57.369 A:middle L:90% . It's a really good question. But that whole 444 00:26:57.380 --> 00:27:02.569 A:middle L:90% question of limited ability to appropriate was central in the 445 00:27:02.569 --> 00:27:03.869 A:middle L:90% novel, and she ends up sort of being pushed 446 00:27:03.869 --> 00:27:07.549 A:middle L:90% out of her community for various reasons, including that 447 00:27:07.549 --> 00:27:10.559 A:middle L:90% one, because in some ways it's also population control 448 00:27:11.640 --> 00:27:12.559 A:middle L:90% . Mhm. Which to me, I don't know 449 00:27:12.559 --> 00:27:18.269 A:middle L:90% if it was. It was, um, intentionally 450 00:27:18.279 --> 00:27:21.269 A:middle L:90% thought of that way, But it could have been 451 00:27:21.940 --> 00:27:25.309 A:middle L:90% . Probably not. They weren't that in many ways 452 00:27:25.309 --> 00:27:26.049 A:middle L:90% , they want to fight that work. At most 453 00:27:27.339 --> 00:27:33.160 A:middle L:90% . It's really just about separation labor, leading bodies 454 00:27:33.309 --> 00:27:45.079 A:middle L:90% for work, one of the mhm. Clearly, 455 00:27:45.839 --> 00:27:49.029 A:middle L:90% I think difficult and also very interesting. Questions about 456 00:27:49.029 --> 00:27:52.269 A:middle L:90% this is that it collapses racing class to become the 457 00:27:52.269 --> 00:27:57.170 A:middle L:90% same thing. But actually there are other dimensions to 458 00:27:57.170 --> 00:28:03.359 A:middle L:90% this issue around the culture around ritual around the way 459 00:28:03.369 --> 00:28:07.700 A:middle L:90% people live. And I just wonder, you know 460 00:28:07.710 --> 00:28:10.500 A:middle L:90% , how do those other forms of expression how do 461 00:28:10.500 --> 00:28:12.279 A:middle L:90% they take place in these these kinds of positions? 462 00:28:12.289 --> 00:28:15.240 A:middle L:90% You know where the body is, just a labor 463 00:28:15.250 --> 00:28:18.839 A:middle L:90% unit. It's not really a question. It's just 464 00:28:18.849 --> 00:28:22.230 A:middle L:90% , Yeah, it's a really it's an observation of 465 00:28:22.240 --> 00:28:26.630 A:middle L:90% how total control of the state was. Yes, 466 00:28:26.640 --> 00:28:30.769 A:middle L:90% I mean what's interesting, So I'm just really diving 467 00:28:30.769 --> 00:28:33.000 A:middle L:90% into the research around, particularly the culture around the 468 00:28:33.009 --> 00:28:36.160 A:middle L:90% warehouse, because it's a new subject for me. 469 00:28:36.740 --> 00:28:38.569 A:middle L:90% But I think what's interesting is the act of resistance 470 00:28:38.569 --> 00:28:42.150 A:middle L:90% , and all these ways to find resistance were really 471 00:28:42.150 --> 00:28:44.910 A:middle L:90% , really interesting. And all the ways that people 472 00:28:44.920 --> 00:28:48.680 A:middle L:90% did try to subvert the system, whether it's women 473 00:28:48.680 --> 00:28:52.119 A:middle L:90% to there's these lines about women coming to the city 474 00:28:52.119 --> 00:28:56.839 A:middle L:90% and brewing beer in kind of the men's hostels, 475 00:28:56.839 --> 00:29:00.299 A:middle L:90% like in sinks and tubs and things in the states 476 00:29:00.299 --> 00:29:02.650 A:middle L:90% coming through and trying. I don't think they haven't 477 00:29:02.650 --> 00:29:06.130 A:middle L:90% sort of turned over the beer, but limiting like 478 00:29:06.130 --> 00:29:07.819 A:middle L:90% the number of pots and pans that women could bring 479 00:29:07.819 --> 00:29:11.680 A:middle L:90% in to town as they were coming in. They 480 00:29:11.680 --> 00:29:15.579 A:middle L:90% found all these quotes recently about this concerned. Look 481 00:29:15.579 --> 00:29:17.519 A:middle L:90% at all these women coming with these giant pots and 482 00:29:17.519 --> 00:29:18.930 A:middle L:90% pans, and that was when, in 1929 they 483 00:29:18.940 --> 00:29:23.180 A:middle L:90% instituted more laws about the beer halls. But, 484 00:29:23.180 --> 00:29:26.059 A:middle L:90% I mean, it's also interesting that table and making 485 00:29:26.069 --> 00:29:29.579 A:middle L:90% so much flatlands comment around AIDS. But there's been 486 00:29:29.579 --> 00:29:32.319 A:middle L:90% recent research to suggest that one of the reasons why 487 00:29:32.329 --> 00:29:34.039 A:middle L:90% aids is so prevalent in Southern Africa stems from this 488 00:29:34.039 --> 00:29:37.960 A:middle L:90% history of men living always separately from women. There's 489 00:29:37.960 --> 00:29:41.990 A:middle L:90% something that statistic that's something like 90% of black South 490 00:29:41.990 --> 00:29:44.440 A:middle L:90% African households are headed by single women, which is 491 00:29:44.440 --> 00:29:47.359 A:middle L:90% absolutely shocking statistic. But one of the reasons why 492 00:29:47.359 --> 00:29:49.579 A:middle L:90% Minister Promiscuous because for generations, has been a lack 493 00:29:49.579 --> 00:29:52.089 A:middle L:90% of any kind of family culture. So it's kind 494 00:29:52.089 --> 00:29:55.670 A:middle L:90% of interesting. How something starts off as a law 495 00:29:55.769 --> 00:29:59.349 A:middle L:90% and then 30 60 80 years later, emerges is 496 00:29:59.349 --> 00:30:02.160 A:middle L:90% another kind of issue that very few people make these 497 00:30:02.170 --> 00:30:04.819 A:middle L:90% correlations know the history there is that film can remember 498 00:30:04.819 --> 00:30:08.599 A:middle L:90% that it was a month was like November, January 499 00:30:08.609 --> 00:30:11.059 A:middle L:90% , something. There was a film that came out 500 00:30:11.839 --> 00:30:14.809 A:middle L:90% . It's about 10 years ago now about a woman 501 00:30:14.819 --> 00:30:15.339 A:middle L:90% in a rural area, I think. And, 502 00:30:15.349 --> 00:30:18.940 A:middle L:90% um, there's a hotel who finds out she's HIV 503 00:30:18.940 --> 00:30:21.819 A:middle L:90% positive, has AIDS, and it's because her husband 504 00:30:21.819 --> 00:30:23.410 A:middle L:90% works in Joburg on the minds, and he's clearly 505 00:30:23.410 --> 00:30:29.400 A:middle L:90% gone through promiscuous activity. Um, but also, 506 00:30:29.400 --> 00:30:30.650 A:middle L:90% there's, um it's not so much South Africa, 507 00:30:30.650 --> 00:30:33.319 A:middle L:90% but other places in southern Africa. The incidence of 508 00:30:33.329 --> 00:30:38.000 A:middle L:90% AIDS along the trucking roofs is also really, really 509 00:30:38.009 --> 00:30:41.170 A:middle L:90% hot. But yeah, it's true. All of 510 00:30:41.180 --> 00:30:48.289 A:middle L:90% these activities reproducing different ways. The picture you showed 511 00:30:48.289 --> 00:30:52.349 A:middle L:90% at the beer hall those are bigger than Fierstein's. 512 00:30:52.359 --> 00:30:56.289 A:middle L:90% I mean look like Was it like a gallon better 513 00:30:56.299 --> 00:30:59.250 A:middle L:90% ? Is that things drinking that we're seeing there And 514 00:30:59.250 --> 00:31:00.950 A:middle L:90% is that Is that culturally encouraged? Well, that's 515 00:31:00.950 --> 00:31:06.779 A:middle L:90% also one of the factors was the idea of binge 516 00:31:06.779 --> 00:31:11.630 A:middle L:90% drinking and there was gender discussion around binge drinking. 517 00:31:11.630 --> 00:31:18.039 A:middle L:90% And so just the there is one of the critiques 518 00:31:18.049 --> 00:31:19.990 A:middle L:90% of the beer health system was actually that encouraged. 519 00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:25.559 A:middle L:90% Been drinking binge drinking because when people drank beer kind 520 00:31:25.559 --> 00:31:29.289 A:middle L:90% of in a more traditional setting, there was this 521 00:31:29.289 --> 00:31:30.839 A:middle L:90% system in which people would kind of self police. 522 00:31:30.900 --> 00:31:36.240 A:middle L:90% And because the brewing and the consumption of alcohol was 523 00:31:36.240 --> 00:31:41.210 A:middle L:90% so tied to different ritualistic practices, it wasn't necessarily 524 00:31:41.210 --> 00:31:44.160 A:middle L:90% just purely for a new creation. But it gets 525 00:31:44.160 --> 00:31:47.609 A:middle L:90% divorced from all of that when it gets dislocated to 526 00:31:47.609 --> 00:31:51.490 A:middle L:90% the beer hall. Yeah, so that that was 527 00:31:51.500 --> 00:31:52.470 A:middle L:90% also one of the critiques. But part of the 528 00:31:52.470 --> 00:31:56.160 A:middle L:90% state's argument for the beer halls was that women should 529 00:31:56.160 --> 00:31:59.200 A:middle L:90% not be drinking. And so this is a way 530 00:31:59.200 --> 00:32:00.609 A:middle L:90% to keep women from drinking. The beer halls are 531 00:32:00.609 --> 00:32:07.720 A:middle L:90% only for men. Mm, yeah, it's a 532 00:32:07.720 --> 00:32:13.019 A:middle L:90% crazy system. Did you share any research you've done 533 00:32:13.019 --> 00:32:15.569 A:middle L:90% or hypotheses you might have about how the sidelining of 534 00:32:15.569 --> 00:32:20.869 A:middle L:90% women in that hospital redesign process impacted the actual design 535 00:32:20.880 --> 00:32:27.059 A:middle L:90% and the actual design of the awesome the renovated hostels 536 00:32:27.740 --> 00:32:30.559 A:middle L:90% . Um, it's interesting. Um, there was 537 00:32:30.569 --> 00:32:35.309 A:middle L:90% definitely, um so what they did with the hostels 538 00:32:35.309 --> 00:32:37.750 A:middle L:90% ? They took years and years, Um, at 539 00:32:37.750 --> 00:32:40.490 A:middle L:90% some point. So the architects came into the process 540 00:32:40.490 --> 00:32:45.619 A:middle L:90% because they are just technical spatial question of how to 541 00:32:45.619 --> 00:32:47.680 A:middle L:90% turn these hostels into family housing was really complicated. 542 00:32:47.680 --> 00:32:51.529 A:middle L:90% So a couple of architects who are teaching at the 543 00:32:51.529 --> 00:32:52.859 A:middle L:90% University of Cape Town were put in contact with the 544 00:32:52.859 --> 00:32:57.529 A:middle L:90% hostel dwellers, um, and they over a long 545 00:32:57.529 --> 00:32:58.740 A:middle L:90% period of time And over, of course, a 546 00:32:58.750 --> 00:33:01.880 A:middle L:90% very interesting, heated public meetings, um, developed 547 00:33:01.890 --> 00:33:06.720 A:middle L:90% a bunch of prototypes of different unit designs. Um 548 00:33:06.720 --> 00:33:07.549 A:middle L:90% , and one of the architects talks about this crazy 549 00:33:07.549 --> 00:33:10.940 A:middle L:90% meeting where these men are talking about something, and 550 00:33:10.940 --> 00:33:15.029 A:middle L:90% they really can't understand what that is that they're talking 551 00:33:15.029 --> 00:33:16.099 A:middle L:90% about, because these are white architects who come from 552 00:33:16.099 --> 00:33:19.460 A:middle L:90% very privileged backgrounds who are involved in this process. 553 00:33:19.470 --> 00:33:22.359 A:middle L:90% Finally, is. They are complaining that there's no 554 00:33:22.369 --> 00:33:24.170 A:middle L:90% , um, columns in the middle of the spaces 555 00:33:24.339 --> 00:33:27.970 A:middle L:90% that there was some idea about columns and things made 556 00:33:27.970 --> 00:33:30.910 A:middle L:90% out of brick. Um, but so what they 557 00:33:30.920 --> 00:33:35.549 A:middle L:90% ended up doing was get raising money through some international 558 00:33:35.559 --> 00:33:38.519 A:middle L:90% donations to build a set of prototype units and they 559 00:33:38.519 --> 00:33:42.950 A:middle L:90% were different. Um, configurations, different number of 560 00:33:42.960 --> 00:33:45.920 A:middle L:90% bedrooms and everyone, including the women. It was 561 00:33:45.920 --> 00:33:50.359 A:middle L:90% completely all hostel dwellers were invited to come tour through 562 00:33:50.440 --> 00:33:52.349 A:middle L:90% and basically put up kind of like the equivalent of 563 00:33:52.349 --> 00:33:55.369 A:middle L:90% post it notes saying what their feedback was. And 564 00:33:55.369 --> 00:33:59.309 A:middle L:90% through that they ended up deciding that the units were 565 00:33:59.309 --> 00:34:00.359 A:middle L:90% going to be much more homogeneous. There was going 566 00:34:00.359 --> 00:34:02.900 A:middle L:90% to all be two bedroom units. Everyone would sort 567 00:34:02.900 --> 00:34:07.210 A:middle L:90% of get the same thing. Um, the hostels 568 00:34:07.210 --> 00:34:10.739 A:middle L:90% are located in three different townships Langa, Langa and 569 00:34:10.739 --> 00:34:13.780 A:middle L:90% Google It too. Um, and in each of 570 00:34:13.780 --> 00:34:16.349 A:middle L:90% those, the actual what was what's existing is different 571 00:34:16.349 --> 00:34:19.010 A:middle L:90% and even within longer, there's like three or four 572 00:34:19.010 --> 00:34:22.559 A:middle L:90% different prototypes. So the the upgrades end up being 573 00:34:22.570 --> 00:34:24.409 A:middle L:90% different. Um, but yeah, it's a curious 574 00:34:24.409 --> 00:34:28.500 A:middle L:90% question. I don't really have claim on whether the 575 00:34:28.510 --> 00:34:30.130 A:middle L:90% design itself is any different than it would have been 576 00:34:30.130 --> 00:34:34.389 A:middle L:90% if women have been involved in the process like very 577 00:34:34.389 --> 00:34:38.880 A:middle L:90% nervous around gender ring form. Um, but yeah 578 00:34:38.880 --> 00:34:42.659 A:middle L:90% , they were really, really sidelined out of it 579 00:34:45.940 --> 00:34:51.670 A:middle L:90% . Yeah, we can see in the grounds of 580 00:34:51.670 --> 00:34:52.440 A:middle L:90% that, though, and I don't know if it 581 00:34:52.440 --> 00:34:53.420 A:middle L:90% would have been different if women advocating, but where 582 00:34:53.420 --> 00:34:57.679 A:middle L:90% they ended up putting the little money they had was 583 00:34:57.679 --> 00:35:00.929 A:middle L:90% in the solidity of the construction. So they're very 584 00:35:00.929 --> 00:35:04.250 A:middle L:90% proud of the fact that architects are that these are 585 00:35:04.250 --> 00:35:07.760 A:middle L:90% still built out of brick. Um, but they're 586 00:35:07.769 --> 00:35:12.219 A:middle L:90% what they call their double cavity walls. So instead 587 00:35:12.219 --> 00:35:14.929 A:middle L:90% of just being a single brick wall with no insulation 588 00:35:14.940 --> 00:35:16.670 A:middle L:90% there, double brick walls with an air space in 589 00:35:16.670 --> 00:35:21.670 A:middle L:90% between and Cape Town is relatively mild climate. It's 590 00:35:21.670 --> 00:35:23.539 A:middle L:90% in a medic with the Mediterranean climate. So cold 591 00:35:23.539 --> 00:35:28.280 A:middle L:90% , wet winters, warm summers. Um, and 592 00:35:28.280 --> 00:35:30.639 A:middle L:90% it's not that cold, but the wind really comes 593 00:35:30.639 --> 00:35:31.110 A:middle L:90% through there. I've never lived in a place with 594 00:35:31.119 --> 00:35:35.079 A:middle L:90% wind, even Blacksburg, Cape Town in terms of 595 00:35:35.079 --> 00:35:37.900 A:middle L:90% wind. Um, and so they're very proud of 596 00:35:37.900 --> 00:35:39.920 A:middle L:90% the fact that these houses are built much more sadly 597 00:35:39.920 --> 00:35:43.440 A:middle L:90% than they would have otherwise. But then, like 598 00:35:43.449 --> 00:35:45.059 A:middle L:90% this. So this is so this woman's house. 599 00:35:45.059 --> 00:35:47.760 A:middle L:90% She took us inside the day that I was visiting 600 00:35:47.940 --> 00:35:50.309 A:middle L:90% , and they still don't have a shower. They 601 00:35:50.309 --> 00:35:52.969 A:middle L:90% use the tub, so they gave up things like 602 00:35:52.980 --> 00:35:55.880 A:middle L:90% built in showers. There's taps, um, for 603 00:35:55.889 --> 00:36:00.250 A:middle L:90% much more solid construction. Who knows if someone would 604 00:36:00.250 --> 00:36:15.110 A:middle L:90% have argued differently. Thank you. Yeah. Okay 605 00:36:15.110 --> 00:36:20.039 A:middle L:90% . Our next speaker is morale. Angelou, as 606 00:36:20.039 --> 00:36:22.579 A:middle L:90% in Istanbul, light in between two worlds. Morales 607 00:36:22.579 --> 00:36:25.579 A:middle L:90% Scalise Studies focus on feminist practice and architecture history, 608 00:36:25.579 --> 00:36:30.320 A:middle L:90% the politics of gender and feminist potentials of architecture Encounters 609 00:36:30.320 --> 00:36:34.210 A:middle L:90% between Postwar Turkey and the US She conducted her advanced 610 00:36:34.219 --> 00:36:38.059 A:middle L:90% Academic Research project on the historical recognition of Turkish Women 611 00:36:38.059 --> 00:36:40.929 A:middle L:90% , Architects of the Postwar generation in the US at 612 00:36:40.940 --> 00:36:45.230 A:middle L:90% MIT's History Theory and Criticism Architecture program with a critical 613 00:36:45.230 --> 00:36:50.670 A:middle L:90% insight into institutional structures, their policies and actors and 614 00:36:50.670 --> 00:36:52.750 A:middle L:90% architectural profession and academia. The focal points of her 615 00:36:52.750 --> 00:36:58.019 A:middle L:90% scholarly endeavor. Our inclusion, representation and creative potentials 616 00:36:58.019 --> 00:37:00.280 A:middle L:90% of women and gender beyond national borders and the practice 617 00:37:00.280 --> 00:37:04.170 A:middle L:90% of history Writing in this context, she is a 618 00:37:04.170 --> 00:37:07.090 A:middle L:90% curator and author of the collection entitled Women in Modern 619 00:37:07.090 --> 00:37:10.039 A:middle L:90% and Contemporary Territories of Turkish Architecture. Conducted for the 620 00:37:10.039 --> 00:37:13.260 A:middle L:90% Arc Net Online source of the M. I T 621 00:37:13.269 --> 00:37:15.829 A:middle L:90% . Aga Khan Documentation Center. This is the first 622 00:37:15.829 --> 00:37:19.869 A:middle L:90% project on documenting the leading profiles of the 1st and 623 00:37:19.869 --> 00:37:22.940 A:middle L:90% 2nd generation of Turkish women architects and aims to simulate 624 00:37:22.940 --> 00:37:25.869 A:middle L:90% a critical awareness of gender and women in architecture and 625 00:37:25.869 --> 00:37:29.510 A:middle L:90% to give impetus for the new collections in these fields 626 00:37:29.519 --> 00:37:32.460 A:middle L:90% in order to promote multicultural and diverse perspectives in the 627 00:37:32.460 --> 00:37:37.400 A:middle L:90% architecture profession. It's practice and academia and history writing 628 00:37:37.400 --> 00:37:39.820 A:middle L:90% in these fields. Based on her PhD dissertation at 629 00:37:39.820 --> 00:37:43.949 A:middle L:90% Harvard University, Aga Khan history of art and Architecture 630 00:37:43.949 --> 00:37:46.719 A:middle L:90% , PhD program and at Columbia University School of Architecture 631 00:37:46.719 --> 00:37:51.210 A:middle L:90% Planning and Preservation PhD program, she completed her first 632 00:37:51.219 --> 00:37:54.820 A:middle L:90% PhD dissertation on the practice history of Turkey, a 633 00:37:54.820 --> 00:37:59.239 A:middle L:90% CISA architecture partnership, and obtained her PhD degree in 634 00:37:59.239 --> 00:38:02.860 A:middle L:90% architecture at Istanbul Technical University. Her secondary academic fields 635 00:38:02.860 --> 00:38:07.159 A:middle L:90% , or sociology theory and modern history of the architecture 636 00:38:07.159 --> 00:38:10.590 A:middle L:90% profession, modernization of architectural design practice and its historical 637 00:38:10.590 --> 00:38:14.840 A:middle L:90% fresh rolled in Postwar Turkey. She received her bachelor 638 00:38:14.840 --> 00:38:17.530 A:middle L:90% and master degrees in architecture from Istanbul Technical University. 639 00:38:17.539 --> 00:38:22.239 A:middle L:90% Please join me in welcoming morale like Angelou. Yeah 640 00:38:22.619 --> 00:38:28.880 A:middle L:90% , yeah, Good morning and welcome to my presentation 641 00:38:28.889 --> 00:38:32.360 A:middle L:90% historical constructions of Turkish woman architects in Postwar America, 642 00:38:32.369 --> 00:38:37.539 A:middle L:90% a missing chapter in feminist architecture history. But first 643 00:38:37.539 --> 00:38:38.769 A:middle L:90% of all, I would like to express my thanks 644 00:38:38.769 --> 00:38:42.769 A:middle L:90% for this symposium, and it's too great to be 645 00:38:42.769 --> 00:38:47.010 A:middle L:90% here today. The main purpose of my presentation is 646 00:38:47.010 --> 00:38:51.769 A:middle L:90% to reveal how a woman architects could help us comprehend 647 00:38:51.780 --> 00:38:55.460 A:middle L:90% the significance and the creative potentials of diversity and inclusion 648 00:38:55.469 --> 00:39:00.460 A:middle L:90% in their obvious and act as a possibility of change 649 00:39:00.469 --> 00:39:05.340 A:middle L:90% in order to promote pluralistic understanding as opposed to the 650 00:39:05.349 --> 00:39:08.889 A:middle L:90% white and heterosexual male dominated consciousness and the barriers of 651 00:39:08.900 --> 00:39:15.429 A:middle L:90% gender politics in architecture. With this purpose, I 652 00:39:15.429 --> 00:39:20.050 A:middle L:90% will focus on women architects beyond their national borders because 653 00:39:20.059 --> 00:39:24.179 A:middle L:90% interconnectedness and cross cultural exchange are inevitable facts into the 654 00:39:24.190 --> 00:39:28.650 A:middle L:90% global world. And I think that we strongly need 655 00:39:28.650 --> 00:39:32.739 A:middle L:90% to examine their challenge with conventional gender expectations, the 656 00:39:32.739 --> 00:39:39.460 A:middle L:90% potentials of that challenge and their survival. Today in 657 00:39:39.460 --> 00:39:44.349 A:middle L:90% particular, I will trace Turkish woman architects in Crossfire 658 00:39:44.920 --> 00:39:50.670 A:middle L:90% America because although the modernization process of Turkish architects came 659 00:39:50.670 --> 00:39:52.969 A:middle L:90% to a new turning point in the Postwar period as 660 00:39:52.969 --> 00:39:55.829 A:middle L:90% a result of his close dialogue with the United States 661 00:39:55.840 --> 00:40:00.179 A:middle L:90% and scholar studies on Turkish architects of the Postwar generation 662 00:40:00.190 --> 00:40:07.269 A:middle L:90% has recently appeared and introduced new perspective, we challenge 663 00:40:07.269 --> 00:40:10.480 A:middle L:90% standard histories of modernist projects in Turkey. Turkish woman 664 00:40:10.489 --> 00:40:15.570 A:middle L:90% architects in particular their efforts beyond their national borders within 665 00:40:15.570 --> 00:40:22.559 A:middle L:90% the pictures are still largely invisible. Mhm and more 666 00:40:22.570 --> 00:40:27.409 A:middle L:90% specifically, feminist architecture history on Turkish woman architects still 667 00:40:27.409 --> 00:40:30.570 A:middle L:90% continues to investigate them. In the early Republican period 668 00:40:30.579 --> 00:40:34.730 A:middle L:90% around the 19 thirties in relation to the nation, 669 00:40:34.730 --> 00:40:38.349 A:middle L:90% state ideology. Despite the strong emphasis on globalization in 670 00:40:38.349 --> 00:40:43.309 A:middle L:90% Turkish architecture and growing variety of voices in fairness, 671 00:40:43.320 --> 00:40:51.090 A:middle L:90% architectural history since 19 nineties. Before my presentation, 672 00:40:51.099 --> 00:40:53.519 A:middle L:90% I would like to underline a question. What is 673 00:40:53.519 --> 00:40:57.750 A:middle L:90% the significance of Turkish woman? Our checks in the 674 00:40:57.750 --> 00:41:01.820 A:middle L:90% United States is later Ahmed's, a professor on Islam 675 00:41:01.820 --> 00:41:07.369 A:middle L:90% and gender in America, indicates Turkey was the first 676 00:41:07.369 --> 00:41:10.789 A:middle L:90% Muslim nations to brought feminist issues on a national political 677 00:41:10.789 --> 00:41:15.349 A:middle L:90% level and the attitudes and formulations he at that point 678 00:41:15.349 --> 00:41:19.400 A:middle L:90% . She refers to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder 679 00:41:19.400 --> 00:41:22.829 A:middle L:90% of the modern and secular Republic of Turkey, made 680 00:41:22.829 --> 00:41:24.829 A:middle L:90% use of where to be repeated. Resorted by other 681 00:41:24.909 --> 00:41:31.659 A:middle L:90% Modernising Muslim states within the spatial context Turkish woman architects 682 00:41:31.670 --> 00:41:37.030 A:middle L:90% exemplifies as a significant case from the modern Middle East 683 00:41:37.710 --> 00:41:40.099 A:middle L:90% in the establishment of the modern and secular Republic of 684 00:41:40.110 --> 00:41:45.360 A:middle L:90% Turkey. In 1923 woman operated as the heart of 685 00:41:45.369 --> 00:41:49.590 A:middle L:90% modernization, and it's transformative power in a Muslim majority 686 00:41:49.599 --> 00:41:54.239 A:middle L:90% society. Following Republic reforms in 19 thirties, Turkish 687 00:41:54.239 --> 00:42:00.739 A:middle L:90% woman architects had the opportunity of architectural education, participated 688 00:42:00.750 --> 00:42:05.039 A:middle L:90% into practice teaching, writing and became visible in the 689 00:42:05.050 --> 00:42:09.519 A:middle L:90% profession and architectural publications in spite of traditional patriarchy in 690 00:42:09.519 --> 00:42:14.380 A:middle L:90% the society. The absence of an independent almost liberations 691 00:42:14.389 --> 00:42:16.820 A:middle L:90% moment and the male dominated nature of the profession. 