WEBVTT 1 00:00:06.740 --> 00:00:09.289 A:middle L:90% Welcome everybody. My name is Marie Elisa Christie. 2 00:00:09.289 --> 00:00:12.140 A:middle L:90% I'm director of the Women and gender and international development 3 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:16.019 A:middle L:90% program here at the Office of International Research, Education 4 00:00:16.019 --> 00:00:18.820 A:middle L:90% Development. We have a women and gender development discussion 5 00:00:18.820 --> 00:00:21.769 A:middle L:90% series. We have one speaker a month and I'm 6 00:00:21.769 --> 00:00:26.460 A:middle L:90% very excited to have brought outside speaker Dr Buechler who 7 00:00:26.469 --> 00:00:31.059 A:middle L:90% uh from uh receivers and I can't believe this. 8 00:00:31.640 --> 00:00:37.859 A:middle L:90% Mhm. Hold on one second. All right, 9 00:00:38.539 --> 00:00:42.070 A:middle L:90% Stephanie thinking about your interview, introduce yourself. Okay 10 00:00:42.079 --> 00:00:46.549 A:middle L:90% , So um we also have people watching from web 11 00:00:46.560 --> 00:00:48.979 A:middle L:90% on webex from the national capital region, from Virginia 12 00:00:48.979 --> 00:00:53.170 A:middle L:90% tech canvas up there. So please fill out the 13 00:00:53.170 --> 00:00:55.140 A:middle L:90% sign in sheet some of you already to fill it 14 00:00:55.140 --> 00:00:56.810 A:middle L:90% out coming in, but if you have a please 15 00:00:56.810 --> 00:00:58.439 A:middle L:90% fill it out coming out and check if you want 16 00:00:58.439 --> 00:01:00.890 A:middle L:90% to be on our list serve. Uh we only 17 00:01:00.890 --> 00:01:03.569 A:middle L:90% send messages about the discussion series or things specific to 18 00:01:03.579 --> 00:01:07.659 A:middle L:90% gender and international developed, so we don't spam you 19 00:01:07.140 --> 00:01:11.060 A:middle L:90% . Our next presenter is going to be on November 20 00:01:11.060 --> 00:01:12.299 A:middle L:90% 10. Um and Rosener, who was a student 21 00:01:12.299 --> 00:01:15.519 A:middle L:90% here and who went on to found an organization, 22 00:01:15.530 --> 00:01:18.760 A:middle L:90% living threads that works with crafts swimming around the world 23 00:01:19.239 --> 00:01:22.010 A:middle L:90% . So November 10 even know better. This presentation 24 00:01:22.010 --> 00:01:23.750 A:middle L:90% is going to last approximately 40 minutes, we'll have 25 00:01:23.750 --> 00:01:27.739 A:middle L:90% 10 minutes of questions and answers or discussion, um 26 00:01:27.750 --> 00:01:30.079 A:middle L:90% and then I'll be sure to stop by 1 20 27 00:01:30.090 --> 00:01:33.010 A:middle L:90% so people who have class, we need to leave 28 00:01:33.019 --> 00:01:34.709 A:middle L:90% will have 10 minutes before our and then we actually 29 00:01:34.709 --> 00:01:37.480 A:middle L:90% have the room for another 30 minutes, so anybody 30 00:01:37.480 --> 00:01:38.829 A:middle L:90% who wants to stay and come up and talk to 31 00:01:38.829 --> 00:01:41.959 A:middle L:90% the speaker can do so at that time and be 32 00:01:41.959 --> 00:01:45.200 A:middle L:90% sure to have some bagels, water of coffee um 33 00:01:45.209 --> 00:01:47.390 A:middle L:90% any time including when you're leaving, take them to 34 00:01:47.390 --> 00:01:49.439 A:middle L:90% go, okay, so please introduce yourself and thank 35 00:01:49.439 --> 00:01:55.510 A:middle L:90% you very much for coming to join us. Hello 36 00:01:55.510 --> 00:01:57.969 A:middle L:90% , everyone is wonderful to be here and thank you 37 00:01:57.969 --> 00:02:00.390 A:middle L:90% so much Maria, listen for bringing me here today 38 00:02:00.400 --> 00:02:04.099 A:middle L:90% and I'll just tell you a little bit about myself 39 00:02:04.099 --> 00:02:07.099 A:middle L:90% . I wear three hats at the University of Arizona 40 00:02:07.109 --> 00:02:08.699 A:middle L:90% . I'm