692 00:42:17.599 --> 00:42:22.070 A:middle L:90% Secular identity of the Republic of Turkey and its revolutionary 693 00:42:22.070 --> 00:42:27.230 A:middle L:90% reform provided opportunities for them to compete with their male 694 00:42:27.230 --> 00:42:30.760 A:middle L:90% colleagues without being marginalized in the male dominated profession and 695 00:42:30.769 --> 00:42:34.730 A:middle L:90% in a Muslim majority society. As as an hour 696 00:42:34.739 --> 00:42:39.230 A:middle L:90% ago, the Carcassonne architecture history underlies. For instance 697 00:42:39.230 --> 00:42:42.880 A:middle L:90% , the mountains and many of our Belen who obtained 698 00:42:42.880 --> 00:42:46.210 A:middle L:90% their professional degree in 1934 as the first woman architects 699 00:42:46.219 --> 00:42:50.559 A:middle L:90% of the country, could proceed their practice and became 700 00:42:50.559 --> 00:42:55.469 A:middle L:90% visible in Turkish architecture after their graduation. Here, 701 00:42:55.469 --> 00:42:58.889 A:middle L:90% you can see one of their published projects in the 702 00:42:58.889 --> 00:43:02.559 A:middle L:90% 19 thirties, and this is the first monograph only 703 00:43:02.559 --> 00:43:07.230 A:middle L:90% mountains and on her architecture, which published, which 704 00:43:07.230 --> 00:43:13.110 A:middle L:90% was published in 2013. On the other hand, 705 00:43:13.119 --> 00:43:16.119 A:middle L:90% it should be forgotten that their historical roots in terms 706 00:43:16.130 --> 00:43:21.130 A:middle L:90% of the professionalization of architecture, is quite different from 707 00:43:21.130 --> 00:43:25.329 A:middle L:90% the most of their Western colleagues. SBS Ambassador architecture 708 00:43:25.329 --> 00:43:30.599 A:middle L:90% history and avoid this fact in her PhD dissertation in 709 00:43:30.599 --> 00:43:34.579 A:middle L:90% the access of an independent market for building the professional 710 00:43:34.579 --> 00:43:37.199 A:middle L:90% status of the architect was guaranteed granted, selected by 711 00:43:37.199 --> 00:43:42.119 A:middle L:90% political power, and the station hardly changed after the 712 00:43:42.119 --> 00:43:45.570 A:middle L:90% 19 twenties, when the architects desires for professional autonomy 713 00:43:45.579 --> 00:43:49.780 A:middle L:90% and their economic dependence on the state, began to 714 00:43:49.789 --> 00:43:54.309 A:middle L:90% create explicit tension between professional societies and contemporary government. 715 00:43:54.900 --> 00:44:01.639 A:middle L:90% The architects struggle for autonomy was realized only in 1954 716 00:44:01.650 --> 00:44:06.340 A:middle L:90% when the chambers of architects of Turkey obtained authority for 717 00:44:06.349 --> 00:44:13.159 A:middle L:90% licensing. Professional. Yeah, so modern Turkish woman 718 00:44:13.170 --> 00:44:16.969 A:middle L:90% architects afford in the United States to deserve an attention 719 00:44:16.980 --> 00:44:22.179 A:middle L:90% in order to explore how woman architects from such a 720 00:44:22.179 --> 00:44:27.380 A:middle L:90% context, could tear down educational and professional limitations they 721 00:44:27.389 --> 00:44:30.780 A:middle L:90% face in their country and how they could integrate their 722 00:44:30.789 --> 00:44:34.800 A:middle L:90% architectural potentials into this country, which is one of 723 00:44:34.809 --> 00:44:37.690 A:middle L:90% the leading global actors in modern and contemporary architecture with 724 00:44:37.690 --> 00:44:42.929 A:middle L:90% its education system and the historical background of the legitimization 725 00:44:42.940 --> 00:44:46.179 A:middle L:90% of his professional market for architectural service, goes to 726 00:44:46.190 --> 00:44:51.159 A:middle L:90% 18 57 when the First American Institute of Architects was 727 00:44:51.159 --> 00:44:54.869 A:middle L:90% held and multicultural, highly competitive, and has still 728 00:44:54.880 --> 00:45:02.030 A:middle L:90% white and male dominated consciousness. According to my academic 729 00:45:02.039 --> 00:45:07.099 A:middle L:90% Research project, the historical background of the modern Turkish 730 00:45:07.099 --> 00:45:09.340 A:middle L:90% woman architects in the United States goes back to the 731 00:45:09.340 --> 00:45:13.400 A:middle L:90% second half of the 19 forties with J Dilla Bark 732 00:45:13.409 --> 00:45:16.219 A:middle L:90% Vodka, a student of Professor Oliver Otto, one 733 00:45:16.219 --> 00:45:20.869 A:middle L:90% of the leading professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 734 00:45:20.869 --> 00:45:23.340 A:middle L:90% School of Architecture in that period. S. Gibson 735 00:45:23.340 --> 00:45:25.599 A:middle L:90% , Solemn, are the first woman director of Istanbul 736 00:45:25.599 --> 00:45:30.219 A:middle L:90% Technical University in the case. Gearbox is the first 737 00:45:30.219 --> 00:45:34.760 A:middle L:90% woman to graduate from Istanbul Technical University School of Architecture 738 00:45:34.860 --> 00:45:39.449 A:middle L:90% in 1942. In those years, the general landscape 739 00:45:39.460 --> 00:45:45.530 A:middle L:90% of modern Turkish architecture was characterized by nationalism. For 740 00:45:45.530 --> 00:45:47.739 A:middle L:90% instance, here you can see the disease by Lamontagne 741 00:45:47.849 --> 00:45:52.750 A:middle L:90% at Istanbul Technical University on Borsa Houses in Turkey in 742 00:45:52.750 --> 00:45:57.110 A:middle L:90% 1941. Within such a landscape, the core of 743 00:45:57.119 --> 00:46:00.920 A:middle L:90% architecture, education and curriculum at Istanbul Technical University didn't 744 00:46:00.929 --> 00:46:06.349 A:middle L:90% include the essential and existing theoretical and historical arguments of 745 00:46:06.360 --> 00:46:09.690 A:middle L:90% modernity and their influences on architecture. In addition, 746 00:46:09.690 --> 00:46:14.309 A:middle L:90% there was no graduate program in architecture, and finally 747 00:46:14.320 --> 00:46:16.070 A:middle L:90% , English language was not a part of the curriculum 748 00:46:16.079 --> 00:46:19.929 A:middle L:90% of the university. In this respect, it can 749 00:46:19.929 --> 00:46:22.309 A:middle L:90% be assumed that, like most of architecture students and 750 00:46:22.309 --> 00:46:27.019 A:middle L:90% perhaps professor in the university, G really couldn't develop 751 00:46:27.030 --> 00:46:30.030 A:middle L:90% . An understanding of the scholar listed his own modern 752 00:46:30.039 --> 00:46:36.409 A:middle L:90% architecture. One of the critical factor is that architecture 753 00:46:36.420 --> 00:46:39.639 A:middle L:90% , education and academic culture which shape students future career 754 00:46:39.650 --> 00:46:45.449 A:middle L:90% were dominant, dominantly structured by an individualistic muscling culture 755 00:46:45.460 --> 00:46:49.449 A:middle L:90% . In those years, and not coincidentally, architectural 756 00:46:49.460 --> 00:46:52.510 A:middle L:90% design studio education exemplified the basis of the individual of 757 00:46:52.519 --> 00:46:58.239 A:middle L:90% male architect and gender relations in the university were surrounded 758 00:46:58.250 --> 00:47:00.019 A:middle L:90% by a patriarchal values and the lack of formal role 759 00:47:00.019 --> 00:47:04.449 A:middle L:90% models. At that point, it's clear that a 760 00:47:04.460 --> 00:47:08.280 A:middle L:90% woman architecture student could find little direction towards achieving her 761 00:47:08.289 --> 00:47:15.309 A:middle L:90% own goal within such an atmosphere in spite of this 762 00:47:15.309 --> 00:47:17.969 A:middle L:90% fact. Following her degree from Istanbul Technical University, 763 00:47:17.980 --> 00:47:22.219 A:middle L:90% J D Lead conducted her master cases at the Massachusetts 764 00:47:22.230 --> 00:47:25.699 A:middle L:90% Institute of Technology School of Architecture and Planning in 1946 765 00:47:25.699 --> 00:47:34.530 A:middle L:90% 1947 and obtained her master degree, as her messages 766 00:47:34.530 --> 00:47:37.710 A:middle L:90% is, shows us she designed a sanatorium and architectural 767 00:47:37.719 --> 00:47:42.360 A:middle L:90% design. Languages radius how she could embark modern sense 768 00:47:42.360 --> 00:47:45.460 A:middle L:90% of design principles along with a new wave architectural thinking 769 00:47:45.469 --> 00:47:50.690 A:middle L:90% as opposed to the nationalism in Turkish academia and the 770 00:47:50.690 --> 00:47:53.909 A:middle L:90% architecture around the 19 forties. Here you see her 771 00:47:53.909 --> 00:47:58.599 A:middle L:90% sanitorium Projects on the Left and Oliver Alto. Her 772 00:47:58.599 --> 00:48:04.199 A:middle L:90% professor sanitorium projects in Finland in 1928 5 months sanatorium 773 00:48:05.570 --> 00:48:07.610 A:middle L:90% . In spite of this fact, she's an invisible 774 00:48:07.610 --> 00:48:12.429 A:middle L:90% figure figure in the historical record of the Istanbul Technical 775 00:48:12.429 --> 00:48:15.730 A:middle L:90% University, according to the letter and documents sent by 776 00:48:15.730 --> 00:48:22.619 A:middle L:90% them to the Mitt 2000 15 Istanbul Technical University doesn't 777 00:48:22.619 --> 00:48:28.019 A:middle L:90% have her TV, detailed information and documents on her 778 00:48:28.030 --> 00:48:30.340 A:middle L:90% career. When I contact one of the family members 779 00:48:30.340 --> 00:48:34.389 A:middle L:90% who is a professor in Istanbul, it was impossible 780 00:48:34.389 --> 00:48:37.170 A:middle L:90% to receive information and documents to celebrate her career and 781 00:48:37.170 --> 00:48:43.110 A:middle L:90% clarify some days as well. On the other hand 782 00:48:43.119 --> 00:48:45.250 A:middle L:90% , according to the published projects by Architect, one 783 00:48:45.250 --> 00:48:49.769 A:middle L:90% of the leading professional architectural journals in Turkey in those 784 00:48:49.769 --> 00:48:54.719 A:middle L:90% years she participated several national architectural design competitions, return 785 00:48:54.719 --> 00:49:00.579 A:middle L:90% male colleagues in Turkey and won several hours between 1943 786 00:49:00.590 --> 00:49:07.630 A:middle L:90% and 1959 according to her CV in the archive of 787 00:49:07.639 --> 00:49:10.690 A:middle L:90% American Institute of Architects. She returned to Istanbul Technical 788 00:49:10.690 --> 00:49:14.559 A:middle L:90% University after M. I. T. Served as 789 00:49:14.559 --> 00:49:19.630 A:middle L:90% an assistant and assistant professor at Istanbul Technical University until 790 00:49:19.639 --> 00:49:24.099 A:middle L:90% 1958. Then she left Turkey and her academic career 791 00:49:24.110 --> 00:49:28.639 A:middle L:90% , came to the United States and conducted her architectural 792 00:49:28.639 --> 00:49:34.230 A:middle L:90% practice in this country between 1959 1972 and passed away 793 00:49:34.239 --> 00:49:39.639 A:middle L:90% in New York City in 1984 mhm. And in 794 00:49:39.639 --> 00:49:45.340 A:middle L:90% this country she could work at large scale architectural offices 795 00:49:45.349 --> 00:49:50.010 A:middle L:90% and companies such as Canon Yakov Architects about Mark Architects 796 00:49:50.019 --> 00:49:53.179 A:middle L:90% , Engineering John Graham company and served as the member 797 00:49:53.179 --> 00:49:57.800 A:middle L:90% of the project teams of some significant projects, such 798 00:49:57.800 --> 00:50:00.440 A:middle L:90% as one Astor Plaza, New York telephone buildings, 799 00:50:00.449 --> 00:50:05.780 A:middle L:90% American Airlines buildings at JFK International Airport and so on 800 00:50:06.360 --> 00:50:07.789 A:middle L:90% . Mhm. At that point, it's important to 801 00:50:07.800 --> 00:50:13.570 A:middle L:90% emphasize that architecture students in Turkey had no opportunity to 802 00:50:13.570 --> 00:50:16.139 A:middle L:90% work actively in a well established architecture office in those 803 00:50:16.139 --> 00:50:21.210 A:middle L:90% years, since most of architects and professor conducted theory 804 00:50:21.210 --> 00:50:25.440 A:middle L:90% practice under the patronage of the States. As I 805 00:50:25.440 --> 00:50:30.360 A:middle L:90% explored, her personal archive was donated by Camel to 806 00:50:30.369 --> 00:50:34.690 A:middle L:90% Woman's Library and Information Center Foundation in Istanbul after she 807 00:50:34.690 --> 00:50:37.030 A:middle L:90% passed away in New York City, although it was 808 00:50:37.030 --> 00:50:40.719 A:middle L:90% nearly impossible to reach her own words. Words as 809 00:50:40.719 --> 00:50:45.690 A:middle L:90% a woman throughout my academic research projects, and she 810 00:50:45.699 --> 00:50:50.119 A:middle L:90% preferred her masculine, masculine characteristics of architectural practice in 811 00:50:50.119 --> 00:50:53.510 A:middle L:90% the United States. Surprisingly, her personal archives includes 812 00:50:53.519 --> 00:51:00.480 A:middle L:90% many publications on woman voters. An artist here you 813 00:51:00.480 --> 00:51:02.190 A:middle L:90% see a page from her archive in the Istanbul. 814 00:51:02.559 --> 00:51:07.119 A:middle L:90% This page is from a book by Nexium Witten, 815 00:51:07.130 --> 00:51:09.920 A:middle L:90% one of the prominent activists activities of the woman moments 816 00:51:09.929 --> 00:51:13.679 A:middle L:90% in the late in the late of Ottoman Empire and 817 00:51:13.679 --> 00:51:15.809 A:middle L:90% the Republic of Turkey, and the book title is 818 00:51:15.820 --> 00:51:20.340 A:middle L:90% true Katana in English Turkish woman, which was published 819 00:51:20.349 --> 00:51:25.690 A:middle L:90% in 1931. Following her another Turkish woman Arctic in 820 00:51:25.690 --> 00:51:28.639 A:middle L:90% the United States is L. A car. A 821 00:51:28.639 --> 00:51:32.630 A:middle L:90% job All night. Gil Island bloom to generations of 822 00:51:32.639 --> 00:51:37.650 A:middle L:90% Turkish woman who could find educational opportunity characterized by a 823 00:51:37.659 --> 00:51:40.829 A:middle L:90% feminine consciousness and multicultural environment. All night. A 824 00:51:40.829 --> 00:51:45.659 A:middle L:90% Patriarchate system and a nation oriented understanding in Turkey in 825 00:51:45.659 --> 00:51:50.480 A:middle L:90% 19 forties, and she received her bachelor of science 826 00:51:50.480 --> 00:51:52.849 A:middle L:90% degree from the American College for Girls with honors in 827 00:51:52.860 --> 00:51:58.690 A:middle L:90% Istanbul in 1954. This college was established by the 828 00:51:58.690 --> 00:52:02.090 A:middle L:90% Woman's Board of Mission and Women educators from Boston in 829 00:52:02.099 --> 00:52:07.369 A:middle L:90% Istanbul in 18 71 and its mission was to promote 830 00:52:07.369 --> 00:52:10.469 A:middle L:90% the modern education of women, along with the universal 831 00:52:10.469 --> 00:52:14.920 A:middle L:90% spread in the Ottoman Empire. In the meantime, 832 00:52:14.929 --> 00:52:16.130 A:middle L:90% this school can be seen as one of the long 833 00:52:16.139 --> 00:52:20.219 A:middle L:90% lasting connections between the United States and Turkey in the 834 00:52:20.219 --> 00:52:25.050 A:middle L:90% field of education. Following her education in Istanbul, 835 00:52:25.059 --> 00:52:29.639 A:middle L:90% either received her bachelor of science degree from Was Our 836 00:52:29.650 --> 00:52:32.489 A:middle L:90% College, one of the oldest institutions for woman's education 837 00:52:32.500 --> 00:52:37.579 A:middle L:90% in the liberal arts in the United States in 1956 838 00:52:37.590 --> 00:52:43.030 A:middle L:90% and her field was art history. After that, 839 00:52:43.039 --> 00:52:46.659 A:middle L:90% she enrolled Harvard University Graduate School of Design and educated 840 00:52:46.670 --> 00:52:51.119 A:middle L:90% under the academic leadership of Jose Luis Start, the 841 00:52:51.119 --> 00:52:52.969 A:middle L:90% dean of the Graduate School of Design and leading Spanish 842 00:52:52.980 --> 00:52:58.139 A:middle L:90% architect and urban planner. In that period at Harvard 843 00:52:58.260 --> 00:53:00.590 A:middle L:90% . John Lewis, our academic agenda, deal with 844 00:53:00.590 --> 00:53:04.389 A:middle L:90% humanizing the environment, the integration of the programs of 845 00:53:04.400 --> 00:53:07.210 A:middle L:90% architecture, planning, landscape and urban design in that 846 00:53:07.219 --> 00:53:10.829 A:middle L:90% period. Mm hmm. Here you can see one 847 00:53:10.829 --> 00:53:14.909 A:middle L:90% of her drawing, sensuous and architecture. Students at 848 00:53:14.920 --> 00:53:20.940 A:middle L:90% Harvard University in 1960 Island obtained her master of architecture 849 00:53:20.940 --> 00:53:22.980 A:middle L:90% and urban design degree from Harvard. Then, in 850 00:53:22.980 --> 00:53:28.010 A:middle L:90% 1973 she graduated from the Columbia University, be the 851 00:53:28.010 --> 00:53:30.760 A:middle L:90% master of philosophy degree in architecture and urban planning. 852 00:53:31.250 --> 00:53:34.989 A:middle L:90% Although she was silent on the subject of her own 853 00:53:34.989 --> 00:53:37.739 A:middle L:90% career. Like most of Turkish woman architects in generation 854 00:53:37.750 --> 00:53:43.849 A:middle L:90% in 1971 her statement reflects the influence of Jose Luis 855 00:53:43.849 --> 00:53:46.500 A:middle L:90% Start on the philosophy of her own architecture. It 856 00:53:46.500 --> 00:53:51.030 A:middle L:90% was our college periodical. On September 10, she 857 00:53:51.030 --> 00:53:57.030 A:middle L:90% elaborated her architectural approach as follows. Teaching architectural history 858 00:53:57.039 --> 00:53:59.960 A:middle L:90% and design has provided me with one of the major 859 00:53:59.960 --> 00:54:04.030 A:middle L:90% challenges of my professional life. Being aware of the 860 00:54:04.030 --> 00:54:07.860 A:middle L:90% lack of communication between the fields of urban design and 861 00:54:07.869 --> 00:54:10.110 A:middle L:90% urban planning. I went into the field of planning 862 00:54:10.119 --> 00:54:14.849 A:middle L:90% as an extra discipline while working as an architect, 863 00:54:15.940 --> 00:54:20.230 A:middle L:90% according to her city in the archive of American Institute 864 00:54:20.230 --> 00:54:22.599 A:middle L:90% of Architects. In the beginning of her career, 865 00:54:22.610 --> 00:54:25.860 A:middle L:90% she worked for Marsa Grow Yard and Edward Larrabee Barnes 866 00:54:25.869 --> 00:54:30.099 A:middle L:90% to leading post modern, postmodern post war design architects 867 00:54:30.110 --> 00:54:36.369 A:middle L:90% taught at Harvard University Graduate School of Design at Marcel 868 00:54:36.369 --> 00:54:37.820 A:middle L:90% Breuer office, one of the North Quarter projects, 869 00:54:37.820 --> 00:54:40.789 A:middle L:90% which should work on, was playing a secure resort 870 00:54:40.789 --> 00:54:45.550 A:middle L:90% town in France. It can be forward that she 871 00:54:45.559 --> 00:54:49.519 A:middle L:90% gave a modern design thinking, functional, functional discipline 872 00:54:49.519 --> 00:54:53.650 A:middle L:90% drive from topography, local sensitivity, standardization and regularity 873 00:54:53.650 --> 00:54:58.260 A:middle L:90% from Marcel Breuer. In the beginning of her professional 874 00:54:58.260 --> 00:55:02.510 A:middle L:90% career and throughout her career she worked on projects in 875 00:55:02.510 --> 00:55:06.769 A:middle L:90% the United States, Turkey and Europe. And in 876 00:55:06.769 --> 00:55:08.800 A:middle L:90% my presentation I will focus on her three projects in 877 00:55:08.800 --> 00:55:14.840 A:middle L:90% each countries. One of the projects revealing her own 878 00:55:14.849 --> 00:55:19.440 A:middle L:90% individual architectural design vocabulary, student student union for the 879 00:55:19.440 --> 00:55:23.269 A:middle L:90% University of Florida in 1960 eight, mhm. As 880 00:55:23.269 --> 00:55:25.860 A:middle L:90% the chief designer, she designed a center for the 881 00:55:25.869 --> 00:55:30.130 A:middle L:90% communal activities of the campus in this project. On 882 00:55:30.130 --> 00:55:35.340 A:middle L:90% the left, her architectural design recovery indicates some influences 883 00:55:35.349 --> 00:55:38.769 A:middle L:90% of Marcel Breuer armed her like fairy house, only 884 00:55:38.769 --> 00:55:43.110 A:middle L:90% right, designed by myself. Designed by my side 885 00:55:43.119 --> 00:55:47.739 A:middle L:90% lawyer for Westar College in 1950 her own architectural design 886 00:55:47.750 --> 00:55:52.329 A:middle L:90% approach is characterized by a simply geometrically defined, functional 887 00:55:52.329 --> 00:55:55.820 A:middle L:90% and formal patterns. Geometric aesthetic without ornamentation of any 888 00:55:55.820 --> 00:56:01.869 A:middle L:90% kind, flat roof and smooth facade. After one 889 00:56:01.869 --> 00:56:07.510 A:middle L:90% year in 1969 she participated in an international urban design 890 00:56:07.519 --> 00:56:10.289 A:middle L:90% and regional planning competitions. Return for male colleagues in 891 00:56:10.289 --> 00:56:14.690 A:middle L:90% Turkey, a new resort tongue for a development of 892 00:56:14.699 --> 00:56:16.670 A:middle L:90% the Hellenistic site, and its environment in Turkey, 893 00:56:16.679 --> 00:56:22.030 A:middle L:90% which calls city among 171 projects. The proposals, 894 00:56:22.039 --> 00:56:24.989 A:middle L:90% designed by Ida and her colleagues, was one of 895 00:56:25.000 --> 00:56:29.260 A:middle L:90% the 10 prize winners. On the one hand, 896 00:56:29.269 --> 00:56:32.530 A:middle L:90% her participation in the international competition indicates her afford to 897 00:56:32.530 --> 00:56:37.019 A:middle L:90% place her urban design background in the United States within 898 00:56:37.019 --> 00:56:39.429 A:middle L:90% a historically specific context, which is also modern touristic 899 00:56:39.429 --> 00:56:43.130 A:middle L:90% town in Turkey. On the other hand, the 900 00:56:43.139 --> 00:56:46.889 A:middle L:90% gender profile of her competition team emphasized how Isla could 901 00:56:46.889 --> 00:56:51.510 A:middle L:90% continue to conduct her career with a male dominated community 902 00:56:51.519 --> 00:56:55.179 A:middle L:90% in architecture, and finally one of her projects is 903 00:56:55.190 --> 00:57:00.599 A:middle L:90% Esmeralda Resort Condominiums, a reserve village located in the 904 00:57:00.599 --> 00:57:06.280 A:middle L:90% south of Spain with ocean works as the chief designer 905 00:57:06.280 --> 00:57:08.769 A:middle L:90% and planner. She worked on 250 units for an 906 00:57:08.780 --> 00:57:13.420 A:middle L:90% international and flexible market of the projects. And for 907 00:57:13.420 --> 00:57:15.860 A:middle L:90% her design vocabulary. She seems to be inspired by 908 00:57:15.860 --> 00:57:20.510 A:middle L:90% a local architectural characteristic, such as tile, patio 909 00:57:20.519 --> 00:57:23.269 A:middle L:90% , arch exterior crews, built in furniture and so 910 00:57:23.280 --> 00:57:28.230 A:middle L:90% on. As one of the major features in Spanish 911 00:57:28.239 --> 00:57:31.159 A:middle L:90% architecture, she interprets the concept of PTO as a 912 00:57:31.159 --> 00:57:36.360 A:middle L:90% unit for the generation of housing system. And in 913 00:57:36.360 --> 00:57:38.760 A:middle L:90% this publication, you can see shows the Luisa's house 914 00:57:38.769 --> 00:57:45.730 A:middle L:90% in Cambridge showing his interest in PDO. And while 915 00:57:45.730 --> 00:57:51.019 A:middle L:90% conducting academic research Project I explored. The 1968 is 916 00:57:51.019 --> 00:57:53.980 A:middle L:90% an important turning point not only for Turkish woman architects 917 00:57:53.989 --> 00:57:57.519 A:middle L:90% journey in the United States, but also for the 918 00:57:57.519 --> 00:58:00.070 A:middle L:90% history of woman architecture, students, education in that 919 00:58:00.079 --> 00:58:05.969 A:middle L:90% country. Princeton University, known as an old voice 920 00:58:05.969 --> 00:58:08.849 A:middle L:90% Schools began to accept woman architecture students for the first 921 00:58:08.849 --> 00:58:12.750 A:middle L:90% time, and two women could unlock the gates of 922 00:58:12.750 --> 00:58:15.329 A:middle L:90% his historic the masculine space. In that year, 923 00:58:15.820 --> 00:58:17.929 A:middle L:90% Aaliyah, picking from Ankara, Turkey, and Marlon 924 00:58:17.929 --> 00:58:22.070 A:middle L:90% Jackson, is from the United States. Here you 925 00:58:22.070 --> 00:58:28.400 A:middle L:90% can see an article published by Data Palestinian in 1967 926 00:58:28.409 --> 00:58:32.829 A:middle L:90% co education is in a table graduated from the Middle 927 00:58:32.829 --> 00:58:37.699 A:middle L:90% East Technical University School of Architecture. Better Master Degree 928 00:58:37.710 --> 00:58:43.340 A:middle L:90% in 1967. The essential objectives of the architectural education 929 00:58:43.349 --> 00:58:46.510 A:middle L:90% at that school were based on interdisciplinary teaching and learning 930 00:58:46.510 --> 00:58:52.480 A:middle L:90% , and we're including architecture, planning and landscape architecture 931 00:58:52.420 --> 00:58:57.179 A:middle L:90% . Thanks. And in the slide, you see 932 00:58:57.179 --> 00:59:00.440 A:middle L:90% some photographs of women and main students, architecture students 933 00:59:00.449 --> 00:59:05.409 A:middle L:90% with their Turkish and American professors at their parties and 934 00:59:05.409 --> 00:59:09.519 A:middle L:90% social activities in Turkey in 19 fifties. Yeah, 935 00:59:10.119 --> 00:59:15.389 A:middle L:90% as Ali expressed, there were six women architecture students 936 00:59:15.400 --> 00:59:19.360 A:middle L:90% in a class of six freshmen. Man meant freshman 937 00:59:19.369 --> 00:59:22.789 A:middle L:90% when she began her architecture, education and at the 938 00:59:22.789 --> 00:59:27.449 A:middle L:90% Middle East Technical University leading professors who influenced her architectural 939 00:59:27.449 --> 00:59:30.809 A:middle L:90% vision. Where Biggie and Sarah Donald, a couple 940 00:59:30.809 --> 00:59:32.860 A:middle L:90% , conducted their careers in the United States. Maybe 941 00:59:32.860 --> 00:59:36.750 A:middle L:90% just cried. A woman professor who was a member 942 00:59:36.750 --> 00:59:39.969 A:middle L:90% of the Urban Land Commission in 1969 and Daniel Tankard 943 00:59:40.179 --> 00:59:45.940 A:middle L:90% , a leading wound urban planner in Turkey, following 944 00:59:45.940 --> 00:59:49.469 A:middle L:90% her master Tess's Children's Home and Physical Patrick Health Center 945 00:59:49.469 --> 00:59:52.639 A:middle L:90% , Indiana Mahalia Ankara at the Middle East Technical University 946 00:59:52.650 --> 00:59:54.750 A:middle L:90% , she decided to apply to Princeton University School of 947 00:59:54.750 --> 00:59:58.710 A:middle L:90% Architecture, and one of the leading figures behind her 948 00:59:58.719 --> 01:00:01.710 A:middle L:90% application to the school is professor Bill Durnan, a 949 01:00:01.719 --> 01:00:05.349 A:middle L:90% graduate of Robert College, which is degree in civil 950 01:00:05.360 --> 01:00:08.190 A:middle L:90% engineering and a graduate of Princeton University School of Architecture 951 01:00:08.199 --> 01:00:14.989 A:middle L:90% , which is master degree in 1963. According to 952 01:00:15.000 --> 01:00:16.960 A:middle L:90% Robert Giddis, the first thing of the school and 953 01:00:16.960 --> 01:00:21.230 A:middle L:90% the Students of Water Group is at Harvard University. 954 01:00:21.239 --> 01:00:24.449 A:middle L:90% The committee didn't know whether Aaliyah was female or male 955 01:00:24.460 --> 01:00:28.869 A:middle L:90% . While they were emulating her applications, they are 956 01:00:28.869 --> 01:00:31.280 A:middle L:90% believed in her talent and potential have played the most 957 01:00:31.280 --> 01:00:36.940 A:middle L:90% crucial role for this historical threshold at Princeton University, 958 01:00:37.809 --> 01:00:40.710 A:middle L:90% at least in university. One of the professors who 959 01:00:40.710 --> 01:00:45.329 A:middle L:90% have to clarify her real interest in architecture to improve 960 01:00:45.329 --> 01:00:49.519 A:middle L:90% living standards through the built environment and design was Eduardo 961 01:00:49.530 --> 01:00:53.010 A:middle L:90% Lasagne Lozano, a native of Argentina. In her 962 01:00:53.010 --> 01:00:58.559 A:middle L:90% master thesis entitled Sequester Housing and Proposals for its Elimination 963 01:00:58.570 --> 01:01:00.800 A:middle L:90% in Turkey, she studied the rising influence of the 964 01:01:00.809 --> 01:01:06.539 A:middle L:90% immigration from rural to urban areas and sequester housing built 965 01:01:06.550 --> 01:01:09.150 A:middle L:90% without considering any construction laws and regulations in Turkey. 966 01:01:09.150 --> 01:01:15.809 A:middle L:90% After the Second World War, in 1970 she obtained 967 01:01:15.820 --> 01:01:19.840 A:middle L:90% her master of fine arts in architecture degree as the 968 01:01:19.849 --> 01:01:22.800 A:middle L:90% first woman architect from Consumers School of Architecture, which 969 01:01:22.800 --> 01:01:27.650 A:middle L:90% are 20 male classmates and was awarded by the American 970 01:01:27.659 --> 01:01:30.440 A:middle L:90% Institute of Architects Award for Excellence, Certificate of Merit 971 01:01:31.010 --> 01:01:34.639 A:middle L:90% . Mhm, mhm. In addition to her, 972 01:01:34.650 --> 01:01:37.769 A:middle L:90% I could reach Marlon, Jack and Carol Case Cash 973 01:01:37.780 --> 01:01:40.619 A:middle L:90% , who obtained their masters in architecture degrees from all 974 01:01:40.619 --> 01:01:45.929 A:middle L:90% boy schools in 1971. Black Dahlia, as they 975 01:01:45.940 --> 01:01:49.809 A:middle L:90% expressed There is no scholarly study on their career history 976 01:01:49.820 --> 01:01:52.019 A:middle L:90% , although they are the early Roman architects from all 977 01:01:52.019 --> 01:01:55.809 A:middle L:90% bicycles. As they shared their biographies with me, 978 01:01:55.820 --> 01:02:00.780 A:middle L:90% both of them conducted their architectural practice in the professional 979 01:02:00.780 --> 01:02:04.480 A:middle L:90% world in a successful way with their swords. As 980 01:02:04.480 --> 01:02:07.579 A:middle L:90% a scholar from Istanbul, I would like to excite 981 01:02:07.590 --> 01:02:10.739 A:middle L:90% that historical studies on their career should be conducted, 982 01:02:10.750 --> 01:02:15.380 A:middle L:90% and they should take their places in famous architecture history 983 01:02:15.389 --> 01:02:20.170 A:middle L:90% in relation to the United States as well. Here 984 01:02:20.170 --> 01:02:22.730 A:middle L:90% you can see Marley's career and her special achievements, 985 01:02:24.000 --> 01:02:30.190 A:middle L:90% and here you can see Krul's career if it turned 986 01:02:30.190 --> 01:02:32.599 A:middle L:90% to Aaliyah. After Princeton University, she went back 987 01:02:32.599 --> 01:02:37.630 A:middle L:90% to Turkey as her cities and projects shows. From 988 01:02:37.630 --> 01:02:43.480 A:middle L:90% 1970 to 1981 she translated her architectural background from the 989 01:02:43.480 --> 01:02:45.869 A:middle L:90% Middle East Technical University and Princeton University. Into her 990 01:02:45.880 --> 01:02:50.269 A:middle L:90% career, she worked on urban, urban and regional 991 01:02:50.269 --> 01:02:52.809 A:middle L:90% planning in Turkey. In addition to this. She 992 01:02:52.809 --> 01:02:55.500 A:middle L:90% continued her academic studies and career, obtaining my PhD 993 01:02:55.510 --> 01:03:00.010 A:middle L:90% degree and promoting to a state professorship and continued her 994 01:03:00.019 --> 01:03:04.090 A:middle L:90% Internation Scholar studies as O. E. C D 995 01:03:04.090 --> 01:03:07.260 A:middle L:90% . Research and travel fellow in Europe and at Center 996 01:03:07.260 --> 01:03:13.699 A:middle L:90% for Energy and Environmental Studies at Princeton University. 1981 997 01:03:13.699 --> 01:03:15.800 A:middle L:90% was another turning point of her career. She began 998 01:03:15.800 --> 01:03:25.219 A:middle L:90% to work for the United Nations between 1981 and 1980 999 01:03:25.699 --> 01:03:30.349 A:middle L:90% seven. She conducted projects for the organs for this 1000 01:03:30.360 --> 01:03:34.780 A:middle L:90% organization in Nairobi, then was transferred to its headquarters 1001 01:03:34.789 --> 01:03:39.030 A:middle L:90% in New York City in 1987 mhm at the U 1002 01:03:39.030 --> 01:03:42.210 A:middle L:90% . N. As a woman architect, she began 1003 01:03:42.210 --> 01:03:45.159 A:middle L:90% to concentrate on women's issues and work for the Organization 1004 01:03:45.170 --> 01:03:49.280 A:middle L:90% of the Third World Conference of Woman, which our 1005 01:03:49.280 --> 01:03:52.030 A:middle L:90% colleagues in Nairobi. This conference underlined the role of 1006 01:03:52.039 --> 01:03:55.820 A:middle L:90% women in development and an effort to establish a new 1007 01:03:55.820 --> 01:04:00.599 A:middle L:90% international economic order based on equity. It might have 1008 01:04:00.599 --> 01:04:04.050 A:middle L:90% said that she could gain gain a much better exposure 1009 01:04:04.050 --> 01:04:09.849 A:middle L:90% to international world in relation to woman issues and urbanization 1010 01:04:09.860 --> 01:04:14.260 A:middle L:90% in that period, in terms of woman is just 1011 01:04:14.269 --> 01:04:16.519 A:middle L:90% her publications began to appear in the beginning of 19 1012 01:04:16.519 --> 01:04:20.989 A:middle L:90% nineties in 1992 in her published texts. She points 1013 01:04:21.000 --> 01:04:25.250 A:middle L:90% out the contributions of the construction sector to the labor 1014 01:04:25.250 --> 01:04:30.300 A:middle L:90% force in developing countries and criticizes gender based handicaps in 1015 01:04:30.300 --> 01:04:34.659 A:middle L:90% this field. Finally, in 1996 her major architectural 1016 01:04:34.659 --> 01:04:39.019 A:middle L:90% field became appearing in her career and she acted as 1017 01:04:39.019 --> 01:04:41.289 A:middle L:90% one of the key people. Keep people behind the 1018 01:04:41.289 --> 01:04:45.079 A:middle L:90% habitat. Sure Istanbul International Conference In relation to Urban 1019 01:04:45.079 --> 01:04:49.539 A:middle L:90% Settlements, this organization brought into focus decentralization of the 1020 01:04:49.550 --> 01:04:53.590 A:middle L:90% government, the Internet, the importance of non government 1021 01:04:53.599 --> 01:04:58.309 A:middle L:90% organizations, local governments and the importance of woman issues 1022 01:04:59.690 --> 01:05:02.170 A:middle L:90% after it is international conference. She also played a 1023 01:05:02.170 --> 01:05:06.340 A:middle L:90% significant role in the organization of crosstown 1 16, 1024 01:05:06.349 --> 01:05:11.360 A:middle L:90% bringing Habitat to home from Istanbul to Harlem in collaboration 1025 01:05:11.360 --> 01:05:15.090 A:middle L:90% with Robert Kiddies in the United States. And with 1026 01:05:15.090 --> 01:05:17.920 A:middle L:90% this effort, she was awarded by Space Special Citation 1027 01:05:17.929 --> 01:05:20.719 A:middle L:90% , American Institute of Architects, New York chapter in 1028 01:05:20.719 --> 01:05:27.710 A:middle L:90% 1919 70. Although she retired at the U. 1029 01:05:27.710 --> 01:05:30.639 A:middle L:90% N. In 2000 and five, she continued her 1030 01:05:30.639 --> 01:05:33.309 A:middle L:90% work and projects on woman and urban planning in an 1031 01:05:33.320 --> 01:05:36.800 A:middle L:90% activate In 2000 and six, she was awarded by 1032 01:05:36.800 --> 01:05:41.199 A:middle L:90% the Woman of Distinction Award by Symptoms International, New 1033 01:05:41.199 --> 01:05:44.960 A:middle L:90% York City, and in 2008 and 10, she 1034 01:05:44.960 --> 01:05:46.809 A:middle L:90% served as the president of his New York City chapter 1035 01:05:48.389 --> 01:05:53.679 A:middle L:90% . In addition, in 2008 she established a consortium 1036 01:05:53.679 --> 01:05:58.940 A:middle L:90% for sustainable organization in New York based nonprofit organization with 1037 01:05:58.940 --> 01:06:01.659 A:middle L:90% her colleagues. In the same period with her. 1038 01:06:01.670 --> 01:06:05.349 A:middle L:90% According to my academic research, a Turkish woman architects 1039 01:06:05.360 --> 01:06:09.300 A:middle L:90% came to the United States as well. Meryl is 1040 01:06:09.300 --> 01:06:12.949 A:middle L:90% scared. It can be assumed that her architectural endeavors 1041 01:06:12.960 --> 01:06:16.050 A:middle L:90% indicates another significant threshold for Turkish woman architects in the 1042 01:06:16.050 --> 01:06:19.800 A:middle L:90% United States in the 19 sixties. Coming to this 1043 01:06:19.800 --> 01:06:25.030 A:middle L:90% country with to escape her architect husband, she established 1044 01:06:25.039 --> 01:06:30.420 A:middle L:90% her own architectural office with her partners in 1999 and 1045 01:06:30.420 --> 01:06:33.090 A:middle L:90% still active as the practitioner in the professional world and 1046 01:06:33.099 --> 01:06:36.539 A:middle L:90% was elevated to the College of Fellows by American Institute 1047 01:06:36.539 --> 01:06:41.050 A:middle L:90% of Architects in 2016. In other words, the 1048 01:06:41.050 --> 01:06:45.050 A:middle L:90% process of our practice underlines how to be able to 1049 01:06:45.050 --> 01:06:47.179 A:middle L:90% survive in the professional world of the United States as 1050 01:06:47.179 --> 01:06:54.260 A:middle L:90% an architectural design practitioners in a successful way. Obtaining 1051 01:06:54.260 --> 01:06:57.900 A:middle L:90% her bachelor degree in architecture from Istanbul Technical University in 1052 01:06:57.900 --> 01:07:02.420 A:middle L:90% 1964 in 1969 she began her career in Silver Spring 1053 01:07:02.429 --> 01:07:05.730 A:middle L:90% and obtained her master degree in urban design from Catholic 1054 01:07:05.730 --> 01:07:11.570 A:middle L:90% University of America in 1974. Being the only woman 1055 01:07:11.579 --> 01:07:14.739 A:middle L:90% in her grass, there was no role model for 1056 01:07:14.739 --> 01:07:17.929 A:middle L:90% her at that time. In her email to me 1057 01:07:17.940 --> 01:07:23.599 A:middle L:90% in 2016, she expressed her experience entitled As follows 1058 01:07:24.079 --> 01:07:27.159 A:middle L:90% . This year I was elevated to college fellows. 1059 01:07:27.579 --> 01:07:30.619 A:middle L:90% I am sincerely proud of being a Turkish woman architects 1060 01:07:30.630 --> 01:07:34.130 A:middle L:90% as one of the partners in my profession, working 1061 01:07:34.139 --> 01:07:38.780 A:middle L:90% against to all of us and succeeding at the end 1062 01:07:38.789 --> 01:07:41.739 A:middle L:90% . Those years were so hard and so challenging. 1063 01:07:41.750 --> 01:07:45.280 A:middle L:90% In this country, discrimination was so teak they ended 1064 01:07:45.289 --> 01:07:48.289 A:middle L:90% up passing the love to protect women in the business 1065 01:07:48.300 --> 01:07:54.130 A:middle L:90% during those years, and here you see some architectural 1066 01:07:54.130 --> 01:07:58.210 A:middle L:90% projects and buildings designed by her and her partners. 1067 01:07:59.280 --> 01:08:01.659 A:middle L:90% Finally, we business a Turkish woman architects as the 1068 01:08:01.659 --> 01:08:05.000 A:middle L:90% principles of her own architecture office in New York City 1069 01:08:05.010 --> 01:08:08.989 A:middle L:90% in the second half of the 19 nineties, Bowen 1070 01:08:09.000 --> 01:08:12.429 A:middle L:90% Caravan, as she expressed in her book Ground Law 1071 01:08:12.440 --> 01:08:15.260 A:middle L:90% In 2010, she was enrolled in American College, 1072 01:08:15.270 --> 01:08:18.409 A:middle L:90% and then candidate possesses a boarding school for girls in 1073 01:08:18.420 --> 01:08:23.010 A:middle L:90% Istanbul, beginning her higher education at the Middle East 1074 01:08:23.010 --> 01:08:26.500 A:middle L:90% Technical University. She wanted to become a mathematician. 1075 01:08:26.970 --> 01:08:30.710 A:middle L:90% Then she one jump Canada secular ship with her study 1076 01:08:30.710 --> 01:08:32.079 A:middle L:90% on the art of mathematics, came to the Stony 1077 01:08:32.079 --> 01:08:35.460 A:middle L:90% Brook University, and she was only two woman students 1078 01:08:35.470 --> 01:08:39.859 A:middle L:90% in the Department of Mathematics. Then she decided to 1079 01:08:39.859 --> 01:08:43.399 A:middle L:90% be an architect and begin her architectural education at Columbia 1080 01:08:43.399 --> 01:08:46.699 A:middle L:90% University. In 1977 she obtained her master degree in 1081 01:08:46.710 --> 01:08:50.800 A:middle L:90% architecture from Columbia University and was awarded by the American 1082 01:08:50.810 --> 01:08:56.529 A:middle L:90% Institute of Architects Student award for Excellence in Architectural education 1083 01:08:56.539 --> 01:09:01.979 A:middle L:90% in the same year. In her book in 2010 1084 01:09:02.000 --> 01:09:04.289 A:middle L:90% , she wrote that context. Children's um was the 1085 01:09:04.289 --> 01:09:09.180 A:middle L:90% operative word of her architectural education at Columbia University. 1086 01:09:09.569 --> 01:09:12.619 A:middle L:90% In the 19 in the 19 seventies, the complex 1087 01:09:12.619 --> 01:09:15.960 A:middle L:90% world of architectural history, inclusion of Eastern influences in 1088 01:09:15.970 --> 01:09:21.859 A:middle L:90% architecture, Renaissance painting, social responsibility and tectonic explorations 1089 01:09:21.869 --> 01:09:27.590 A:middle L:90% of materials were significant parts of her architecture education, 1090 01:09:27.600 --> 01:09:31.000 A:middle L:90% which is architectural education. Her words in Italy during 1091 01:09:31.000 --> 01:09:34.750 A:middle L:90% her partnership with Michael Shorting and her early travels to 1092 01:09:34.750 --> 01:09:40.460 A:middle L:90% the historical places of Turkey have significant influences on her 1093 01:09:40.460 --> 01:09:44.489 A:middle L:90% simply use of materials and expression of the building purpose 1094 01:09:45.970 --> 01:09:48.029 A:middle L:90% . Here you see the historic preservation projects of the 1095 01:09:48.039 --> 01:09:51.449 A:middle L:90% Article Man Library at Corner Leader sit by her architecture 1096 01:09:51.460 --> 01:09:55.270 A:middle L:90% office, as she wrote in her book, this 1097 01:09:55.270 --> 01:09:58.239 A:middle L:90% project is a clear expressions of the relevance of her 1098 01:09:58.250 --> 01:10:00.819 A:middle L:90% architecture. Education at Columbia University in the 19 seventies 1099 01:10:00.829 --> 01:10:03.399 A:middle L:90% and the small, fragile residents as a part of 1100 01:10:03.409 --> 01:10:06.789 A:middle L:90% the meat Hermoso town complex by architects. None in 1101 01:10:06.800 --> 01:10:13.229 A:middle L:90% Istanbul. Yeah, and this is her another historic 1102 01:10:13.229 --> 01:10:16.029 A:middle L:90% preservation Gintare building cast iron facade restoration. And this 1103 01:10:16.029 --> 01:10:18.789 A:middle L:90% is a word by Preservation League of New York State 1104 01:10:18.800 --> 01:10:24.189 A:middle L:90% Award for Excellence in History Preservation, and this brings 1105 01:10:24.199 --> 01:10:26.380 A:middle L:90% us to the end of the final section of my 1106 01:10:26.380 --> 01:10:32.340 A:middle L:90% presentation. In conclusion, this woman architects from the 1107 01:10:32.340 --> 01:10:36.060 A:middle L:90% Republic of Turkey to the United States shows us how 1108 01:10:36.069 --> 01:10:41.270 A:middle L:90% encounters between different countries, societies and cultures could produce 1109 01:10:41.279 --> 01:10:45.430 A:middle L:90% creative potentials of women, although most of them clearly 1110 01:10:45.439 --> 01:10:48.380 A:middle L:90% expressed gender politics as one of the crucial problems in 1111 01:10:48.380 --> 01:10:54.609 A:middle L:90% the earliest of their Kurdish, secondly, they could 1112 01:10:54.619 --> 01:10:58.600 A:middle L:90% tear down some educational and professional limitations, face their 1113 01:10:58.600 --> 01:11:01.649 A:middle L:90% home country and could integrate their potentials into the modern 1114 01:11:01.659 --> 01:11:05.520 A:middle L:90% and contemporary architectural context of the United States and its 1115 01:11:05.520 --> 01:11:10.880 A:middle L:90% professional world. By working with professors and professional partners 1116 01:11:10.960 --> 01:11:15.649 A:middle L:90% from various cultural backgrounds, Charlie is part of their 1117 01:11:15.649 --> 01:11:19.050 A:middle L:90% challenge in education. In their professional career. They 1118 01:11:19.060 --> 01:11:23.430 A:middle L:90% could survive in their career, and as I expressed 1119 01:11:23.439 --> 01:11:25.899 A:middle L:90% . Some of them were many hours in the United 1120 01:11:25.899 --> 01:11:30.380 A:middle L:90% States for their contributions to their fields for the their 1121 01:11:30.380 --> 01:11:34.369 A:middle L:90% professional career, Paths also implied half a woman Arctic 1122 01:11:34.760 --> 01:11:39.350 A:middle L:90% can conduct her architecture in an alternative way and can 1123 01:11:39.350 --> 01:11:42.789 A:middle L:90% play a significant role in architecture through various way. 1124 01:11:42.800 --> 01:11:45.960 A:middle L:90% In other words, they didn't specialize in the field 1125 01:11:45.970 --> 01:11:48.949 A:middle L:90% of interior design or domestic architecture, which are mostly 1126 01:11:48.960 --> 01:11:55.100 A:middle L:90% acceptable for women, architects, occupational fields and 50 1127 01:11:55.180 --> 01:11:58.319 A:middle L:90% . The case of Aaliyah and Merrill shows us they 1128 01:11:58.329 --> 01:12:01.829 A:middle L:90% could conduct their own practice, although they merited architects 1129 01:12:01.840 --> 01:12:04.890 A:middle L:90% . And they didn't sacrifice their own architecture in order 1130 01:12:04.890 --> 01:12:09.619 A:middle L:90% to support or promote their architects, spouses and rejected 1131 01:12:09.630 --> 01:12:12.670 A:middle L:90% . Being obliged to live according to the stereotypical way 1132 01:12:12.750 --> 01:12:17.170 A:middle L:90% with gender ideology dictates to some woman professionals is a 1133 01:12:17.170 --> 01:12:20.199 A:middle L:90% part of this fact. Some leading schools of architecture 1134 01:12:20.199 --> 01:12:24.170 A:middle L:90% in the Republic of Turkey and, as I understood 1135 01:12:24.180 --> 01:12:26.550 A:middle L:90% in the United States, seems to be a way 1136 01:12:26.560 --> 01:12:30.239 A:middle L:90% to recognize their gender and woman history, such as 1137 01:12:30.250 --> 01:12:33.939 A:middle L:90% Istanbul Technical University, Middle East Technical University and Princeton 1138 01:12:33.949 --> 01:12:39.670 A:middle L:90% University. Like some feminist architecture historians on Turkish woman 1139 01:12:39.680 --> 01:12:42.539 A:middle L:90% architects and the post war period, as I expressed 1140 01:12:42.550 --> 01:12:45.539 A:middle L:90% in the beginning of my presentation, however, a 1141 01:12:45.539 --> 01:12:49.369 A:middle L:90% multiple perspective on women and gender issues in architecture. 1142 01:12:49.380 --> 01:12:53.810 A:middle L:90% Whether they are from Turkey or not might be a 1143 01:12:53.810 --> 01:12:57.439 A:middle L:90% way of new understanding of the potentials of cross cultural 1144 01:12:57.439 --> 01:13:01.000 A:middle L:90% dialogues and the crucial importance of gender equality. Not 1145 01:13:01.010 --> 01:13:04.109 A:middle L:90% only for the past lot. Further today. Thank 1146 01:13:04.109 --> 01:13:19.340 A:middle L:90% you. Time to progression. Okay, So in 1147 01:13:19.340 --> 01:13:24.880 A:middle L:90% this discussion, you've been speaking about how these Turkish 1148 01:13:25.449 --> 01:13:28.239 A:middle L:90% women are moving into the U. S. But 1149 01:13:28.250 --> 01:13:30.789 A:middle L:90% in your research, have you seen evidence that people 1150 01:13:30.789 --> 01:13:33.800 A:middle L:90% from Turkey are also moving to other countries in Europe 1151 01:13:33.800 --> 01:13:36.920 A:middle L:90% ? Where is it largely into the great since my 1152 01:13:36.920 --> 01:13:41.079 A:middle L:90% academic ladder? As for the ladder, Okay. 1153 01:13:41.750 --> 01:13:46.560 A:middle L:90% Uhh. These Turkish women architects are moving into the 1154 01:13:46.560 --> 01:13:50.439 A:middle L:90% United States to continue their professional careers. Have you 1155 01:13:50.439 --> 01:13:54.319 A:middle L:90% seen in your research that they are also moving into 1156 01:13:54.319 --> 01:13:56.840 A:middle L:90% European countries or other places? Where is it? 1157 01:13:56.840 --> 01:14:00.880 A:middle L:90% Largely the United States? In my academic research project 1158 01:14:00.890 --> 01:14:02.859 A:middle L:90% , I will focus on, in particular United States 1159 01:14:02.859 --> 01:14:06.220 A:middle L:90% to draw. My friends in released my research problem 1160 01:14:06.229 --> 01:14:10.329 A:middle L:90% . But during my Academic Research Project project, of 1161 01:14:10.329 --> 01:14:13.189 A:middle L:90% course, I contact the chambers of architects of Turkey 1162 01:14:13.189 --> 01:14:15.590 A:middle L:90% in particular, uh, to ask them, um 1163 01:14:15.600 --> 01:14:17.850 A:middle L:90% , is there any? Of course, there are 1164 01:14:17.859 --> 01:14:20.890 A:middle L:90% many Turkish woman architects outside the United States, Europe 1165 01:14:20.899 --> 01:14:24.529 A:middle L:90% or the other parts of the world. Unfortunately, 1166 01:14:24.529 --> 01:14:28.260 A:middle L:90% one of the significant planning of my academic research project 1167 01:14:28.270 --> 01:14:31.189 A:middle L:90% , the chambers of architects of Turkey have no documentation 1168 01:14:31.270 --> 01:14:38.149 A:middle L:90% because the data or information on Turkish woman architects outside 1169 01:14:38.159 --> 01:14:46.699 A:middle L:90% the turkey at least a question I have is a 1170 01:14:46.710 --> 01:14:49.720 A:middle L:90% researcher. I'm curious. How did you find the 1171 01:14:49.720 --> 01:14:53.989 A:middle L:90% is women? Can you talk about research methods? 1172 01:14:54.000 --> 01:14:56.619 A:middle L:90% It's a kind of miracle for me, to be 1173 01:14:56.630 --> 01:15:00.529 A:middle L:90% honest, because when I was a research scholar at 1174 01:15:00.529 --> 01:15:04.310 A:middle L:90% Columbia University for my PhD dissertation research, first of 1175 01:15:04.310 --> 01:15:08.899 A:middle L:90% all, I contacted Robert Hilliard to talk about design 1176 01:15:08.899 --> 01:15:11.920 A:middle L:90% , architect and client relationship. And so, and 1177 01:15:11.920 --> 01:15:15.380 A:middle L:90% he suggested that there is a Turkish architects in his 1178 01:15:15.390 --> 01:15:18.579 A:middle L:90% office in New York meeting Cherokee, Met in Chile 1179 01:15:18.590 --> 01:15:21.800 A:middle L:90% is the husband of the earlier. But I had 1180 01:15:21.800 --> 01:15:26.859 A:middle L:90% no idea that meeting has, um, maintenance as 1181 01:15:27.539 --> 01:15:30.050 A:middle L:90% wife is a first ignited from business At that time 1182 01:15:30.439 --> 01:15:33.880 A:middle L:90% , when I came to MIT while conducting my academic 1183 01:15:33.880 --> 01:15:39.710 A:middle L:90% research, I contacted meeting again because he is a 1184 01:15:39.710 --> 01:15:43.520 A:middle L:90% well experienced architects in the United States. In my 1185 01:15:43.520 --> 01:15:45.210 A:middle L:90% first phone call, she he said that Mary, 1186 01:15:45.210 --> 01:15:48.829 A:middle L:90% I'd rather than me I think that my wife, 1187 01:15:48.840 --> 01:15:54.029 A:middle L:90% Ali, could be very helpful for you. Then 1188 01:15:54.039 --> 01:15:57.909 A:middle L:90% I called her and, you know, first conversation 1189 01:15:57.920 --> 01:16:00.319 A:middle L:90% , a full conversation. She said that I am 1190 01:16:00.319 --> 01:16:03.069 A:middle L:90% the first woman architectural prints here is it's a cup 1191 01:16:03.069 --> 01:16:08.909 A:middle L:90% of architecture. Mhm. And then I was put 1192 01:16:08.920 --> 01:16:13.409 A:middle L:90% her in New York City many times. And I 1193 01:16:13.409 --> 01:16:16.750 A:middle L:90% would like to express her for her help because she 1194 01:16:16.760 --> 01:16:20.729 A:middle L:90% immediately responded to my academic research questions. And she 1195 01:16:20.729 --> 01:16:27.130 A:middle L:90% shared shared first and materials and information immediately. And 1196 01:16:27.140 --> 01:16:30.239 A:middle L:90% it's very important, I think, while conducting studies 1197 01:16:30.239 --> 01:16:43.020 A:middle L:90% on women in architecture. Have a question about the 1198 01:16:43.029 --> 01:16:50.489 A:middle L:90% woman Mhm Callahan, who's teaching at New York. 1199 01:16:50.500 --> 01:16:56.560 A:middle L:90% Correct? Yes. Um, has she, um 1200 01:16:58.130 --> 01:17:02.199 A:middle L:90% , does she have a report from how the status 1201 01:17:02.199 --> 01:17:04.770 A:middle L:90% of, uh, what you're talking about at the 1202 01:17:04.779 --> 01:17:08.590 A:middle L:90% level of an educational environment? Not necessarily that she 1203 01:17:08.590 --> 01:17:12.920 A:middle L:90% has to teach a course about women's architects, but 1204 01:17:12.930 --> 01:17:15.909 A:middle L:90% does she have a report about about what might happen 1205 01:17:15.909 --> 01:17:20.390 A:middle L:90% in her school or, uh, with Bianca? 1206 01:17:20.399 --> 01:17:25.109 A:middle L:90% I could meet only at one time, because she 1207 01:17:25.109 --> 01:17:29.000 A:middle L:90% had a busy schedule in her architectural office and, 1208 01:17:29.010 --> 01:17:33.020 A:middle L:90% uh, schools. So she only shared her published 1209 01:17:33.020 --> 01:17:35.819 A:middle L:90% books with me, and we told woman issues in 1210 01:17:35.829 --> 01:17:43.359 A:middle L:90% general and she talked about some problems with woman's in 1211 01:17:43.359 --> 01:17:46.850 A:middle L:90% the United States architecture and in Turkish architecture. Um 1212 01:17:47.399 --> 01:17:51.180 A:middle L:90% , in my academic research projects, I talk. 1213 01:17:51.189 --> 01:17:55.039 A:middle L:90% I could talk in detail, to be honest with 1214 01:17:55.050 --> 01:17:59.250 A:middle L:90% Aaliyah because she has times. And, uh, 1215 01:17:59.260 --> 01:18:02.750 A:middle L:90% she was very generous to share many informations with me 1216 01:18:03.720 --> 01:18:05.729 A:middle L:90% . I'm just curious because we're so fortunate to have 1217 01:18:05.729 --> 01:18:08.939 A:middle L:90% the archive here. And our students also have direct 1218 01:18:08.939 --> 01:18:11.850 A:middle L:90% access to it, as everyone can. But, 1219 01:18:12.420 --> 01:18:14.880 A:middle L:90% you know, these people have such remarkable stories and 1220 01:18:14.890 --> 01:18:17.239 A:middle L:90% those that are also teaching. You wonder how How 1221 01:18:17.239 --> 01:18:19.579 A:middle L:90% does that work? How can they make progress in 1222 01:18:19.579 --> 01:18:21.500 A:middle L:90% that world? Or do they take that up? 1223 01:18:21.510 --> 01:18:24.579 A:middle L:90% And how do they pick that up? Because it's 1224 01:18:24.579 --> 01:18:27.210 A:middle L:90% difficult to do that. Even if it's difficult to 1225 01:18:27.210 --> 01:18:30.970 A:middle L:90% the world is also difficult in the school after these 1226 01:18:30.970 --> 01:18:33.279 A:middle L:90% simple as you. Maybe I should meet her again 1227 01:18:33.289 --> 01:18:36.439 A:middle L:90% to talk about this is shoes. Thank you. 1228 01:18:39.119 --> 01:18:43.359 A:middle L:90% Uh huh. Thank you very much. Meaningful is 1229 01:18:43.359 --> 01:18:46.500 A:middle L:90% the expensive presentation. And I have a question to 1230 01:18:46.500 --> 01:18:51.840 A:middle L:90% you since you've collected so much material of absolute value 1231 01:18:51.850 --> 01:18:56.239 A:middle L:90% and it is online right now on your website. 1232 01:18:56.250 --> 01:18:59.640 A:middle L:90% Do you have publishing plants? Uh, in regards 1233 01:18:59.640 --> 01:19:02.609 A:middle L:90% of a book or new volumes on the topic because 1234 01:19:02.619 --> 01:19:06.140 A:middle L:90% it is just a drug screen season. Thank you 1235 01:19:06.140 --> 01:19:10.020 A:middle L:90% for this question. As soon as I completed my 1236 01:19:10.029 --> 01:19:14.899 A:middle L:90% research, I contacted Sam. Uh, I shared 1237 01:19:14.909 --> 01:19:16.479 A:middle L:90% first of all, the biography is all of this 1238 01:19:16.479 --> 01:19:21.789 A:middle L:90% woman architects I reached in my research academic research projects 1239 01:19:21.800 --> 01:19:27.850 A:middle L:90% . And in addition to this, um, eye 1240 01:19:27.850 --> 01:19:31.460 A:middle L:90% contact with Beverly architecture foundations. They have digital archives 1241 01:19:31.470 --> 01:19:34.600 A:middle L:90% as well. And I shared my, uh, 1242 01:19:34.609 --> 01:19:40.350 A:middle L:90% biographies of this woman with them as well. And 1243 01:19:41.020 --> 01:19:45.010 A:middle L:90% I was Beverly Villas in Connecticut and we talked together 1244 01:19:45.020 --> 01:19:47.840 A:middle L:90% and in the near features, not yet. But 1245 01:19:47.840 --> 01:19:49.770 A:middle L:90% in the near future, of course, I would 1246 01:19:49.770 --> 01:19:54.699 A:middle L:90% like to share these materials as online's, uh, 1247 01:19:54.710 --> 01:19:57.529 A:middle L:90% for instance, for, uh, with a woman 1248 01:19:57.539 --> 01:20:00.329 A:middle L:90% , any woman is institutions in the United States or 1249 01:20:00.409 --> 01:20:03.739 A:middle L:90% archived digital archives on loan issues. I will be 1250 01:20:03.750 --> 01:20:06.760 A:middle L:90% very happy to share with this material. Of course 1251 01:20:06.760 --> 01:20:13.310 A:middle L:90% , with the permissions of this woman's architects, I 1252 01:20:13.310 --> 01:20:15.199 A:middle L:90% have a comment and a question also, thanks to 1253 01:20:15.210 --> 01:20:20.039 A:middle L:90% thank you under for his intervention. Yeah. Oh 1254 01:20:20.909 --> 01:20:26.890 A:middle L:90% , New York Institute of Technology. Obviously, schools 1255 01:20:26.899 --> 01:20:31.420 A:middle L:90% and countries go through periods of history, the Republican 1256 01:20:31.430 --> 01:20:35.710 A:middle L:90% era in Turkey future but also unique period, obviously 1257 01:20:35.720 --> 01:20:40.720 A:middle L:90% for money. Uh, but New York Institute of 1258 01:20:41.010 --> 01:20:45.710 A:middle L:90% Technology is one of not one of our founding collection 1259 01:20:45.720 --> 01:20:48.670 A:middle L:90% on Shoulder Han came to the New York Institute of 1260 01:20:48.680 --> 01:20:56.260 A:middle L:90% Technology and established the interior design program there, of 1261 01:20:56.260 --> 01:21:00.869 A:middle L:90% course, for her interior design and design, per 1262 01:21:00.869 --> 01:21:03.439 A:middle L:90% se was not separated from any of the other fields 1263 01:21:03.449 --> 01:21:06.960 A:middle L:90% because she grew up the resident there, all that 1264 01:21:06.970 --> 01:21:11.920 A:middle L:90% her own told us for all that was possible. 1265 01:21:11.930 --> 01:21:14.920 A:middle L:90% But my question goes back to the first woman who 1266 01:21:14.920 --> 01:21:21.529 A:middle L:90% spoke out. We worked at the office for yes 1267 01:21:21.539 --> 01:21:26.569 A:middle L:90% , yes, to the left. I wondered if 1268 01:21:26.579 --> 01:21:32.010 A:middle L:90% you could comment since you used as a reference the 1269 01:21:32.020 --> 01:21:38.289 A:middle L:90% auto sanitorium primal and then her project. You see 1270 01:21:38.289 --> 01:21:40.319 A:middle L:90% it? Of course I'm a little distant comment. 1271 01:21:40.329 --> 01:21:45.859 A:middle L:90% But can you comment a little if you notice her 1272 01:21:45.859 --> 01:21:49.149 A:middle L:90% touch in her project or something that she gained? 1273 01:21:49.159 --> 01:21:54.310 A:middle L:90% Obviously from here there are many similarities in the first 1274 01:21:54.310 --> 01:21:58.470 A:middle L:90% plan, but I wondered if you observe something in 1275 01:21:58.470 --> 01:22:02.470 A:middle L:90% that because the reference with the project is such a 1276 01:22:02.479 --> 01:22:05.539 A:middle L:90% good time. Uh, at M i t. 1277 01:22:05.550 --> 01:22:11.760 A:middle L:90% When I visited the Stanford Anderson while conducting my academic 1278 01:22:11.770 --> 01:22:15.770 A:middle L:90% project and when I could reach the generous master Tess's 1279 01:22:15.779 --> 01:22:18.149 A:middle L:90% with our alto. First of all, I visited 1280 01:22:18.149 --> 01:22:24.430 A:middle L:90% it. Sanford Anderson I shared with information her master 1281 01:22:24.430 --> 01:22:29.039 A:middle L:90% Tess's of are also and tuberculosis Sanitarium projects in Istanbul 1282 01:22:29.050 --> 01:22:31.810 A:middle L:90% with drawings. And as soon as seeing this master 1283 01:22:31.810 --> 01:22:35.800 A:middle L:90% tests and the project Stanford Anderson, during my attention 1284 01:22:35.800 --> 01:22:41.640 A:middle L:90% to prime a sanitarium. Merrill. Our Altos has 1285 01:22:41.649 --> 01:22:47.420 A:middle L:90% a sanatorium projects Primus Sanatorium. And he wrote these 1286 01:22:47.420 --> 01:22:53.000 A:middle L:90% materials together for this appointment. And on the tables 1287 01:22:53.010 --> 01:22:58.189 A:middle L:90% she shows this is the private sanitorium and with some 1288 01:22:58.199 --> 01:23:01.939 A:middle L:90% geometrical solutions and, uh, functional solutions. There 1289 01:23:01.939 --> 01:23:06.390 A:middle L:90% are some similarities between these two projects. First of 1290 01:23:06.390 --> 01:23:11.050 A:middle L:90% all, Stanford Anderson attention. And I would like 1291 01:23:11.050 --> 01:23:15.329 A:middle L:90% to express to him, Of course. Thanks. 1292 01:23:20.199 --> 01:23:29.600 A:middle L:90% Okay, thank you very much. There's some freshman 1293 01:23:30.020 --> 01:23:32.489 A:middle L:90% teal cookies. Uh, we're gonna have a very 1294 01:23:32.489 --> 01:23:36.930 A:middle L:90% short five minutes. Five minutes, 13 seconds long 1295 01:23:36.939 --> 01:23:42.850 A:middle L:90% . Uh, movie by the blog India and architecture 1296 01:23:43.300 --> 01:23:45.340 A:middle L:90% . I'm going to briefly introduce them, and then 1297 01:23:45.340 --> 01:23:47.390 A:middle L:90% we're gonna move on to our last, uh, 1298 01:23:47.399 --> 01:23:54.829 A:middle L:90% talk today by Christine Fallon. Okay, we're gonna 1299 01:23:54.840 --> 01:23:58.810 A:middle L:90% we're gonna start with the with the video. It's 1300 01:23:58.810 --> 01:24:00.489 A:middle L:90% a very short movie. As I was telling you 1301 01:24:00.500 --> 01:24:03.380 A:middle L:90% , uh, this is made by the blog India 1302 01:24:03.390 --> 01:24:06.510 A:middle L:90% on architecture, which translates to one day one architect 1303 01:24:06.520 --> 01:24:10.930 A:middle L:90% . It's a blog, uh, composed of over 1304 01:24:10.930 --> 01:24:15.930 A:middle L:90% 30 uh, men and women from Spanish speaking countries 1305 01:24:15.930 --> 01:24:20.020 A:middle L:90% in South America and in Europe who got together, 1306 01:24:20.390 --> 01:24:25.560 A:middle L:90% um, to start this blog that publishes every day 1307 01:24:25.560 --> 01:24:29.340 A:middle L:90% the work of a woman architect. They've been doing 1308 01:24:29.340 --> 01:24:33.220 A:middle L:90% this for two seasons already. They're starting the third 1309 01:24:33.220 --> 01:24:36.520 A:middle L:90% one pretty soon, and they have kept with it 1310 01:24:36.529 --> 01:24:41.720 A:middle L:90% everyday publishing, biography and images of the work of 1311 01:24:41.729 --> 01:24:45.470 A:middle L:90% different women around around the world with, of course 1312 01:24:45.470 --> 01:24:47.500 A:middle L:90% , the I W A group which some of them 1313 01:24:47.500 --> 01:24:53.119 A:middle L:90% are sitting back there. Um, they have we 1314 01:24:53.119 --> 01:24:57.340 A:middle L:90% have collaborated with them, uh, this past year 1315 01:24:57.350 --> 01:25:01.119 A:middle L:90% , Um, for the, um Milka Bliznakov research 1316 01:25:01.119 --> 01:25:05.529 A:middle L:90% price, we had to awards one for Tanya Popular 1317 01:25:05.529 --> 01:25:08.859 A:middle L:90% Reuter and the other one was for the blog. 1318 01:25:09.039 --> 01:25:11.569 A:middle L:90% And so one of the people of the blog came 1319 01:25:11.579 --> 01:25:14.840 A:middle L:90% in September and did research on the archive to use 1320 01:25:14.840 --> 01:25:17.020 A:middle L:90% the material of the archive to write entries for the 1321 01:25:17.020 --> 01:25:20.779 A:middle L:90% blog. Um, they decided this year, this 1322 01:25:20.779 --> 01:25:28.409 A:middle L:90% coming series to do it bilingual bilingual entries. So 1323 01:25:28.409 --> 01:25:30.310 A:middle L:90% until now, it has only been in Spanish, 1324 01:25:30.310 --> 01:25:31.890 A:middle L:90% and they have a very large following. But They're 1325 01:25:31.890 --> 01:25:34.670 A:middle L:90% starting now with bilingual, um, entries. So 1326 01:25:34.670 --> 01:25:39.090 A:middle L:90% with a group we have already written, I believe 1327 01:25:39.100 --> 01:25:41.310 A:middle L:90% for entries that are going to be posted in this 1328 01:25:41.310 --> 01:25:44.470 A:middle L:90% next, uh, cycle, uh, of women 1329 01:25:44.470 --> 01:25:45.729 A:middle L:90% that we have already in the archive. And we 1330 01:25:45.739 --> 01:25:50.750 A:middle L:90% hope to continue to support that that project. So 1331 01:25:50.760 --> 01:25:53.779 A:middle L:90% , uh, one of them was gonna come to 1332 01:25:53.779 --> 01:25:55.739 A:middle L:90% present for the symposium, but they couldn't make it 1333 01:25:55.739 --> 01:25:58.489 A:middle L:90% , so they put together five of them put together 1334 01:25:58.489 --> 01:26:00.539 A:middle L:90% this little, um, video. It's a five 1335 01:26:00.539 --> 01:26:03.579 A:middle L:90% minute video. Five. Yeah, well, I'm 1336 01:26:03.579 --> 01:26:08.800 A:middle L:90% here. It's 5. 51 long about the project 1337 01:26:09.279 --> 01:26:55.439 A:middle L:90% . Have you? Okay. Mhm the property or 1338 01:26:55.439 --> 01:27:00.060 A:middle L:90% receiving itself? Essentially. So I only got policy 1339 01:27:00.060 --> 01:28:34.500 A:middle L:90% and translated. And the media? Uh huh. 1340 01:28:47.369 --> 01:31:45.560 A:middle L:90% Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. Yeah. 1341 01:31:46.859 --> 01:31:55.369 A:middle L:90% Now, yeah. So you can visit. Here's 1342 01:31:55.380 --> 01:32:00.659 A:middle L:90% that's the, uh the what? The website. 1343 01:32:00.250 --> 01:32:03.619 A:middle L:90% Um, but you can search it? Yes. 1344 01:32:03.630 --> 01:32:06.090 A:middle L:90% One. The Indian architect to and the nice thing 1345 01:32:06.090 --> 01:32:10.180 A:middle L:90% in their blog also is that they share the list 1346 01:32:10.180 --> 01:32:12.659 A:middle L:90% of all the women that they have posted. So 1347 01:32:12.659 --> 01:32:15.079 A:middle L:90% you can go through, you know, scroll backward 1348 01:32:15.079 --> 01:32:15.869 A:middle L:90% on the on the blog. But you can also 1349 01:32:15.869 --> 01:32:19.079 A:middle L:90% see the list of the 571. Women? Yeah 1350 01:32:19.649 --> 01:32:21.569 A:middle L:90% . What are they doing in there? Illinois. 1351 01:32:23.550 --> 01:32:27.100 A:middle L:90% This is a very important piece of research that where 1352 01:32:27.100 --> 01:32:30.670 A:middle L:90% they are coming, well, they have. Their 1353 01:32:30.670 --> 01:32:33.220 A:middle L:90% work is all digital. It's the blog. So 1354 01:32:33.229 --> 01:32:40.090 A:middle L:90% they've been They created this book, right? But 1355 01:32:40.100 --> 01:32:45.619 A:middle L:90% they I think that they bring together all these resources 1356 01:32:45.630 --> 01:32:47.340 A:middle L:90% . So, like we are listed in their blog 1357 01:32:47.340 --> 01:32:50.609 A:middle L:90% is one of the resources that provides information for for 1358 01:32:50.609 --> 01:32:54.600 A:middle L:90% their entries. And they have various others, and 1359 01:32:54.600 --> 01:32:57.350 A:middle L:90% they hold this digitally. So the blog is basically 1360 01:32:57.350 --> 01:33:00.210 A:middle L:90% there. Their archives. They did one publication of 1361 01:33:00.220 --> 01:33:01.920 A:middle L:90% 50 that they brought a copy of the book. 1362 01:33:01.930 --> 01:33:05.529 A:middle L:90% When? When Florencia was here in September. Uh 1363 01:33:05.539 --> 01:33:10.899 A:middle L:90% , there's been conversations about using that information either to 1364 01:33:10.909 --> 01:33:13.920 A:middle L:90% , um, put it into Wikipedia. Because Wikipedia 1365 01:33:13.920 --> 01:33:16.319 A:middle L:90% is also very low in entries about women, uh 1366 01:33:16.329 --> 01:33:19.430 A:middle L:90% , in architecture, um, and or starting it 1367 01:33:19.439 --> 01:33:23.909 A:middle L:90% , uh, bilingual. The bilingual version so that 1368 01:33:23.909 --> 01:33:27.180 A:middle L:90% they can expand. Um, but they don't have 1369 01:33:27.270 --> 01:33:31.979 A:middle L:90% , like, a physical archives center. Yeah. 1370 01:33:33.350 --> 01:33:38.560 A:middle L:90% Yes. So, yes, we do have the 1371 01:33:38.560 --> 01:33:42.970 A:middle L:90% option within special collections do some web are private capture 1372 01:33:42.979 --> 01:33:45.109 A:middle L:90% . So in theory, if they were willing, 1373 01:33:45.119 --> 01:33:47.869 A:middle L:90% we could crawl their page and captures snapshots, dynamic 1374 01:33:47.869 --> 01:33:50.979 A:middle L:90% snapshots and put them in the new digital platforms. 1375 01:33:51.649 --> 01:33:55.090 A:middle L:90% Yes, I think that they're still trying to figure 1376 01:33:55.090 --> 01:33:57.659 A:middle L:90% out what they want to do because there's been. 1377 01:33:58.649 --> 01:34:00.409 A:middle L:90% We first presented their work two years ago for the 1378 01:34:00.420 --> 01:34:03.960 A:middle L:90% Congress, and it was the first round. Uh 1379 01:34:03.970 --> 01:34:05.539 A:middle L:90% , and so there were questions about Okay, are 1380 01:34:05.539 --> 01:34:06.970 A:middle L:90% you going to publish a book? Is just going 1381 01:34:06.970 --> 01:34:11.510 A:middle L:90% to become something that you know, a a physical 1382 01:34:11.510 --> 01:34:14.319 A:middle L:90% record of the of the effort. Um, and 1383 01:34:14.319 --> 01:34:15.699 A:middle L:90% they were not yet quite sure what they wanted to 1384 01:34:15.710 --> 01:34:18.340 A:middle L:90% do because there were these options, a book or 1385 01:34:18.350 --> 01:34:23.949 A:middle L:90% trying to push it towards Wikipedia or for strengthening their 1386 01:34:23.949 --> 01:34:26.949 A:middle L:90% own blog. And it seems now that they're moving 1387 01:34:26.960 --> 01:34:29.869 A:middle L:90% towards the strength, strengthening and growing their own blog 1388 01:34:30.239 --> 01:34:32.100 A:middle L:90% . Uh, but they still they are very active 1389 01:34:32.100 --> 01:34:34.479 A:middle L:90% and and they start their own initiatives, and they're 1390 01:34:34.479 --> 01:34:38.869 A:middle L:90% always present. Uh, and all the Wikipedia edit 1391 01:34:38.869 --> 01:34:42.279 A:middle L:90% a thons already Daytona's and all sorts of things trying 1392 01:34:42.279 --> 01:34:45.720 A:middle L:90% to publicize the work of women. And I think 1393 01:34:45.720 --> 01:34:47.100 A:middle L:90% that they also have listed the, uh, they 1394 01:34:47.100 --> 01:34:49.239 A:middle L:90% have published the list of the women that they have 1395 01:34:49.239 --> 01:34:53.750 A:middle L:90% already published, and the list that's coming up the 1396 01:34:53.750 --> 01:34:58.460 A:middle L:90% next 365. So talking about Okay. Any other 1397 01:34:59.039 --> 01:35:05.640 A:middle L:90% questions? No. Okay, we can then move 1398 01:35:05.640 --> 01:35:13.329 A:middle L:90% on to our last presenter of the day. If 1399 01:35:13.329 --> 01:35:20.470 A:middle L:90% I can find them available. Well, it's fresh 1400 01:35:20.470 --> 01:35:25.590 A:middle L:90% out of the oven. Well, I had a 1401 01:35:25.600 --> 01:35:28.420 A:middle L:90% file and they just put it on YouTube like a 1402 01:35:28.430 --> 01:35:30.060 A:middle L:90% day ago to make it easier to show rather than 1403 01:35:30.060 --> 01:35:31.970 A:middle L:90% to show it from my computer. But so it's 1404 01:35:31.970 --> 01:35:34.000 A:middle L:90% already in YouTube, and I can make it available 1405 01:35:34.000 --> 01:35:40.529 A:middle L:90% ? Certainly. So we're gonna start with the last 1406 01:35:40.539 --> 01:35:45.510 A:middle L:90% presentation of the day and the symposium. Okay. 1407 01:35:45.520 --> 01:35:47.319 A:middle L:90% Christine Fallon is a fellow of the American Institute of 1408 01:35:47.319 --> 01:35:51.119 A:middle L:90% Architects and an innovator and applying information technology to design 1409 01:35:51.119 --> 01:35:56.460 A:middle L:90% construction and capital asset management. Since the 19 seventies 1410 01:35:56.840 --> 01:36:00.380 A:middle L:90% , she founded Christine Felon Associates Inc in 1993. 1411 01:36:00.390 --> 01:36:02.840 A:middle L:90% She possesses a keen insight and consistent track record, 1412 01:36:02.840 --> 01:36:08.640 A:middle L:90% investigating and implementing strategies to help owner organizations with large 1413 01:36:08.640 --> 01:36:12.850 A:middle L:90% capital programs create new or improve existing technology systems with 1414 01:36:12.850 --> 01:36:15.710 A:middle L:90% outstanding results. Her clients include many large public agencies 1415 01:36:15.710 --> 01:36:18.250 A:middle L:90% , including the Tennessee Office of the State Architect, 1416 01:36:18.430 --> 01:36:23.390 A:middle L:90% the Chicago Transit Authority, the General Services Administration, 1417 01:36:23.390 --> 01:36:27.000 A:middle L:90% Public Building Service, the National Institutes of Health, 1418 01:36:27.010 --> 01:36:31.859 A:middle L:90% the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and infrastructure. Ontario Fallon 1419 01:36:31.859 --> 01:36:34.289 A:middle L:90% developed and, for over a decade taught a graduate 1420 01:36:34.289 --> 01:36:39.489 A:middle L:90% level course entitled Computer Integrated Project Delivery in Northwestern University 1421 01:36:39.489 --> 01:36:42.979 A:middle L:90% . McCormick School of Engineering, Master of Project Management 1422 01:36:42.989 --> 01:36:45.369 A:middle L:90% Program. It is a required course for those specializing 1423 01:36:45.369 --> 01:36:48.619 A:middle L:90% in construction management. Fallon, co author to National 1424 01:36:48.619 --> 01:36:53.189 A:middle L:90% Institute of Standards and Technology and I s T publications 1425 01:36:53.189 --> 01:36:55.970 A:middle L:90% on capital facilities, Information handover, as well as 1426 01:36:55.970 --> 01:36:58.800 A:middle L:90% seven U S. Army Corpse of Engineer Construction Engineering 1427 01:36:58.800 --> 01:37:01.300 A:middle L:90% Research Reports and was a contributing author of the Architects 1428 01:37:01.300 --> 01:37:05.210 A:middle L:90% Handbook of Professional Practice, 13th and 14th editions as 1429 01:37:05.210 --> 01:37:09.409 A:middle L:90% well as the National Been standard United States. Please 1430 01:37:09.409 --> 01:37:15.539 A:middle L:90% welcome Christine Fahlund. Yeah, okay. Hello. 1431 01:37:15.550 --> 01:37:16.649 A:middle L:90% So this is going to be funded? I've never 1432 01:37:16.649 --> 01:37:19.829 A:middle L:90% done this presentation before, but since it's Women's History 1433 01:37:19.829 --> 01:37:21.449 A:middle L:90% Month, I thought I'd give you a little bit 1434 01:37:21.449 --> 01:37:26.189 A:middle L:90% of personal history, which is also part of the 1435 01:37:26.189 --> 01:37:30.850 A:middle L:90% history of the introduction of computer technology into design practice 1436 01:37:30.630 --> 01:37:35.979 A:middle L:90% . So 1977 I joined the Chicago office of Skidmore 1437 01:37:35.979 --> 01:37:39.260 A:middle L:90% , Owings and Merrill, and I went out. 1438 01:37:39.270 --> 01:37:42.579 A:middle L:90% This is not really the the room I started working 1439 01:37:42.579 --> 01:37:44.399 A:middle L:90% in, but it was so much like it when 1440 01:37:44.399 --> 01:37:45.319 A:middle L:90% I found it online. I was looking to see 1441 01:37:45.319 --> 01:37:47.800 A:middle L:90% if I knew these people. Okay, So this 1442 01:37:47.800 --> 01:37:50.060 A:middle L:90% is what it looked like when I joined practice in 1443 01:37:50.060 --> 01:37:55.659 A:middle L:90% 1977. And there are several things you'll note here 1444 01:37:56.180 --> 01:38:00.289 A:middle L:90% . Not a computer inside. Okay, not a 1445 01:38:00.300 --> 01:38:04.670 A:middle L:90% telephone insight. And this was way before cell phones 1446 01:38:05.319 --> 01:38:10.409 A:middle L:90% . Um, in this time, what you do 1447 01:38:10.409 --> 01:38:13.210 A:middle L:90% see as technology here? Can you stay? I'm 1448 01:38:13.210 --> 01:38:16.439 A:middle L:90% sorry. Forward. Does anybody know what this is 1449 01:38:18.119 --> 01:38:23.100 A:middle L:90% ? You say that? Yeah. You know what 1450 01:38:23.100 --> 01:38:27.649 A:middle L:90% it is? Yeah. It's an electric eraser. 1451 01:38:28.119 --> 01:38:33.390 A:middle L:90% Yes. Okay, the the the sort of thing 1452 01:38:33.390 --> 01:38:36.170 A:middle L:90% we were told to remember is young draft people was 1453 01:38:36.180 --> 01:38:40.439 A:middle L:90% never drawn more in the morning than you can erase 1454 01:38:40.439 --> 01:38:46.270 A:middle L:90% in the afternoon. And so, working in a 1455 01:38:46.270 --> 01:38:49.479 A:middle L:90% drafting. So when I joined the Chicago office of 1456 01:38:49.479 --> 01:38:51.229 A:middle L:90% Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, I went to work 1457 01:38:51.229 --> 01:38:55.970 A:middle L:90% in the drafting room like this, which was an 1458 01:38:55.970 --> 01:39:00.319 A:middle L:90% auxiliary office, and the office stretched this. A 1459 01:39:00.329 --> 01:39:04.789 A:middle L:90% series of drafting rooms like this stretched from State Street 1460 01:39:04.800 --> 01:39:09.850 A:middle L:90% to Dearborn Street for a full city block in Chicago 1461 01:39:10.619 --> 01:39:13.890 A:middle L:90% . At the time, Skidmore Chicago office had over 1462 01:39:13.960 --> 01:39:17.689 A:middle L:90% 1000 people, and the majority of them were working 1463 01:39:17.689 --> 01:39:24.409 A:middle L:90% on something called the New Jetta International Airport, which 1464 01:39:24.420 --> 01:39:28.819 A:middle L:90% then became known as the King Abdulaziz Airport in Jeddah 1465 01:39:28.819 --> 01:39:32.649 A:middle L:90% , Saudi Arabia, and there's a lot to be 1466 01:39:32.649 --> 01:39:40.449 A:middle L:90% said about this. The most astonishing design accomplishment of 1467 01:39:40.460 --> 01:39:44.420 A:middle L:90% this project was the hajj terminal, and this is 1468 01:39:44.420 --> 01:39:46.930 A:middle L:90% actually I found all this otherwise is a construction photo 1469 01:39:46.930 --> 01:39:49.750 A:middle L:90% . It's half constructed and just kind of see the 1470 01:39:49.760 --> 01:39:55.710 A:middle L:90% support stances going up over there. The hajj terminal 1471 01:39:55.720 --> 01:40:00.079 A:middle L:90% is a airline terminal at this airport that is only 1472 01:40:00.079 --> 01:40:02.869 A:middle L:90% used during the month of Ramadan to accommodate the hundreds 1473 01:40:02.869 --> 01:40:05.189 A:middle L:90% of thousands of pilgrims who come to the city of 1474 01:40:05.199 --> 01:40:09.060 A:middle L:90% Mecca. It's only used for that one month of 1475 01:40:09.069 --> 01:40:12.729 A:middle L:90% the year. When it was designed in the 19 1476 01:40:12.729 --> 01:40:16.779 A:middle L:90% seventies, it was a breakthrough in structural engineering and 1477 01:40:16.779 --> 01:40:21.020 A:middle L:90% in environmental engineering. Up to that point, there 1478 01:40:21.020 --> 01:40:27.090 A:middle L:90% was no ability to structurally analyze fabric structures. So 1479 01:40:27.090 --> 01:40:30.449 A:middle L:90% , um, invented the analysis of fabric structures for 1480 01:40:30.449 --> 01:40:34.930 A:middle L:90% this project. In addition, Jenna has an awful 1481 01:40:34.939 --> 01:40:39.640 A:middle L:90% climate. It's not only in Saudi Arabia where it's 1482 01:40:39.640 --> 01:40:42.149 A:middle L:90% very hot, but it's near the sea, so 1483 01:40:42.149 --> 01:40:46.479 A:middle L:90% it's also very damn, and the hajj terminals were 1484 01:40:46.479 --> 01:40:51.210 A:middle L:90% designed with almost no mechanical cooling. They're naturally ventilated 1485 01:40:51.470 --> 01:40:57.539 A:middle L:90% and naturally very comfortable year round, so phenomenal breakthroughs 1486 01:40:58.109 --> 01:41:03.020 A:middle L:90% . But the hajj terminal, which covers 120 acres 1487 01:41:03.029 --> 01:41:08.380 A:middle L:90% and 2.8 million square feet of space, was a 1488 01:41:08.390 --> 01:41:12.369 A:middle L:90% very small part of the overall project. The blue 1489 01:41:12.369 --> 01:41:15.100 A:middle L:90% circle up on the map shows you where the hajj 1490 01:41:15.100 --> 01:41:18.979 A:middle L:90% terminals are. There was also a partially existing airport 1491 01:41:18.979 --> 01:41:23.149 A:middle L:90% at the time that was very poorly documented. There 1492 01:41:23.149 --> 01:41:27.369 A:middle L:90% were drawings that were incomplete, incorrect. The Saudis 1493 01:41:27.369 --> 01:41:30.760 A:middle L:90% would not permit aerial surveys because they were sensitive about 1494 01:41:30.770 --> 01:41:33.130 A:middle L:90% photographic processes that might capture the image of people. 1495 01:41:33.909 --> 01:41:38.439 A:middle L:90% And so and there was no international, there was 1496 01:41:38.449 --> 01:41:41.449 A:middle L:90% no Internet to communicate. There was no email to 1497 01:41:41.449 --> 01:41:44.789 A:middle L:90% communicate. There weren't even fax machines. You don't 1498 01:41:44.800 --> 01:41:47.189 A:middle L:90% even know what fax machines are right. So there 1499 01:41:47.189 --> 01:41:53.729 A:middle L:90% weren't even fax machines yet, and and calling a 1500 01:41:53.739 --> 01:41:58.920 A:middle L:90% place like Saudi Arabia via analog telephone was not a 1501 01:41:58.930 --> 01:42:02.159 A:middle L:90% really sure thing. So very early in my career 1502 01:42:02.170 --> 01:42:09.699 A:middle L:90% , I became interested in the problem of communicating on 1503 01:42:09.699 --> 01:42:13.720 A:middle L:90% large conflicts. Um, projects such as this. 1504 01:42:13.729 --> 01:42:16.260 A:middle L:90% The way they were doing it then is they managed 1505 01:42:16.260 --> 01:42:17.899 A:middle L:90% to do, and I don't know why it was 1506 01:42:17.899 --> 01:42:19.989 A:middle L:90% Sunday night, but one of the secretaries told me 1507 01:42:19.989 --> 01:42:21.840 A:middle L:90% this. She used to have to come in on 1508 01:42:21.840 --> 01:42:25.149 A:middle L:90% Sunday night because that's when they could get a good 1509 01:42:25.149 --> 01:42:28.579 A:middle L:90% phone call into Saudi Arabia. They would discuss the 1510 01:42:28.590 --> 01:42:30.159 A:middle L:90% project. They would come back Monday morning. They 1511 01:42:30.159 --> 01:42:32.189 A:middle L:90% would have a meeting with the people, called the 1512 01:42:32.199 --> 01:42:36.069 A:middle L:90% technical coordinators to talk about what they learned about, 1513 01:42:36.079 --> 01:42:38.729 A:middle L:90% Uh, we thought there was a building. There 1514 01:42:38.729 --> 01:42:41.130 A:middle L:90% really isn't a building there or we thought we could 1515 01:42:41.140 --> 01:42:42.720 A:middle L:90% , you know, move the road there. It 1516 01:42:42.720 --> 01:42:44.960 A:middle L:90% turns out there's a big building there and things like 1517 01:42:44.960 --> 01:42:47.399 A:middle L:90% that. Okay, which gets us to the process 1518 01:42:47.399 --> 01:42:50.750 A:middle L:90% of technical coordination. Now, this doesn't show. 1519 01:42:50.760 --> 01:42:53.680 A:middle L:90% This isn't quite as good a shot as the other 1520 01:42:53.680 --> 01:42:55.909 A:middle L:90% one, but it does show what went on a 1521 01:42:55.909 --> 01:42:57.779 A:middle L:90% lot in those days. See, these guys kind 1522 01:42:57.779 --> 01:43:00.359 A:middle L:90% of leaning over somebody else's board. They were technical 1523 01:43:00.359 --> 01:43:04.000 A:middle L:90% coordinators. They would go to this Monday morning meeting 1524 01:43:04.250 --> 01:43:08.760 A:middle L:90% and learn what needed to be changed on these thousands 1525 01:43:08.760 --> 01:43:11.039 A:middle L:90% of drawings that were being done by hand for this 1526 01:43:11.039 --> 01:43:15.300 A:middle L:90% airport. And they each had somewhere between eight and 1527 01:43:15.300 --> 01:43:17.640 A:middle L:90% 12 drafters working for them, and they would start 1528 01:43:17.640 --> 01:43:21.239 A:middle L:90% Monday afternoon working down the aisle and explaining to each 1529 01:43:21.239 --> 01:43:24.779 A:middle L:90% draft, or what he or she had to change 1530 01:43:24.789 --> 01:43:28.449 A:middle L:90% on his or her drawing and it would take a 1531 01:43:28.449 --> 01:43:31.039 A:middle L:90% whole week, and then they would start all over 1532 01:43:31.039 --> 01:43:34.270 A:middle L:90% again the next Monday. Okay, Now, I 1533 01:43:34.270 --> 01:43:36.840 A:middle L:90% was interested in computers if this was an odd obsession 1534 01:43:36.840 --> 01:43:41.899 A:middle L:90% of mine, and I had actually met the woman 1535 01:43:41.899 --> 01:43:45.449 A:middle L:90% who was doing a lot of the computer applications which 1536 01:43:45.449 --> 01:43:46.939 A:middle L:90% were done in another room, in another building, 1537 01:43:46.939 --> 01:43:51.439 A:middle L:90% right there weren't personal computers. But we have these 1538 01:43:51.449 --> 01:43:57.449 A:middle L:90% clunky text terminals, okay? And one of the 1539 01:43:57.449 --> 01:44:00.109 A:middle L:90% things we were doing, in addition to structural analysis 1540 01:44:00.109 --> 01:44:03.569 A:middle L:90% , was something called KOGO and Coco is a civil 1541 01:44:03.569 --> 01:44:09.329 A:middle L:90% engineering software package. Um, that allowed you to 1542 01:44:09.329 --> 01:44:14.260 A:middle L:90% essentially define the survey points on a site and then 1543 01:44:14.260 --> 01:44:17.100 A:middle L:90% to lay out roads or bridges. Or most of 1544 01:44:17.100 --> 01:44:20.279 A:middle L:90% it was for civil engineering. Taxiways, runways very 1545 01:44:20.279 --> 01:44:24.960 A:middle L:90% handy for a project like this, and also you 1546 01:44:24.960 --> 01:44:27.920 A:middle L:90% can define the edges of buildings and things like that 1547 01:44:27.989 --> 01:44:30.060 A:middle L:90% . So I was actually doing some of this coordinate 1548 01:44:30.060 --> 01:44:32.020 A:middle L:90% geometry work. The other thing we had at the 1549 01:44:32.029 --> 01:44:35.050 A:middle L:90% time was something called a pen plotter. Now I've 1550 01:44:35.050 --> 01:44:39.739 A:middle L:90% actually seen in Chicago these things used as art installations 1551 01:44:39.739 --> 01:44:42.880 A:middle L:90% as odd mechanical objects that nobody knows what they're back 1552 01:44:42.890 --> 01:44:45.189 A:middle L:90% . So this was a long time ago. The 1553 01:44:45.189 --> 01:44:46.039 A:middle L:90% one on the lower left is actually the one we 1554 01:44:46.039 --> 01:44:51.000 A:middle L:90% used, and these plotters actually held pens, technical 1555 01:44:51.000 --> 01:44:55.710 A:middle L:90% drawing pens or felt tip pens or bolted ballpoint pens 1556 01:44:56.189 --> 01:44:58.560 A:middle L:90% . And they could be colored. That was nice 1557 01:44:58.569 --> 01:45:00.050 A:middle L:90% . And then in the middle, you see kind 1558 01:45:00.050 --> 01:45:03.750 A:middle L:90% of how it works. So that silver thing holds 1559 01:45:03.750 --> 01:45:05.529 A:middle L:90% one or more pens. The one we had, 1560 01:45:05.529 --> 01:45:09.510 A:middle L:90% I think, held three pens and you see the 1561 01:45:09.520 --> 01:45:13.729 A:middle L:90% papers rocketed so the little pen holder can move this 1562 01:45:13.729 --> 01:45:15.510 A:middle L:90% way and the paper rolls back and forth, right 1563 01:45:15.520 --> 01:45:17.520 A:middle L:90% ? And so if it's just, if the paper 1564 01:45:17.520 --> 01:45:19.050 A:middle L:90% stays still in, the pen goes that way, 1565 01:45:19.050 --> 01:45:23.020 A:middle L:90% you get a horizontal line. If the pen stays 1566 01:45:23.020 --> 01:45:24.880 A:middle L:90% still in, the paper goes this way, you 1567 01:45:24.880 --> 01:45:26.760 A:middle L:90% get a vertical line, and then if you move 1568 01:45:26.770 --> 01:45:29.029 A:middle L:90% both at the same time, you get various diagonals 1569 01:45:29.029 --> 01:45:31.420 A:middle L:90% occurs, etcetera. And that's how an employer work 1570 01:45:31.989 --> 01:45:35.680 A:middle L:90% . Okay, so I thought about the fact that 1571 01:45:35.680 --> 01:45:40.880 A:middle L:90% we had all the coordinates for all the buildings and 1572 01:45:40.880 --> 01:45:43.560 A:middle L:90% roads as we understood them on the project, and 1573 01:45:43.560 --> 01:45:45.350 A:middle L:90% we had a pen plotter. So I went to 1574 01:45:45.350 --> 01:45:48.810 A:middle L:90% the computer group and I convinced them to write some 1575 01:45:48.810 --> 01:45:54.000 A:middle L:90% software that would map the site. Now, this 1576 01:45:54.000 --> 01:45:58.899 A:middle L:90% is not exactly astonishing in 2017, but 40 years 1577 01:45:58.899 --> 01:46:01.489 A:middle L:90% ago it was a significant breakthrough. And so once 1578 01:46:01.489 --> 01:46:03.970 A:middle L:90% we had this, what what were we able to 1579 01:46:03.970 --> 01:46:08.899 A:middle L:90% do? We were able to now generate these drawings 1580 01:46:08.909 --> 01:46:13.439 A:middle L:90% at various scales of various parts of the site, 1581 01:46:13.449 --> 01:46:15.989 A:middle L:90% and we could give them as under lays to these 1582 01:46:15.989 --> 01:46:20.430 A:middle L:90% thousands of drafters, thus incredibly improving the speed of 1583 01:46:20.430 --> 01:46:27.079 A:middle L:90% the coordination process. So that was the first thing 1584 01:46:27.079 --> 01:46:29.909 A:middle L:90% I did to contribute to better communications on large and 1585 01:46:29.909 --> 01:46:34.609 A:middle L:90% complex projects. That was in 1977 1978. And 1586 01:46:34.609 --> 01:46:38.689 A:middle L:90% then we went on to develop our own graphic software 1587 01:46:38.699 --> 01:46:42.800 A:middle L:90% . This is that and it was always three D 1588 01:46:42.800 --> 01:46:44.859 A:middle L:90% . And these are the hajj tents. Very early 1589 01:46:44.859 --> 01:46:46.630 A:middle L:90% computer graphic image of the hajj tents. These would 1590 01:46:46.630 --> 01:46:49.890 A:middle L:90% actually have been generated from the structural engineering software at 1591 01:46:49.899 --> 01:46:54.430 A:middle L:90% the time. So that was kind of the 19 1592 01:46:54.430 --> 01:46:58.520 A:middle L:90% seventies, the 19 eighties. I think the two 1593 01:46:58.520 --> 01:47:00.630 A:middle L:90% big things that happened in the 19 eighties with the 1594 01:47:00.630 --> 01:47:04.010 A:middle L:90% introduction of the PC which brought computing too many more 1595 01:47:04.010 --> 01:47:09.060 A:middle L:90% people, made it more affordable and also the Internet 1596 01:47:09.069 --> 01:47:12.659 A:middle L:90% . Now the Defense Department had been fooling around with 1597 01:47:12.670 --> 01:47:15.850 A:middle L:90% digital communications. You have to remember that telephone at 1598 01:47:15.850 --> 01:47:17.399 A:middle L:90% the time was analog was not digital, right? 1599 01:47:17.779 --> 01:47:21.560 A:middle L:90% Um, but the Defense Department have been fooling around 1600 01:47:21.560 --> 01:47:26.359 A:middle L:90% with digital communications since the 19 fifties. But in 1601 01:47:26.359 --> 01:47:29.189 A:middle L:90% the 19 eighties, a couple of things happened. 1602 01:47:29.430 --> 01:47:32.630 A:middle L:90% One is the TCP IP protocol was invented, and 1603 01:47:32.630 --> 01:47:39.779 A:middle L:90% the other was that the National Science Foundation began to 1604 01:47:39.779 --> 01:47:43.520 A:middle L:90% set up a network, a computer network among research 1605 01:47:43.520 --> 01:47:47.670 A:middle L:90% institutions. So, uh, to communicate research findings 1606 01:47:47.670 --> 01:47:49.939 A:middle L:90% . And again, the screen on the left shows 1607 01:47:49.939 --> 01:47:53.039 A:middle L:90% you the original kind of way. You talk to 1608 01:47:53.039 --> 01:47:58.489 A:middle L:90% the Internet, which was text Okay, 1993. 1609 01:47:58.829 --> 01:48:01.970 A:middle L:90% The first Web browser was invented, and also at 1610 01:48:01.970 --> 01:48:04.899 A:middle L:90% about that time, the Internet was open to general 1611 01:48:04.899 --> 01:48:09.380 A:middle L:90% commercial use for the first time. And that was 1612 01:48:09.390 --> 01:48:14.130 A:middle L:90% the beginning of big, big. Let's shift in 1613 01:48:14.130 --> 01:48:16.899 A:middle L:90% the ability to communicate are large and complex projects. 1614 01:48:17.960 --> 01:48:25.989 A:middle L:90% And within five years we saw smart software companies begin 1615 01:48:25.989 --> 01:48:32.180 A:middle L:90% to introduce technology that used Internet data transport to provide 1616 01:48:32.189 --> 01:48:39.090 A:middle L:90% access to a project website by anybody who gave a 1617 01:48:39.100 --> 01:48:45.529 A:middle L:90% password to who had Internet connections. And that was 1618 01:48:45.539 --> 01:48:47.430 A:middle L:90% I was very excited about that technology because of my 1619 01:48:47.430 --> 01:48:53.229 A:middle L:90% interest in the communication aspects and did some very early 1620 01:48:53.239 --> 01:48:55.500 A:middle L:90% work in trying to see how it would apply. 1621 01:48:55.970 --> 01:49:02.489 A:middle L:90% So here of how here is something called Project Net 1622 01:49:03.159 --> 01:49:11.100 A:middle L:90% and 1999. We joined a large program management team 1623 01:49:11.470 --> 01:49:15.899 A:middle L:90% to present to the Chicago Transit Authority the idea of 1624 01:49:15.909 --> 01:49:20.770 A:middle L:90% using this technology to manage a multibillion dollar capital program 1625 01:49:20.779 --> 01:49:26.609 A:middle L:90% there. And we got the job and we began 1626 01:49:26.609 --> 01:49:29.659 A:middle L:90% to work on it. We implemented it in 2000 1627 01:49:29.659 --> 01:49:32.149 A:middle L:90% and one, and the first thing that happened was 1628 01:49:32.149 --> 01:49:36.989 A:middle L:90% the Federal Transit Administration called us all in and said 1629 01:49:38.869 --> 01:49:41.189 A:middle L:90% , You know, if this technology fails, it's 1630 01:49:41.189 --> 01:49:43.189 A:middle L:90% on you. We will not consider it an act 1631 01:49:43.189 --> 01:49:46.409 A:middle L:90% of God. You're at risk and the agency and 1632 01:49:46.409 --> 01:49:48.430 A:middle L:90% my boss also Now we're going to do it. 1633 01:49:48.539 --> 01:49:50.359 A:middle L:90% And within two years, the head of the Federal 1634 01:49:50.369 --> 01:49:54.300 A:middle L:90% Transit Administration was calling what we did the best practice 1635 01:49:55.069 --> 01:49:58.899 A:middle L:90% . Okay, so this is the thing we implemented 1636 01:49:58.899 --> 01:50:00.189 A:middle L:90% was called Project, and it's not around anymore. 1637 01:50:00.760 --> 01:50:03.920 A:middle L:90% And so you you have a log in and it 1638 01:50:03.920 --> 01:50:06.229 A:middle L:90% knew who you were and based on who you were 1639 01:50:06.229 --> 01:50:11.449 A:middle L:90% , you had access to information about the projects that 1640 01:50:11.460 --> 01:50:14.079 A:middle L:90% you were working on So this is because it was 1641 01:50:14.079 --> 01:50:15.199 A:middle L:90% us. Remember the system administrator? This is all 1642 01:50:15.199 --> 01:50:17.430 A:middle L:90% of the projects that the CK was working on at 1643 01:50:17.430 --> 01:50:21.149 A:middle L:90% that time. Um, and if you went and 1644 01:50:21.149 --> 01:50:24.510 A:middle L:90% once you got in and you picked your project, 1645 01:50:24.520 --> 01:50:27.310 A:middle L:90% it would show you you see the kind of center 1646 01:50:27.310 --> 01:50:29.399 A:middle L:90% of the screen that had some announcements, but then 1647 01:50:29.399 --> 01:50:30.399 A:middle L:90% it would pop up. There's an issue for you 1648 01:50:30.399 --> 01:50:34.079 A:middle L:90% to address. You've got 14 meeting invitations by heavens 1649 01:50:34.460 --> 01:50:36.920 A:middle L:90% and down the left. There there were a series 1650 01:50:36.920 --> 01:50:40.520 A:middle L:90% of icons. New items is open, but there's 1651 01:50:40.520 --> 01:50:43.439 A:middle L:90% a calendar. Their task. There's a team directory 1652 01:50:43.449 --> 01:50:45.760 A:middle L:90% , and then at the bottom you have the modules 1653 01:50:45.770 --> 01:50:48.369 A:middle L:90% , documents, forms, print orders, communications and 1654 01:50:48.369 --> 01:50:50.630 A:middle L:90% reports. So let's go through how some of this 1655 01:50:50.640 --> 01:50:54.130 A:middle L:90% worked. And this doesn't seem really exciting. Now 1656 01:50:54.130 --> 01:50:56.819 A:middle L:90% that it was then this is so we go into 1657 01:50:56.819 --> 01:50:59.789 A:middle L:90% the document structure and we have something that looks a 1658 01:50:59.789 --> 01:51:01.390 A:middle L:90% lot like what you see on a PC, and 1659 01:51:01.390 --> 01:51:04.869 A:middle L:90% we open a folder of drawings and I forget which 1660 01:51:04.869 --> 01:51:06.470 A:middle L:90% is which. The blue ones, I think, 1661 01:51:06.470 --> 01:51:10.520 A:middle L:90% have reference files and the red ones that don't have 1662 01:51:10.520 --> 01:51:12.800 A:middle L:90% reference files or something. But you can view either 1663 01:51:12.800 --> 01:51:14.989 A:middle L:90% one, and you can mark it up and you 1664 01:51:14.989 --> 01:51:16.979 A:middle L:90% can save the mark ups. And you can notify 1665 01:51:16.979 --> 01:51:19.140 A:middle L:90% someone that you've marked up their drawing and all of 1666 01:51:19.149 --> 01:51:23.600 A:middle L:90% that. Okay, so that was that. This 1667 01:51:23.600 --> 01:51:28.369 A:middle L:90% module is the meetings module, and this is nice 1668 01:51:28.369 --> 01:51:30.489 A:middle L:90% because you have your you have your meeting minutes for 1669 01:51:30.489 --> 01:51:33.949 A:middle L:90% all your meetings. And then when you look at 1670 01:51:33.949 --> 01:51:36.579 A:middle L:90% this, then you see that for each meeting, 1671 01:51:38.060 --> 01:51:40.850 A:middle L:90% The way we did it is we did a document 1672 01:51:40.859 --> 01:51:43.479 A:middle L:90% for the meeting minutes. You see that one line 1673 01:51:43.479 --> 01:51:45.420 A:middle L:90% down and then you see a bunch of things called 1674 01:51:45.430 --> 01:51:48.350 A:middle L:90% action items. So in other words, there were 1675 01:51:48.350 --> 01:51:50.529 A:middle L:90% certain things that were assigned for people to do at 1676 01:51:50.529 --> 01:51:55.380 A:middle L:90% that meeting, and we track who was assigned to 1677 01:51:55.390 --> 01:51:57.189 A:middle L:90% do them and whether or not they were done. 1678 01:51:57.250 --> 01:51:59.500 A:middle L:90% You see, in this particular meeting, they're all 1679 01:51:59.510 --> 01:52:01.300 A:middle L:90% closed, so everybody was well behaved. But we 1680 01:52:01.300 --> 01:52:04.479 A:middle L:90% can also pick one of those and drill down and 1681 01:52:04.479 --> 01:52:08.579 A:middle L:90% figure out. Exactly. Here's the elevator report. 1682 01:52:09.149 --> 01:52:13.619 A:middle L:90% Um, here's a new elevator recommendation report. We're 1683 01:52:13.619 --> 01:52:15.649 A:middle L:90% trying to get the right people to renew, and 1684 01:52:15.659 --> 01:52:18.470 A:middle L:90% Augustine is responsible for seeing that got done, etcetera 1685 01:52:18.470 --> 01:52:21.090 A:middle L:90% , etcetera, so you can actually very quickly drill 1686 01:52:21.090 --> 01:52:26.850 A:middle L:90% down into what the issue was and understand what the 1687 01:52:26.850 --> 01:52:30.510 A:middle L:90% resolution was. So now we get onto trickier things 1688 01:52:30.510 --> 01:52:32.029 A:middle L:90% . How many of you have taken professional practice already 1689 01:52:33.050 --> 01:52:35.239 A:middle L:90% ? Mm. Okay. How many of you know 1690 01:52:35.239 --> 01:52:39.979 A:middle L:90% what a submittal is? Oh, good. Okay 1691 01:52:40.350 --> 01:52:42.310 A:middle L:90% . So for those of you who don't it's not 1692 01:52:42.310 --> 01:52:45.829 A:middle L:90% hard. Architects have responsibility during the construction phase of 1693 01:52:45.829 --> 01:52:50.449 A:middle L:90% a project, and part of their responsibility is to 1694 01:52:50.449 --> 01:52:54.869 A:middle L:90% big responsibilities. Are answering questions from contractors. And 1695 01:52:54.869 --> 01:52:57.909 A:middle L:90% those are called request for information. And another is 1696 01:52:57.909 --> 01:53:01.979 A:middle L:90% reviewing a variety of Spitaels and middles or things like 1697 01:53:02.350 --> 01:53:05.949 A:middle L:90% I suspect, uh, fluorescent light fixture of a 1698 01:53:05.949 --> 01:53:12.430 A:middle L:90% certain capacity, the contractors going to provide a Westinghouse 1699 01:53:12.430 --> 01:53:15.510 A:middle L:90% fixture. Um, is this fixture okay? And 1700 01:53:15.510 --> 01:53:16.239 A:middle L:90% you have a certain amount of time to kind of 1701 01:53:16.250 --> 01:53:18.479 A:middle L:90% go through it and say yes or no. Okay 1702 01:53:19.050 --> 01:53:21.609 A:middle L:90% . The other kind of submittal is a shop drawing 1703 01:53:21.619 --> 01:53:27.500 A:middle L:90% . So you say I wanted some custom bookcases and 1704 01:53:27.510 --> 01:53:30.949 A:middle L:90% the guy who's going to make them send you a 1705 01:53:30.949 --> 01:53:32.100 A:middle L:90% shop drawing that shows you exactly how he's going to 1706 01:53:32.109 --> 01:53:34.619 A:middle L:90% fabricate them. And you say yes. That needs 1707 01:53:34.619 --> 01:53:36.800 A:middle L:90% my design. Intentional. Okay, So these are 1708 01:53:36.800 --> 01:53:41.850 A:middle L:90% responsibilities of the architect during the during the construction phase 1709 01:53:41.920 --> 01:53:45.560 A:middle L:90% right here. We're looking at a submittal. This 1710 01:53:45.560 --> 01:53:49.130 A:middle L:90% one happens to be a a structural submittal, and 1711 01:53:49.140 --> 01:53:53.090 A:middle L:90% it's currently under review. And if you look at 1712 01:53:53.090 --> 01:53:54.989 A:middle L:90% the blue line over at the right, it says 1713 01:53:54.989 --> 01:53:58.630 A:middle L:90% Mullah Celozzi, these are real people was assigned to 1714 01:53:58.630 --> 01:54:01.079 A:middle L:90% this. Okay, so what Mueller does is he 1715 01:54:01.079 --> 01:54:08.329 A:middle L:90% picks this thing and he gets a little form and 1716 01:54:08.329 --> 01:54:12.170 A:middle L:90% the documents that were submitted to be reviewed or there 1717 01:54:12.180 --> 01:54:14.060 A:middle L:90% , and he can open them and look at them 1718 01:54:14.109 --> 01:54:16.739 A:middle L:90% . And then up here, he types in What 1719 01:54:16.750 --> 01:54:19.789 A:middle L:90% ? His answer to this And he say, No 1720 01:54:19.800 --> 01:54:24.899 A:middle L:90% , this channel you're proposing is not acceptable. You 1721 01:54:24.899 --> 01:54:28.050 A:middle L:90% have to use the C five by nine, and 1722 01:54:28.060 --> 01:54:31.550 A:middle L:90% he then actions this as revise and resubmit. This 1723 01:54:31.550 --> 01:54:34.260 A:middle L:90% is not accepted. You have to resubmit the correct 1724 01:54:34.270 --> 01:54:38.710 A:middle L:90% correct member here. And so the moment he does 1725 01:54:38.710 --> 01:54:43.729 A:middle L:90% that, this application shows the the middle is no 1726 01:54:43.729 --> 01:54:45.909 A:middle L:90% longer under review. It's now in revise and resubmit 1727 01:54:45.920 --> 01:54:50.289 A:middle L:90% phase. Okay. And the other thing we can 1728 01:54:50.289 --> 01:54:55.109 A:middle L:90% see if we drill down into the history is exactly 1729 01:54:55.109 --> 01:54:57.659 A:middle L:90% who looked at the same mental when it was first 1730 01:54:57.659 --> 01:55:01.670 A:middle L:90% introduced by the contractor when it was passed on to 1731 01:55:01.680 --> 01:55:05.539 A:middle L:90% the construction manager when they passed it on for the 1732 01:55:05.539 --> 01:55:09.630 A:middle L:90% C t. A engineering and a few other things 1733 01:55:09.630 --> 01:55:13.479 A:middle L:90% that happened with it over time. So you've got 1734 01:55:13.489 --> 01:55:15.909 A:middle L:90% a remarkable amount of information now about what's going on 1735 01:55:15.909 --> 01:55:20.520 A:middle L:90% on your very large and complex capital program, okay 1736 01:55:20.520 --> 01:55:25.500 A:middle L:90% , And the idea that anybody, any executive, 1737 01:55:25.500 --> 01:55:27.930 A:middle L:90% can come in and look, these are our f 1738 01:55:27.939 --> 01:55:30.289 A:middle L:90% so r f I s are the questions, right 1739 01:55:30.289 --> 01:55:31.760 A:middle L:90% ? So they don't necessarily have documents. They're just 1740 01:55:31.770 --> 01:55:35.550 A:middle L:90% questions. And so here's a completed or if I 1741 01:55:35.939 --> 01:55:42.770 A:middle L:90% and again we can kind of see yeah, what 1742 01:55:42.770 --> 01:55:46.170 A:middle L:90% the question was and what the final resolution was. 1743 01:55:46.170 --> 01:55:49.619 A:middle L:90% This is coming from the construction manager and it tells 1744 01:55:49.619 --> 01:55:53.539 A:middle L:90% you I want a half inch thick isolations, bad 1745 01:55:53.539 --> 01:55:56.010 A:middle L:90% , etcetera, etcetera, etcetera. It has some 1746 01:55:56.010 --> 01:56:00.050 A:middle L:90% references to different aspects of the project. And then 1747 01:56:00.829 --> 01:56:02.989 A:middle L:90% if this part can be hidden from the final recipient 1748 01:56:02.989 --> 01:56:06.319 A:middle L:90% But for the internal team you see that in fact 1749 01:56:06.329 --> 01:56:11.819 A:middle L:90% , what the construction manager forward it is again an 1750 01:56:11.819 --> 01:56:15.329 A:middle L:90% instruction provided by Mullah Selassie. And so you can 1751 01:56:15.340 --> 01:56:16.640 A:middle L:90% page down and you can see their names and much 1752 01:56:16.640 --> 01:56:19.149 A:middle L:90% comment about how we should respond to this question. 1753 01:56:19.159 --> 01:56:21.010 A:middle L:90% And you have a history of that. And who 1754 01:56:21.010 --> 01:56:25.689 A:middle L:90% said what? So again, you know, helping 1755 01:56:25.699 --> 01:56:27.890 A:middle L:90% people, you know, Why in the world did 1756 01:56:27.899 --> 01:56:30.020 A:middle L:90% we say that? Whose, Whose dumb idea was 1757 01:56:30.020 --> 01:56:33.300 A:middle L:90% that? Um, you really have some ability to 1758 01:56:33.310 --> 01:56:40.569 A:middle L:90% trace back. So, in fact, we did 1759 01:56:40.569 --> 01:56:42.970 A:middle L:90% this for not just the CDA, but we did 1760 01:56:42.970 --> 01:56:44.710 A:middle L:90% it for many other places. And we continue to 1761 01:56:44.720 --> 01:56:47.470 A:middle L:90% do it today, Uh, and we can measure 1762 01:56:47.479 --> 01:56:51.670 A:middle L:90% that communication is improving. The first thing that happened 1763 01:56:51.670 --> 01:56:54.800 A:middle L:90% at sea to, as it turned out, that 1764 01:56:54.800 --> 01:57:00.239 A:middle L:90% Sita's engineering department achieved three times productivity in responding to 1765 01:57:00.239 --> 01:57:02.449 A:middle L:90% our feet. In other words, one engineer could 1766 01:57:03.130 --> 01:57:06.260 A:middle L:90% process about three times as many are fees in any 1767 01:57:06.260 --> 01:57:09.890 A:middle L:90% given period of time. Then he was able to 1768 01:57:09.899 --> 01:57:13.479 A:middle L:90% previously. And part of that is the ability as 1769 01:57:13.479 --> 01:57:15.039 A:middle L:90% you're looking at this too, you know? I 1770 01:57:15.039 --> 01:57:17.850 A:middle L:90% mean, you're not going through multiple emails to try 1771 01:57:17.850 --> 01:57:20.500 A:middle L:90% to figure out who was it that said he didn't 1772 01:57:20.500 --> 01:57:24.560 A:middle L:90% think that would work? Or wasn't there a conversation 1773 01:57:24.569 --> 01:57:26.579 A:middle L:90% ? I mean, it's all right at your fingertips 1774 01:57:26.590 --> 01:57:28.949 A:middle L:90% , okay? And so that's a big help. 1775 01:57:29.630 --> 01:57:31.720 A:middle L:90% Um, and then we found that you know, 1776 01:57:31.720 --> 01:57:35.340 A:middle L:90% if all the activities are going faster, the projects 1777 01:57:35.350 --> 01:57:40.859 A:middle L:90% execute faster, and you can reduce risk of just 1778 01:57:40.859 --> 01:57:45.850 A:middle L:90% making mistakes or forgetting something on large and complex projects 1779 01:57:45.869 --> 01:57:47.119 A:middle L:90% . So the chart we see here is actually a 1780 01:57:47.130 --> 01:57:50.369 A:middle L:90% different point. The only way hallway. And when 1781 01:57:50.369 --> 01:57:53.920 A:middle L:90% we first put a system in place there, they 1782 01:57:53.930 --> 01:57:57.880 A:middle L:90% were starting a$6 billion program with many hundreds of 1783 01:57:57.890 --> 01:58:00.869 A:middle L:90% projects, and they were not staying on top of 1784 01:58:00.869 --> 01:58:03.680 A:middle L:90% it. It was taking them up to 50 days 1785 01:58:03.689 --> 01:58:08.069 A:middle L:90% to resolve a designer construction issue. That's a very 1786 01:58:08.069 --> 01:58:10.979 A:middle L:90% expensive thing. It was taking them up to 30 1787 01:58:10.979 --> 01:58:13.859 A:middle L:90% days to respond for average time. So an average 1788 01:58:13.859 --> 01:58:15.800 A:middle L:90% of 30 days to respond to an RFI which is 1789 01:58:15.810 --> 01:58:19.619 A:middle L:90% way too slow and it was taking 25 days or 1790 01:58:19.619 --> 01:58:24.539 A:middle L:90% so to action is submittal, which actually the time 1791 01:58:24.539 --> 01:58:26.420 A:middle L:90% in which you have to respond to a submittal. 1792 01:58:26.430 --> 01:58:28.550 A:middle L:90% It's actually written into the contract, so they weren't 1793 01:58:28.550 --> 01:58:30.739 A:middle L:90% meeting their contractual obligations on that and you can see 1794 01:58:30.739 --> 01:58:34.810 A:middle L:90% each year that went down alright, So back to 1795 01:58:34.810 --> 01:58:39.439 A:middle L:90% this. The other thing that helps reduce risk is 1796 01:58:40.220 --> 01:58:43.350 A:middle L:90% , you know, if you're the project manager, 1797 01:58:43.359 --> 01:58:45.930 A:middle L:90% if you're an executive, you can go in here 1798 01:58:45.939 --> 01:58:48.029 A:middle L:90% and you can either see along like this that that 1799 01:58:48.029 --> 01:58:49.949 A:middle L:90% shows you well, Okay, We don't have very 1800 01:58:49.949 --> 01:58:53.260 A:middle L:90% many open r f I s here and none of 1801 01:58:53.260 --> 01:58:55.180 A:middle L:90% them are passed to if their past do they turn 1802 01:58:55.180 --> 01:58:57.930 A:middle L:90% red. So that's very handy. We don't have 1803 01:58:57.930 --> 01:59:00.840 A:middle L:90% any overdue. Are good deal my projects going pretty 1804 01:59:00.850 --> 01:59:03.149 A:middle L:90% well, Um, and then also, you can 1805 01:59:03.159 --> 01:59:06.409 A:middle L:90% generate reports that tell you what's going on. We'll 1806 01:59:06.409 --> 01:59:12.319 A:middle L:90% talk about that. So then, around 2000 and 1807 01:59:12.319 --> 01:59:16.140 A:middle L:90% eight. So about 10 years later, we began 1808 01:59:16.140 --> 01:59:21.439 A:middle L:90% to see these products will cooperate custom workflow automation. 1809 01:59:23.319 --> 01:59:25.810 A:middle L:90% So now, purely and simply, we have a 1810 01:59:25.819 --> 01:59:30.130 A:middle L:90% review process. Somebody submits something that goes to redesign 1811 01:59:30.130 --> 01:59:35.710 A:middle L:90% review. It either gets returned to the designer or 1812 01:59:35.720 --> 01:59:40.039 A:middle L:90% it gets closed. It's fine. It's accepted and 1813 01:59:40.039 --> 01:59:46.109 A:middle L:90% closed. It's very simple. With this technology. 1814 01:59:46.119 --> 01:59:50.000 A:middle L:90% We approached a project for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation 1815 01:59:50.000 --> 01:59:53.430 A:middle L:90% , which we're still working on, called the Rapid 1816 01:59:53.439 --> 01:59:57.840 A:middle L:90% Bridge Replacement Project. So this is being done via 1817 01:59:57.850 --> 02:00:01.890 A:middle L:90% a public private partnership, and that's saying new form 1818 02:00:01.890 --> 02:00:05.609 A:middle L:90% of project delivery, which breaks all the rules about 1819 02:00:05.619 --> 02:00:09.960 A:middle L:90% how project works. So it's What you do is 1820 02:00:09.960 --> 02:00:13.289 A:middle L:90% you write a contract and a developer says, Okay 1821 02:00:13.289 --> 02:00:15.729 A:middle L:90% , I can do this project for you in three 1822 02:00:15.729 --> 02:00:18.859 A:middle L:90% years and$4 billion under these circumstances, and you 1823 02:00:18.869 --> 02:00:21.220 A:middle L:90% lay out kind of. I mean, it's a 1824 02:00:21.229 --> 02:00:25.069 A:middle L:90% long negotiation, but you lay out the rules from 1825 02:00:25.069 --> 02:00:27.130 A:middle L:90% running the project, which is not nothing. You 1826 02:00:27.130 --> 02:00:30.029 A:middle L:90% will learn professional practice. They're just different. Okay 1827 02:00:30.609 --> 02:00:34.640 A:middle L:90% , the goal here was to replace 558 bridges in 1828 02:00:34.640 --> 02:00:39.130 A:middle L:90% the state of Pennsylvania within three years. Okay, 1829 02:00:39.710 --> 02:00:43.579 A:middle L:90% um, and then the private public partnership would have 1830 02:00:43.590 --> 02:00:46.960 A:middle L:90% a 28 year, 25 year maintenance contract on those 1831 02:00:46.970 --> 02:00:50.850 A:middle L:90% bridges as well. And this is actually a math 1832 02:00:50.850 --> 02:00:54.829 A:middle L:90% of Pennsylvania That shows you all the bridge locations. 1833 02:00:55.210 --> 02:00:58.590 A:middle L:90% Okay, so those were the 558 bridges target for 1834 02:00:58.590 --> 02:01:01.300 A:middle L:90% replacement within three years. This is a fairly impossible 1835 02:01:01.300 --> 02:01:04.210 A:middle L:90% thing to do. Mhm. Okay. I mean 1836 02:01:04.210 --> 02:01:06.229 A:middle L:90% , this is like, not routine at all. 1837 02:01:06.710 --> 02:01:11.220 A:middle L:90% And one of the big risks here because, you 1838 02:01:11.220 --> 02:01:14.039 A:middle L:90% know, it's a negotiation, and there is a 1839 02:01:14.510 --> 02:01:18.819 A:middle L:90% profit incentive in there was. The developers wrote in 1840 02:01:19.409 --> 02:01:25.560 A:middle L:90% a really complicated series of Okay, so you have 1841 02:01:25.560 --> 02:01:29.350 A:middle L:90% to approve roads or roads and bridges are actually very 1842 02:01:29.350 --> 02:01:32.340 A:middle L:90% complicated projects because you have environmental review and you gotta 1843 02:01:32.350 --> 02:01:35.350 A:middle L:90% go through a lot of and bridges. You got 1844 02:01:35.350 --> 02:01:40.470 A:middle L:90% structural. Just a lot of stuff. So there 1845 02:01:40.470 --> 02:01:47.159 A:middle L:90% are 58 to 62 items that have to be processed 1846 02:01:47.170 --> 02:01:50.649 A:middle L:90% , documented and approved before you can start constructing a 1847 02:01:50.659 --> 02:01:55.510 A:middle L:90% bridge. Okay. And they wrote a very complicated 1848 02:01:55.510 --> 02:01:58.090 A:middle L:90% schedule that some of these had to be done in 1849 02:01:58.100 --> 02:02:00.239 A:middle L:90% , you know, 14 days and some had two 1850 02:02:00.250 --> 02:02:02.359 A:middle L:90% months and some have 10 days. And meanwhile, 1851 02:02:02.359 --> 02:02:04.449 A:middle L:90% the department had to figure out, Well, this 1852 02:02:04.449 --> 02:02:06.329 A:middle L:90% is going to have to go out to the because 1853 02:02:06.329 --> 02:02:09.720 A:middle L:90% some of its coordination of traffic. So that has 1854 02:02:09.720 --> 02:02:11.539 A:middle L:90% to go out to the guys in what are called 1855 02:02:11.539 --> 02:02:14.310 A:middle L:90% the transportation divisions. You kind of know what other 1856 02:02:14.310 --> 02:02:15.760 A:middle L:90% construction is going on because you can't close. All 1857 02:02:15.760 --> 02:02:17.779 A:middle L:90% the roads are going to Pittsburgh at the same time 1858 02:02:17.789 --> 02:02:19.810 A:middle L:90% . You know, I mean things like that. 1859 02:02:19.819 --> 02:02:26.170 A:middle L:90% Okay, so that's very complicated. And we said 1860 02:02:26.180 --> 02:02:27.600 A:middle L:90% , Well, there's a lot of risk to the 1861 02:02:27.600 --> 02:02:30.439 A:middle L:90% department that they'll miss these review dates and then what 1862 02:02:30.439 --> 02:02:33.369 A:middle L:90% is the developer gonna do? He's gonna say, 1863 02:02:33.380 --> 02:02:39.140 A:middle L:90% Oh, I need monetary compensation because you prevented me 1864 02:02:39.140 --> 02:02:41.760 A:middle L:90% and I need time extensions, and I need this 1865 02:02:41.760 --> 02:02:46.640 A:middle L:90% and that. So Peter who works for me did 1866 02:02:46.640 --> 02:02:49.729 A:middle L:90% this. I cannot actually take credit for it. 1867 02:02:49.739 --> 02:02:56.090 A:middle L:90% It is a very complicated matrix that shows you they 1868 02:02:56.090 --> 02:02:59.510 A:middle L:90% were up to 62 designs of metal items per bridge 1869 02:03:00.600 --> 02:03:04.020 A:middle L:90% . Um, there are many participants in this review 1870 02:03:04.029 --> 02:03:06.689 A:middle L:90% the development entity as the guy who always has to 1871 02:03:06.689 --> 02:03:10.779 A:middle L:90% submit them. But we had a design review consultant 1872 02:03:10.779 --> 02:03:14.869 A:middle L:90% . We had transportation districts. We had the team 1873 02:03:14.869 --> 02:03:15.560 A:middle L:90% we were on, which was kind of a program 1874 02:03:15.560 --> 02:03:18.569 A:middle L:90% management team. Again. You had the department's central 1875 02:03:18.569 --> 02:03:21.710 A:middle L:90% office, and if it was something like runaway acquisition 1876 02:03:21.710 --> 02:03:25.579 A:middle L:90% or environmental, there were additional reviewers, right? 1877 02:03:26.699 --> 02:03:30.119 A:middle L:90% So there were all in all 24 reviewer roles. 1878 02:03:30.119 --> 02:03:33.050 A:middle L:90% These aren't reviewer people. These are particular review tasks 1879 02:03:33.050 --> 02:03:35.590 A:middle L:90% that had to be done by a group of people 1880 02:03:35.590 --> 02:03:39.310 A:middle L:90% with a particular expertise. Okay. And there were 1881 02:03:39.310 --> 02:03:43.270 A:middle L:90% four discipline leads. And then there were all the 1882 02:03:43.270 --> 02:03:46.050 A:middle L:90% varying review dates, so Peter worked it out. 1883 02:03:46.050 --> 02:03:50.810 A:middle L:90% There were 29 different routing and notification combinations, the 1884 02:03:50.810 --> 02:03:54.970 A:middle L:90% idea being that if somebody has to review something in 1885 02:03:54.970 --> 02:03:57.510 A:middle L:90% something this big, um, I mean, if 1886 02:03:57.510 --> 02:04:02.619 A:middle L:90% you if you multiply 558 times 62 you're talking about 1887 02:04:03.189 --> 02:04:09.800 A:middle L:90% 32,000 design some metals being processed in about 18 months 1888 02:04:10.689 --> 02:04:13.619 A:middle L:90% . And that's kind of a little beyond again Human 1889 02:04:13.619 --> 02:04:16.020 A:middle L:90% comprehension. I mean, no human can manage that 1890 02:04:16.029 --> 02:04:19.079 A:middle L:90% on a system. Okay, so that's cool where 1891 02:04:19.079 --> 02:04:23.949 A:middle L:90% we are there. So this is the kind of 1892 02:04:23.960 --> 02:04:29.470 A:middle L:90% logic. Um, what he did was it's very 1893 02:04:29.470 --> 02:04:32.350 A:middle L:90% simple submittal process. And then the computer starts to 1894 02:04:32.350 --> 02:04:35.270 A:middle L:90% say what kind of submittal this is. Uh, 1895 02:04:35.279 --> 02:04:38.510 A:middle L:90% you know, is it the first time you submitted 1896 02:04:38.510 --> 02:04:41.260 A:middle L:90% it, or is it a revise and resubmit submittal 1897 02:04:41.270 --> 02:04:45.319 A:middle L:90% ? And it goes through All those little blue diamonds 1898 02:04:45.329 --> 02:04:47.189 A:middle L:90% are logic steps that are performed by the computer, 1899 02:04:47.189 --> 02:04:50.510 A:middle L:90% not by people. And so you can trace, 1900 02:04:50.520 --> 02:04:53.449 A:middle L:90% you know, once the middle, that might go 1901 02:04:53.449 --> 02:04:56.149 A:middle L:90% through all of those logic steps until it actually gets 1902 02:04:56.149 --> 02:04:57.970 A:middle L:90% rounded to someone. Of course, the computer does 1903 02:04:57.970 --> 02:05:01.659 A:middle L:90% that, fortunately very quickly. All right, so 1904 02:05:01.670 --> 02:05:04.949 A:middle L:90% what we have here, this is I think this 1905 02:05:04.949 --> 02:05:08.409 A:middle L:90% is how to submit a similar. Okay, so 1906 02:05:08.409 --> 02:05:12.899 A:middle L:90% this is pretty straightforward. You Okay, so each 1907 02:05:12.899 --> 02:05:15.430 A:middle L:90% bridge has its own website. Okay, so you 1908 02:05:15.430 --> 02:05:17.350 A:middle L:90% go to the correct bridge. It's important to go 1909 02:05:17.350 --> 02:05:20.060 A:middle L:90% to the correct bridge. You get to the correct 1910 02:05:20.069 --> 02:05:21.899 A:middle L:90% bridge, then you say I want to do my 1911 02:05:21.899 --> 02:05:29.300 A:middle L:90% smell. And so it's basically in here. Says 1912 02:05:29.670 --> 02:05:32.829 A:middle L:90% Select an option for this middle, and it gives 1913 02:05:32.829 --> 02:05:35.250 A:middle L:90% you a list of all the 62 types of submittal 1914 02:05:35.250 --> 02:05:36.840 A:middle L:90% , so you don't have to remember the name or 1915 02:05:36.840 --> 02:05:39.460 A:middle L:90% anything. You just pick the one you want to 1916 02:05:39.460 --> 02:05:43.750 A:middle L:90% submit, so we pick one and then it says 1917 02:05:43.760 --> 02:05:45.899 A:middle L:90% , Attach your middle, okay, and all you 1918 02:05:45.899 --> 02:05:49.640 A:middle L:90% have to do here is you drag a A document 1919 02:05:49.649 --> 02:05:55.550 A:middle L:90% from your desktop to that tab and you hit the 1920 02:05:55.550 --> 02:05:59.000 A:middle L:90% happy little yellow submit button up there. And from 1921 02:05:59.010 --> 02:06:00.300 A:middle L:90% the developers perspective, you are done. So many 1922 02:06:00.300 --> 02:06:04.800 A:middle L:90% your your submittal. Meanwhile, this thing is tracking 1923 02:06:04.810 --> 02:06:09.420 A:middle L:90% all sorts of information about this middle and who it 1924 02:06:09.420 --> 02:06:12.289 A:middle L:90% needs to go to. And when it's due and 1925 02:06:12.289 --> 02:06:15.180 A:middle L:90% all that, you can kind of see that down 1926 02:06:15.189 --> 02:06:18.079 A:middle L:90% here you begin to see the multiple reviews. So 1927 02:06:18.079 --> 02:06:21.510 A:middle L:90% the design review consultant says no. I'm returning the 1928 02:06:21.520 --> 02:06:26.979 A:middle L:90% comments department says it's okay by us and every step 1929 02:06:26.989 --> 02:06:31.789 A:middle L:90% you capture those comment. Okay, so again, 1930 02:06:31.800 --> 02:06:39.210 A:middle L:90% you know this particular is a dashboard that's reporting on 1931 02:06:39.680 --> 02:06:42.619 A:middle L:90% graphically reporting on how we're doing on this evidence. 1932 02:06:42.619 --> 02:06:45.920 A:middle L:90% Now you'll notice that total design some little started at 1933 02:06:45.920 --> 02:06:50.050 A:middle L:90% this point is 27,000, 398. That's a lot 1934 02:06:50.060 --> 02:06:53.850 A:middle L:90% , right? And we have to I have to 1935 02:06:53.850 --> 02:06:57.550 A:middle L:90% hand it to this design review consultant 100% on time 1936 02:06:57.550 --> 02:07:01.270 A:middle L:90% performance. They watch their own metrics because they haven't 1937 02:07:01.270 --> 02:07:03.760 A:middle L:90% . And they do. Okay, the department's I 1938 02:07:03.760 --> 02:07:05.640 A:middle L:90% mean, the big fear here was the you know 1939 02:07:05.640 --> 02:07:08.350 A:middle L:90% , you send them out to the field and they're 1940 02:07:08.350 --> 02:07:12.590 A:middle L:90% busy and they don't get back there all 85 above 1941 02:07:12.600 --> 02:07:15.909 A:middle L:90% on time performance. And because the designer you use 1942 02:07:15.909 --> 02:07:17.640 A:middle L:90% of multiple steps of their a day late, you 1943 02:07:17.640 --> 02:07:19.899 A:middle L:90% can pick it up in the next step, right 1944 02:07:20.279 --> 02:07:24.550 A:middle L:90% ? And so we've got that kind of thing. 1945 02:07:24.560 --> 02:07:27.539 A:middle L:90% This is the thing that was most of interest to 1946 02:07:27.550 --> 02:07:29.720 A:middle L:90% all the people who are involved in this process. 1947 02:07:29.729 --> 02:07:32.859 A:middle L:90% And it's telling you how many designs and models will 1948 02:07:32.869 --> 02:07:35.640 A:middle L:90% be do every day for the next 30 days. 1949 02:07:35.850 --> 02:07:38.979 A:middle L:90% And you could also kind of get this sort of 1950 02:07:38.979 --> 02:07:41.989 A:middle L:90% report for the ones I have to look at. 1951 02:07:42.000 --> 02:07:45.489 A:middle L:90% Okay, So if you're planning a vacation right around 1952 02:07:45.489 --> 02:07:47.119 A:middle L:90% here, you know, you've got a bit of 1953 02:07:47.119 --> 02:07:50.880 A:middle L:90% a problem and you can start to preview some of 1954 02:07:50.880 --> 02:07:53.670 A:middle L:90% these things and you can get to them before they 1955 02:07:53.680 --> 02:07:56.659 A:middle L:90% get to your step. Uh, etcetera, etcetera 1956 02:07:56.670 --> 02:08:00.520 A:middle L:90% . So that has been immensely successful for$10 on 1957 02:08:00.520 --> 02:08:03.960 A:middle L:90% this, um, not so immensely successful for the 1958 02:08:03.960 --> 02:08:07.529 A:middle L:90% developer, unfortunately, because they didn't get to claim 1959 02:08:07.529 --> 02:08:09.819 A:middle L:90% delays and extra money and things like that, but 1960 02:08:09.829 --> 02:08:13.670 A:middle L:90% I think they were actually counting on. Okay, 1961 02:08:13.680 --> 02:08:20.159 A:middle L:90% So in 2000 and 15, there's something called the 1962 02:08:20.170 --> 02:08:24.970 A:middle L:90% P three the Public Private Partnership Programs Awards, and 1963 02:08:24.979 --> 02:08:28.659 A:middle L:90% this was named the best transport project in the Americas 1964 02:08:28.670 --> 02:08:30.989 A:middle L:90% . And one of the things that was cited in 1965 02:08:30.989 --> 02:08:35.390 A:middle L:90% the award was this centralized review process that minimized delay 1966 02:08:35.399 --> 02:08:39.520 A:middle L:90% risks across the individual districts. So again, this 1967 02:08:39.520 --> 02:08:46.140 A:middle L:90% was a very successful and sort of a really next 1968 02:08:46.140 --> 02:08:50.039 A:middle L:90% step in an improving communications on large projects because now 1969 02:08:50.050 --> 02:08:52.520 A:middle L:90% it just doesn't. You know, you don't look 1970 02:08:52.520 --> 02:08:54.350 A:middle L:90% , and it doesn't just say, Oh, you've 1971 02:08:54.359 --> 02:08:58.390 A:middle L:90% got two things overdue. Now it's notifying people. 1972 02:08:58.399 --> 02:09:01.489 A:middle L:90% You know, when things are moving, you can 1973 02:09:01.500 --> 02:09:03.329 A:middle L:90% you can ask, you know when to get a 1974 02:09:03.329 --> 02:09:07.180 A:middle L:90% report every time a submittal hits the step before yours 1975 02:09:07.270 --> 02:09:09.319 A:middle L:90% . So you know it's coming to you and things 1976 02:09:09.319 --> 02:09:13.619 A:middle L:90% like that and this particular team has really taken to 1977 02:09:13.619 --> 02:09:18.300 A:middle L:90% that is really using the data to manage this unmanageable 1978 02:09:18.310 --> 02:09:24.590 A:middle L:90% project. So that's kind of it for me today 1979 02:09:26.569 --> 02:09:31.029 A:middle L:90% . Thank you for your attention. Yeah, protection 1980 02:09:35.069 --> 02:09:41.529 A:middle L:90% questions, Yes, what's next in terms of that 1981 02:09:41.529 --> 02:09:46.850 A:middle L:90% sort of technology and or that sort of puts on 1982 02:09:46.850 --> 02:09:50.970 A:middle L:90% the horizon as everyone sort without these things informants such 1983 02:09:50.970 --> 02:09:58.569 A:middle L:90% as basically right honestly or something. Yeah, so 1984 02:09:58.569 --> 02:10:01.750 A:middle L:90% that's a good question. Anybody have any ideas on 1985 02:10:01.750 --> 02:10:13.069 A:middle L:90% that? Yeah, Live. That's interesting. This 1986 02:10:13.069 --> 02:10:15.289 A:middle L:90% is all cloud days, right? All of this 1987 02:10:15.289 --> 02:10:20.090 A:middle L:90% is happening. Cloud days. The idea of instant 1988 02:10:20.090 --> 02:10:26.569 A:middle L:90% communication is very interesting. And it's a very key 1989 02:10:26.569 --> 02:10:31.939 A:middle L:90% question during the design, because when it's a very 1990 02:10:31.939 --> 02:10:35.560 A:middle L:90% good question, so hard work, you don't always 1991 02:10:35.560 --> 02:10:39.970 A:middle L:90% want to communicate everything instantly because it may be. 1992 02:10:41.560 --> 02:10:43.250 A:middle L:90% And this is actually something I ran into because again 1993 02:10:43.250 --> 02:10:45.560 A:middle L:90% , I've been doing things like this for a long 1994 02:10:45.560 --> 02:10:46.439 A:middle L:90% time that I set up a computer system a very 1995 02:10:46.439 --> 02:10:50.680 A:middle L:90% long time ago, where every time somebody made a 1996 02:10:50.680 --> 02:10:52.020 A:middle L:90% change to a drawing, everybody else working on the 1997 02:10:52.029 --> 02:10:56.069 A:middle L:90% project sort of saw the change right, and that 1998 02:10:56.069 --> 02:10:58.489 A:middle L:90% was good, except that somebody's boss said, Well 1999 02:10:58.489 --> 02:11:03.119 A:middle L:90% , just try like, you know, rearranging everything 2000 02:11:03.119 --> 02:11:05.960 A:middle L:90% here and all the engineering disciplines responded and changed all 2001 02:11:05.960 --> 02:11:09.979 A:middle L:90% their drawings, and it really wasn't decided upon change 2002 02:11:11.460 --> 02:11:15.270 A:middle L:90% . So managing change is actually, and the ability 2003 02:11:15.279 --> 02:11:20.960 A:middle L:90% to manage change on large projects and communicate what change 2004 02:11:20.960 --> 02:11:22.779 A:middle L:90% you actually want people to respond to? This is 2005 02:11:22.779 --> 02:11:26.720 A:middle L:90% a real design change versus here. A bunch of 2006 02:11:26.729 --> 02:11:30.560 A:middle L:90% options we're looking at is actually a very is a 2007 02:11:30.560 --> 02:11:33.569 A:middle L:90% new area and one where the technology isn't working quite 2008 02:11:33.579 --> 02:11:37.000 A:middle L:90% right yet. So that is a very, very 2009 02:11:37.010 --> 02:11:39.050 A:middle L:90% , very good nice job. Um, in terms 2010 02:11:39.050 --> 02:11:41.710 A:middle L:90% of what's going next, that's one of them, 2011 02:11:41.729 --> 02:11:46.180 A:middle L:90% and that really gets into bim and something called bim 2012 02:11:46.180 --> 02:11:50.289 A:middle L:90% servers. And I'm sure how many would have been 2013 02:11:50.960 --> 02:11:52.449 A:middle L:90% seem much better than our f o. Okay, 2014 02:11:52.460 --> 02:11:58.020 A:middle L:90% um, so building information modeling is a is a 2015 02:11:58.029 --> 02:12:01.539 A:middle L:90% very important technology that really does move our ability to 2016 02:12:01.550 --> 02:12:05.550 A:middle L:90% work with buildings as data, if you will forward 2017 02:12:05.550 --> 02:12:09.119 A:middle L:90% a great deal. But one of the challenges with 2018 02:12:09.130 --> 02:12:15.720 A:middle L:90% building information technology is you really want to manage instead 2019 02:12:15.720 --> 02:12:18.649 A:middle L:90% of managing by the drawing, which is the way 2020 02:12:18.649 --> 02:12:20.399 A:middle L:90% we think about it. Now we're managing by the 2021 02:12:20.409 --> 02:12:26.260 A:middle L:90% model you really want to manage by the individual objects 2022 02:12:26.270 --> 02:12:28.729 A:middle L:90% within the law. And that's one of the big 2023 02:12:28.739 --> 02:12:33.220 A:middle L:90% new issues. So you might say, Okay, 2024 02:12:33.229 --> 02:12:35.170 A:middle L:90% we've decided on the bookcases, but we haven't decided 2025 02:12:35.170 --> 02:12:37.050 A:middle L:90% on the carpet. And so you have a status 2026 02:12:37.050 --> 02:12:41.600 A:middle L:90% for everything in the mob, and the other is 2027 02:12:41.609 --> 02:12:46.460 A:middle L:90% the marriage of this technology, which has been up 2028 02:12:46.460 --> 02:12:50.270 A:middle L:90% to the last year or so extremely document centric with 2029 02:12:50.279 --> 02:12:54.470 A:middle L:90% them and with data centric approaches which are emerging. 2030 02:12:54.050 --> 02:12:58.420 A:middle L:90% So that's those are the areas that were doing some 2031 02:12:58.420 --> 02:13:11.760 A:middle L:90% work in and looking forward to. Oh, sorry 2032 02:13:11.250 --> 02:13:13.439 A:middle L:90% , How do you How does your firm managed the 2033 02:13:13.449 --> 02:13:18.920 A:middle L:90% preservation challenges of handling these massive amounts of structured data 2034 02:13:18.970 --> 02:13:20.760 A:middle L:90% ? Because there's some information in those projects that you 2035 02:13:20.760 --> 02:13:24.010 A:middle L:90% have to maintain for legal purposes. Well, we 2036 02:13:24.010 --> 02:13:28.369 A:middle L:90% don't We're do. We're not the designers of record 2037 02:13:28.369 --> 02:13:31.109 A:middle L:90% or the balance, but we work with. We 2038 02:13:31.109 --> 02:13:33.979 A:middle L:90% work mostly. Most of our clients are owner organizations 2039 02:13:35.449 --> 02:13:37.699 A:middle L:90% , and they are very concerned about how they preserve 2040 02:13:37.699 --> 02:13:41.630 A:middle L:90% some of this information. So, you know, 2041 02:13:41.630 --> 02:13:43.739 A:middle L:90% stuff that's files you upload a drawing file, you 2042 02:13:43.739 --> 02:13:48.409 A:middle L:90% upload a model that's fine. You can get it 2043 02:13:48.420 --> 02:13:50.350 A:middle L:90% . You can do whatever you would normally do with 2044 02:13:50.350 --> 02:13:52.199 A:middle L:90% it. Many of them don't know what to do 2045 02:13:52.199 --> 02:13:56.239 A:middle L:90% with it, but that's another, um but some 2046 02:13:56.239 --> 02:13:58.989 A:middle L:90% of the other information you're right is truly structured data 2047 02:13:58.989 --> 02:14:01.460 A:middle L:90% . If you want to get it out of structured 2048 02:14:01.470 --> 02:14:03.069 A:middle L:90% data as opposed to just a kind of imprint of 2049 02:14:03.069 --> 02:14:05.829 A:middle L:90% those forms, um, you know, you have 2050 02:14:05.829 --> 02:14:07.270 A:middle L:90% to figure out where you're going to put it, 2051 02:14:07.279 --> 02:14:09.159 A:middle L:90% that you can use the structured data, Okay. 2052 02:14:09.539 --> 02:14:13.710 A:middle L:90% And then the other is, uh, some of 2053 02:14:13.710 --> 02:14:16.579 A:middle L:90% that information. Like I showed in in one case 2054 02:14:16.590 --> 02:14:18.800 A:middle L:90% , the audit trail of everybody who touched that. 2055 02:14:18.810 --> 02:14:24.500 A:middle L:90% That's kind of really part of the application, and 2056 02:14:24.500 --> 02:14:28.770 A:middle L:90% it's very hard to extract and use that information without 2057 02:14:28.770 --> 02:14:31.399 A:middle L:90% actually having the application presents. And we actually have 2058 02:14:31.409 --> 02:14:33.770 A:middle L:90% done a lot of work over the last 10 years 2059 02:14:33.770 --> 02:14:37.699 A:middle L:90% or so kind of dealing with those issues for other 2060 02:14:37.699 --> 02:14:46.479 A:middle L:90% organizations. It is a big question. Yes, 2061 02:14:46.489 --> 02:14:50.270 A:middle L:90% sure. And these programs Oh, you never know 2062 02:14:50.689 --> 02:15:00.760 A:middle L:90% . Okay, Work in firms where so adding these 2063 02:15:00.770 --> 02:15:05.920 A:middle L:90% technologies pieces to solve squeeze a little more efficiency out 2064 02:15:05.920 --> 02:15:07.409 A:middle L:90% of the process. You have. It was always 2065 02:15:07.500 --> 02:15:13.579 A:middle L:90% , always healthiness or now, So this time profits 2066 02:15:13.579 --> 02:15:16.920 A:middle L:90% in the service make a little about sort of the 2067 02:15:16.920 --> 02:15:18.859 A:middle L:90% balance of how changes in technology, the tools that 2068 02:15:18.859 --> 02:15:22.829 A:middle L:90% we use, uh, impact, sort of quality 2069 02:15:22.829 --> 02:15:26.970 A:middle L:90% of design and architecture and not just from a little 2070 02:15:26.970 --> 02:15:30.979 A:middle L:90% bit more or a little more time to process, 2071 02:15:31.039 --> 02:15:33.390 A:middle L:90% you know? But how has the changing of somebody 2072 02:15:33.390 --> 02:15:37.630 A:middle L:90% told me? Isil is in my hands are the 2073 02:15:37.630 --> 02:15:39.640 A:middle L:90% things I can use to make a design a little 2074 02:15:39.640 --> 02:15:43.949 A:middle L:90% bit further? This place is there are you know 2075 02:15:43.960 --> 02:15:48.090 A:middle L:90% , I mean, the building industry is a great 2076 02:15:48.100 --> 02:15:52.310 A:middle L:90% industry to get into because it's so big and complex 2077 02:15:52.710 --> 02:15:56.909 A:middle L:90% and there's so much stuff. I mean, you 2078 02:15:56.909 --> 02:15:58.819 A:middle L:90% know, you can do pretty much anything to do 2079 02:15:58.829 --> 02:16:03.000 A:middle L:90% really well in the building industry because it's just such 2080 02:16:03.000 --> 02:16:07.720 A:middle L:90% a vast and varied place to be okay. And 2081 02:16:07.720 --> 02:16:11.369 A:middle L:90% so and everybody kind of looks at it from their 2082 02:16:11.369 --> 02:16:18.090 A:middle L:90% own perspective. Um and so, yeah, I 2083 02:16:18.090 --> 02:16:22.770 A:middle L:90% mean, one thing you can measure is efficiency and 2084 02:16:22.779 --> 02:16:26.760 A:middle L:90% the so the kind of technology I was showing today 2085 02:16:26.770 --> 02:16:30.850 A:middle L:90% . The project collaboration management technology, I mean, 2086 02:16:30.850 --> 02:16:35.389 A:middle L:90% certainly can help people be more productive and can get 2087 02:16:35.399 --> 02:16:39.409 A:middle L:90% things done quicker. It moves information around very fast 2088 02:16:39.420 --> 02:16:41.879 A:middle L:90% . It does not improve the quality of the information 2089 02:16:41.879 --> 02:16:45.879 A:middle L:90% at all except for the fact that people can get 2090 02:16:45.890 --> 02:16:48.639 A:middle L:90% to an accurate version of the drawings. In fact 2091 02:16:48.640 --> 02:16:50.520 A:middle L:90% , one of the first things that people this was 2092 02:16:50.530 --> 02:16:52.629 A:middle L:90% really funny. So this is the Chicago Transit Authority 2093 02:16:52.640 --> 02:16:54.729 A:middle L:90% , and they sometimes they do in house design. 2094 02:16:54.729 --> 02:16:58.010 A:middle L:90% We showed some design reviews with their in house people 2095 02:16:58.021 --> 02:17:00.479 A:middle L:90% , but most of the projects they hire outside architects 2096 02:17:00.479 --> 02:17:03.040 A:middle L:90% and engineers. So when we started to introduce this 2097 02:17:03.040 --> 02:17:05.540 A:middle L:90% technology to those architects and engineers, the first thing 2098 02:17:05.540 --> 02:17:09.979 A:middle L:90% the first good thing we heard was that all the 2099 02:17:09.978 --> 02:17:13.569 A:middle L:90% sub consultants they designed sub consultants were delighted because the 2100 02:17:13.568 --> 02:17:16.239 A:middle L:90% architects were required to put their drawings online, where 2101 02:17:16.238 --> 02:17:20.409 A:middle L:90% the sun's could see what they were doing. So 2102 02:17:20.420 --> 02:17:22.909 A:middle L:90% you know, it was very, very helpful for 2103 02:17:22.909 --> 02:17:26.170 A:middle L:90% them in that regard. I think probably the technology 2104 02:17:26.170 --> 02:17:28.590 A:middle L:90% that's going to give us if we use it right 2105 02:17:28.590 --> 02:17:31.350 A:middle L:90% , and boy, it's not being used right right 2106 02:17:31.351 --> 02:17:33.870 A:middle L:90% now is building information modelling. Bim technology has the 2107 02:17:33.870 --> 02:17:39.020 A:middle L:90% ability to really give you much more accurate, high 2108 02:17:39.021 --> 02:17:43.690 A:middle L:90% quality information about your building and really support better decision 2109 02:17:43.690 --> 02:17:48.049 A:middle L:90% making about building so you know, and then the 2110 02:17:48.060 --> 02:17:52.010 A:middle L:90% problem with BIM has all this promise. But object 2111 02:17:52.011 --> 02:17:58.250 A:middle L:90% data structures are lousy at communicating. And so it's 2112 02:17:58.250 --> 02:18:01.389 A:middle L:90% hard if you if you're using them on a project 2113 02:18:01.399 --> 02:18:03.620 A:middle L:90% . And this is what this young man said, 2114 02:18:03.630 --> 02:18:05.450 A:middle L:90% you know, how do we all see what's going 2115 02:18:05.450 --> 02:18:07.219 A:middle L:90% on in a bin? It's much harder than even 2116 02:18:07.220 --> 02:18:09.899 A:middle L:90% seeing what's going on with the drawings. So that's 2117 02:18:09.899 --> 02:18:13.510 A:middle L:90% kind of a challenge I think is emerging and that 2118 02:18:13.511 --> 02:18:15.850 A:middle L:90% we're interested in. But I think it's building information 2119 02:18:15.859 --> 02:18:18.090 A:middle L:90% modeling that really is improving the quality and allowing you 2120 02:18:18.090 --> 02:18:20.739 A:middle L:90% to do things that you just couldn't do before. 2121 02:18:24.931 --> 02:18:26.920 A:middle L:90% I mean, heavens, we are doing things that 2122 02:18:28.069 --> 02:18:33.750 A:middle L:90% 40 years ago you couldn't get you just couldn't get 2123 02:18:33.120 --> 02:18:39.250 A:middle L:90% yes. Has this changed the number of people working 2124 02:18:39.620 --> 02:18:41.200 A:middle L:90% because you talked early on in the seventies about the 2125 02:18:41.209 --> 02:18:46.819 A:middle L:90% block long Skidmore, Owings and Merrill wounds of dressing 2126 02:18:46.420 --> 02:18:50.690 A:middle L:90% this kind of technology that is improving efficiency, you 2127 02:18:50.689 --> 02:18:52.559 A:middle L:90% probably need to people Oh, yeah, How is 2128 02:18:52.559 --> 02:18:58.770 A:middle L:90% that affecting? Well, you know, it's probably 2129 02:18:58.771 --> 02:19:01.430 A:middle L:90% the big political debate of our day, and I 2130 02:19:01.431 --> 02:19:05.139 A:middle L:90% have really strong opinions on that, but yeah, 2131 02:19:05.719 --> 02:19:09.299 A:middle L:90% uh, maybe this isn't the place or time. 2132 02:19:09.309 --> 02:19:11.360 A:middle L:90% I mean, certainly there is no industry that needs 2133 02:19:11.359 --> 02:19:13.750 A:middle L:90% the number of people it needed 40 years ago. 2134 02:19:15.420 --> 02:19:18.790 A:middle L:90% And so do we really keep focusing on? People 2135 02:19:18.790 --> 02:19:22.399 A:middle L:90% have to work? I mean, that seems like 2136 02:19:22.399 --> 02:19:26.790 A:middle L:90% a silly sort of session when people have to work 2137 02:19:26.790 --> 02:19:30.659 A:middle L:90% as much or whatever, Right? So that's But 2138 02:19:30.659 --> 02:19:33.340 A:middle L:90% that's a political answer. Not really a technical answer 2139 02:19:39.120 --> 02:19:43.690 A:middle L:90% . And that's what everybody okay? Yes. Why 2140 02:19:43.689 --> 02:19:46.639 A:middle L:90% did you have another one? I have seen him 2141 02:19:48.219 --> 02:19:54.020 A:middle L:90% . Um, yeah, presentation where everything is shown 2142 02:19:54.029 --> 02:19:56.430 A:middle L:90% in the architectural drawings and perspective. So you literally 2143 02:19:56.430 --> 02:20:01.639 A:middle L:90% see the book cases in the room. And I 2144 02:20:01.649 --> 02:20:03.899 A:middle L:90% would think that would communicate a lot of information to 2145 02:20:03.909 --> 02:20:05.569 A:middle L:90% people who are looking at it like Okay, your 2146 02:20:05.569 --> 02:20:07.840 A:middle L:90% carpet? Yes, for cases. And are the 2147 02:20:07.840 --> 02:20:09.719 A:middle L:90% bookcases in a place where it's going to walk you 2148 02:20:09.719 --> 02:20:11.969 A:middle L:90% out the window or the orientation of the sun and 2149 02:20:11.969 --> 02:20:16.250 A:middle L:90% that sort of thing? So things you need to 2150 02:20:16.250 --> 02:20:22.989 A:middle L:90% hold tremendous visualization capabilities that make some of those processes 2151 02:20:22.989 --> 02:20:30.629 A:middle L:90% easier. Yes, then has been proven for a 2152 02:20:30.629 --> 02:20:33.280 A:middle L:90% long time. And it wasn't something new to my 2153 02:20:33.280 --> 02:20:35.680 A:middle L:90% mind that that's old news that has been proven for 2154 02:20:35.681 --> 02:20:39.170 A:middle L:90% a very long time to communicate very well to the 2155 02:20:39.170 --> 02:20:41.790 A:middle L:90% end user. I mean, most normal people cannot 2156 02:20:41.799 --> 02:20:45.659 A:middle L:90% leave drawings, and you know, they can If 2157 02:20:45.659 --> 02:20:46.719 A:middle L:90% you show them a three D model on from multiple 2158 02:20:46.720 --> 02:20:50.969 A:middle L:90% perspectives, that's good. And they can see it 2159 02:20:50.969 --> 02:20:52.670 A:middle L:90% better. And they understand, and they know what 2160 02:20:52.670 --> 02:20:54.659 A:middle L:90% they're getting. The problem is, is actually kind 2161 02:20:54.658 --> 02:20:56.889 A:middle L:90% of what you said. Okay, you see it 2162 02:20:56.889 --> 02:20:58.340 A:middle L:90% in his book cases, but it doesn't have a 2163 02:20:58.350 --> 02:21:00.760 A:middle L:90% carpet or it has a carpet. But in fact 2164 02:21:00.760 --> 02:21:01.379 A:middle L:90% , I haven't really selected the carpet. And then 2165 02:21:01.379 --> 02:21:03.250 A:middle L:90% when you select the carpet, they thought they said 2166 02:21:03.260 --> 02:21:05.559 A:middle L:90% , Oh, I thought the carpet was great. 2167 02:21:05.559 --> 02:21:07.879 A:middle L:90% Well, no, that was just And this is 2168 02:21:07.879 --> 02:21:13.040 A:middle L:90% where the the ability to kind of manage. So 2169 02:21:13.040 --> 02:21:16.649 A:middle L:90% I'm in bed. Any of you use something like 2170 02:21:16.659 --> 02:21:20.260 A:middle L:90% rabbit for Yeah, okay. And so you're drawing 2171 02:21:20.260 --> 02:21:22.379 A:middle L:90% something, and you want to put something in that 2172 02:21:22.379 --> 02:21:24.850 A:middle L:90% model and you go out on the web and you 2173 02:21:24.859 --> 02:21:26.819 A:middle L:90% grab an object and you stick it, right? 2174 02:21:26.409 --> 02:21:30.540 A:middle L:90% Yeah, that's what everybody does. This is terrible 2175 02:21:30.909 --> 02:21:37.559 A:middle L:90% because this object brings with it. Yeah, all 2176 02:21:37.560 --> 02:21:41.469 A:middle L:90% this data that you didn't intend. Okay, if 2177 02:21:41.469 --> 02:21:45.540 A:middle L:90% you are an intelligent object for bim model, order 2178 02:21:45.549 --> 02:21:46.649 A:middle L:90% for it to be in a big model, you 2179 02:21:46.649 --> 02:21:48.799 A:middle L:90% know, has to make a model and you know 2180 02:21:48.810 --> 02:21:52.370 A:middle L:90% all sorts of attributes that you didn't intend. But 2181 02:21:52.370 --> 02:21:54.989 A:middle L:90% if you share your model with someone else, they 2182 02:21:54.989 --> 02:21:56.909 A:middle L:90% go, Oh, she's using the blah, blah 2183 02:21:56.909 --> 02:21:58.940 A:middle L:90% , blah, you know, sink here. Okay 2184 02:21:58.940 --> 02:22:01.459 A:middle L:90% , let's order 2000 of them for this project, 2185 02:22:01.459 --> 02:22:05.989 A:middle L:90% right? And things get very bad. So that's 2186 02:22:05.989 --> 02:22:09.149 A:middle L:90% kind of from the from the actual managing a project 2187 02:22:09.159 --> 02:22:13.430 A:middle L:90% perspective. The problem with them is there's all sorts 2188 02:22:13.430 --> 02:22:16.139 A:middle L:90% of bad information in these files, but it's if 2189 02:22:16.140 --> 02:22:18.069 A:middle L:90% you're a bim user, you look what that is 2190 02:22:18.899 --> 02:22:22.479 A:middle L:90% and you react to it. So that's the problem 2191 02:22:22.488 --> 02:22:26.340 A:middle L:90% . It's really not a problem for designs countries. 2192 02:22:26.350 --> 02:22:28.700 A:middle L:90% But here later on, you should remember that. 2193 02:22:28.709 --> 02:22:31.469 A:middle L:90% Yes, I think it's a very interesting example you 2194 02:22:31.600 --> 02:22:33.629 A:middle L:90% about the color and the color of the carpet and 2195 02:22:33.629 --> 02:22:37.450 A:middle L:90% like a standing kind of color, because that's about 2196 02:22:37.459 --> 02:22:41.549 A:middle L:90% being able to anticipate what a client actually is able 2197 02:22:41.549 --> 02:22:43.120 A:middle L:90% to see. So, perhaps better is better than 2198 02:22:43.329 --> 02:22:48.989 A:middle L:90% extent drawing, but we're still we're still assuming that 2199 02:22:48.000 --> 02:22:52.379 A:middle L:90% it can actually, maybe there's a misapprehension of what 2200 02:22:52.380 --> 02:22:54.829 A:middle L:90% they can see. Remember the first job Iran. 2201 02:22:54.299 --> 02:22:58.299 A:middle L:90% And there was a nice, uh, department of 2202 02:22:58.309 --> 02:23:00.299 A:middle L:90% Park Avenue. We want to pick out Stone. 2203 02:23:00.299 --> 02:23:01.209 A:middle L:90% The whole thing got it wet. Oh, great 2204 02:23:01.530 --> 02:23:05.079 A:middle L:90% to hear it is installed on, the client goes 2205 02:23:05.090 --> 02:23:07.209 A:middle L:90% . That was just the first one I ran out 2206 02:23:07.000 --> 02:23:09.159 A:middle L:90% . Oh, I didn't know. It's going to 2207 02:23:09.170 --> 02:23:15.709 A:middle L:90% be that catastrophe. It seems like a long pause 2208 02:23:16.200 --> 02:23:18.010 A:middle L:90% . And then she says, I love it. 2209 02:23:18.129 --> 02:23:22.709 A:middle L:90% She hadn't seen it before, and she was there 2210 02:23:22.719 --> 02:23:24.479 A:middle L:90% and picked it. We help. I'm not trying 2211 02:23:24.478 --> 02:23:28.770 A:middle L:90% to insult the client. How could I possibly thought 2212 02:23:28.771 --> 02:23:31.549 A:middle L:90% that she didn't see what color that was? Right 2213 02:23:31.560 --> 02:23:35.469 A:middle L:90% ? So that's that's a problem that every every kind 2214 02:23:35.469 --> 02:23:39.610 A:middle L:90% of technical capacity will handle. Capacity has to confront 2215 02:23:41.000 --> 02:23:43.309 A:middle L:90% how you know somebody. See what people see is 2216 02:23:43.309 --> 02:23:48.819 A:middle L:90% really difficult. Really? Yes, the modernization of 2217 02:23:48.829 --> 02:23:52.489 A:middle L:90% that. The ability to put on goggles and literally 2218 02:23:52.500 --> 02:23:56.270 A:middle L:90% walk through the project, which is a future that 2219 02:23:56.280 --> 02:23:58.629 A:middle L:90% will be able to literally walk through. It's the 2220 02:23:58.629 --> 02:24:01.149 A:middle L:90% current of them. It's very possible that some of 2221 02:24:01.148 --> 02:24:07.760 A:middle L:90% those problems eradicated or not, you still I mean 2222 02:24:07.959 --> 02:24:09.709 A:middle L:90% , it's a matter to grieve, and sometimes you 2223 02:24:09.709 --> 02:24:13.430 A:middle L:90% just don't know. Typically, in order to be 2224 02:24:13.430 --> 02:24:16.860 A:middle L:90% able to actually move through an environment and comfortable time 2225 02:24:16.870 --> 02:24:22.469 A:middle L:90% , you're reducing the the precision of the display so 2226 02:24:22.470 --> 02:24:26.030 A:middle L:90% there are issues there. So really using the right 2227 02:24:26.030 --> 02:24:28.620 A:middle L:90% tool at the right time for the right thing and 2228 02:24:28.620 --> 02:24:31.120 A:middle L:90% also sort of in the big challenge now. And 2229 02:24:31.120 --> 02:24:35.209 A:middle L:90% the big debates that had to do it is really 2230 02:24:35.590 --> 02:24:39.209 A:middle L:90% developing tools to communicate how serious you are about all 2231 02:24:39.209 --> 02:24:41.659 A:middle L:90% the pieces that are in the model. So I 2232 02:24:41.659 --> 02:24:43.819 A:middle L:90% have something looks like a very complete model, but 2233 02:24:45.290 --> 02:24:46.510 A:middle L:90% I really am not sure that would think I want 2234 02:24:46.510 --> 02:24:50.399 A:middle L:90% to use right. I'm really not sure about the 2235 02:24:50.409 --> 02:24:52.389 A:middle L:90% color of the carpet. And we haven't really decided 2236 02:24:52.389 --> 02:24:56.010 A:middle L:90% between concrete or steel yet, so don't take it 2237 02:24:56.010 --> 02:25:01.120 A:middle L:90% too literally. And so there there are different there 2238 02:25:01.489 --> 02:25:03.649 A:middle L:90% . Couple of approaches were doing that could be a 2239 02:25:03.659 --> 02:25:07.399 A:middle L:90% very long discussion level of development versus model view definition 2240 02:25:09.351 --> 02:25:13.549 A:middle L:90% , contraction you established with the mode of communication content 2241 02:25:20.489 --> 02:25:22.819 A:middle L:90% . Thank you. That was fun. Yeah, 2242 02:25:22.190 --> 02:25:26.120 A:middle L:90% so just the one I showed to put a brief 2243 02:25:26.120 --> 02:25:28.239 A:middle L:90% conclusion on this. Thank you to all of our 2244 02:25:28.250 --> 02:25:35.780 A:middle L:90% participants, both speakers and audience. This concludes our 2245 02:25:35.790 --> 02:25:41.170 A:middle L:90% second i a W a center symposium in this format 2246 02:25:41.181 --> 02:25:46.819 A:middle L:90% . It's had a lot of very interesting information brought 2247 02:25:46.829 --> 02:25:48.510 A:middle L:90% forward, and we have connections that we want to 2248 02:25:48.510 --> 02:25:52.180 A:middle L:90% move forward with, uh, exciting time for the 2249 02:25:52.180 --> 02:25:54.909 A:middle L:90% I A W A. We appreciate you all being 2250 02:25:54.920 --> 02:26:00.299 A:middle L:90% here and look forward to your participation in the future 2251 02:26:00.680 --> 02:26:05.250 A:middle L:90% , which is this afternoon or tomorrow. We are 2252 02:26:05.260 --> 02:26:09.530 A:middle L:90% desiring to connect up with the work of women in 2253 02:26:09.540 --> 02:26:15.920 A:middle L:90% architecture throughout the present period, but also in history 2254 02:26:15.930 --> 02:26:18.879 A:middle L:90% . And for some of you who may not know 2255 02:26:18.889 --> 02:26:24.600 A:middle L:90% women in architecture to us and to our founder no 2256 02:26:24.600 --> 02:26:28.620 A:middle L:90% Kalashnikov, the in is the most important word because 2257 02:26:28.629 --> 02:26:33.799 A:middle L:90% the in means not that you are a licensed architect 2258 02:26:33.180 --> 02:26:37.450 A:middle L:90% , but that you participate in this world of architecture 2259 02:26:37.449 --> 02:26:41.790 A:middle L:90% , which is Christine and others have said is very 2260 02:26:41.790 --> 02:26:46.770 A:middle L:90% generous. It's furniture, It's landscape, It's lighting 2261 02:26:46.780 --> 02:26:50.280 A:middle L:90% , it's materials. It's urban design. It's planning 2262 02:26:50.290 --> 02:26:54.280 A:middle L:90% . It has a wonderful latitude. It's hard to 2263 02:26:54.280 --> 02:26:58.399 A:middle L:90% imagine what it does not touch. So just remember 2264 02:26:58.398 --> 02:27:01.239 A:middle L:90% the end. We have an archive here. Of 2265 02:27:01.239 --> 02:27:05.959 A:middle L:90% course. It has limited square footage, but we 2266 02:27:05.959 --> 02:27:09.209 A:middle L:90% have imaginations. And those imaginations will work on how 2267 02:27:09.209 --> 02:27:13.379 A:middle L:90% we develop capacities in the future. I think we've 2268 02:27:13.379 --> 02:27:16.610 A:middle L:90% seen it many ways with yours, Christine. Each 2269 02:27:16.610 --> 02:27:20.159 A:middle L:90% of them give us an idea. So thank you 2270 02:27:20.159 --> 02:27:24.209 A:middle L:90% so much. Thank you. Okay,