in the Udall Center for Studies in Public 41 00:02:08.699 --> 00:02:13.650 A:middle L:90% Policy and I do most of my research through that 42 00:02:13.659 --> 00:02:17.110 A:middle L:90% research center. And then I also teach within the 43 00:02:17.110 --> 00:02:21.650 A:middle L:90% school of Geography and Development in a program called the 44 00:02:21.650 --> 00:02:27.069 A:middle L:90% Masters and Development Practice Program. And uh, so 45 00:02:27.080 --> 00:02:31.770 A:middle L:90% um I have done research uh in many different settings 46 00:02:31.770 --> 00:02:37.469 A:middle L:90% and I think that enables me to uh maybe have 47 00:02:37.479 --> 00:02:40.379 A:middle L:90% a unique vision in a sense of what it's like 48 00:02:40.389 --> 00:02:45.129 A:middle L:90% to fit pieces into a puzzle. And I'm always 49 00:02:45.139 --> 00:02:49.120 A:middle L:90% using that analogy that I always feel like um several 50 00:02:49.120 --> 00:02:52.439 A:middle L:90% pieces are always missing no matter how long I stay 51 00:02:52.439 --> 00:02:54.960 A:middle L:90% in any one field site. So uh I have 52 00:02:54.969 --> 00:03:00.229 A:middle L:90% done research in uh upstate new york in rural new 53 00:03:00.229 --> 00:03:04.199 A:middle L:90% york mon dairy farming families. I've done research in 54 00:03:04.199 --> 00:03:08.639 A:middle L:90% Honduras and around to, and also I've done research 55 00:03:08.639 --> 00:03:13.159 A:middle L:90% in Bolivia, which is where my father grew up 56 00:03:13.169 --> 00:03:19.039 A:middle L:90% . And also done research in central and northern Mexico 57 00:03:19.050 --> 00:03:21.930 A:middle L:90% . You know that we're in Tucson Arizona, we're 58 00:03:21.939 --> 00:03:24.879 A:middle L:90% just an hour from the border of Mexico. Uh 59 00:03:24.889 --> 00:03:30.120 A:middle L:90% currently also do research in Tucson in my hometown on 60 00:03:30.129 --> 00:03:36.219 A:middle L:90% food security issues and urban agriculture. And I've done 61 00:03:36.219 --> 00:03:38.840 A:middle L:90% research in two areas of India. So while I 62 00:03:38.840 --> 00:03:42.900 A:middle L:90% don't feel like I'm an expert on either one, 63 00:03:42.909 --> 00:03:46.960 A:middle L:90% I have uh lived and worked for four years in 64 00:03:46.969 --> 00:03:53.360 A:middle L:90% uh south India, which is um in Hyderabad and 65 00:03:53.370 --> 00:03:57.319 A:middle L:90% in the urban peri urban and rural areas. I 66 00:03:57.319 --> 00:04:01.919 A:middle L:90% studied wastewater irrigation for agriculture and I studied the gender 67 00:04:01.919 --> 00:04:06.810 A:middle L:90% dimensions of who was planting what types of crops on 68 00:04:06.810 --> 00:04:12.840 A:middle L:90% what type of land. And then I have now 69 00:04:12.849 --> 00:04:17.660 A:middle L:90% started research in uh northeast India in Oregon state, 70 00:04:17.939 --> 00:04:20.939 A:middle L:90% which is right on the border. A look at 71 00:04:20.939 --> 00:04:27.180 A:middle L:90% the map of Nepal and china. I'll show you 72 00:04:27.180 --> 00:04:30.189 A:middle L:90% a map and that's what I'm going to present on 73 00:04:30.199 --> 00:04:35.660 A:middle L:90% today. And I've always interwoven in my topics of 74 00:04:36.040 --> 00:04:40.990 A:middle L:90% uh issue of water. And then in 2007, 75 00:04:40.990 --> 00:04:46.589 A:middle L:90% I began to also include the issue of climate change 76 00:04:46.600 --> 00:04:49.759 A:middle L:90% . And always with livelihoods focus and always looking at 77 00:04:49.759 --> 00:04:56.620 A:middle L:90% gender issues within uh natural resource based livelihoods. So 78 00:04:56.620 --> 00:05:00.319 A:middle L:90% that's what I'll present today. My research um which 79 00:05:00.329 --> 00:05:01.870 A:middle L:90% is really a collaborative project. And I'll talk to 80 00:05:01.870 --> 00:05:06.060 A:middle L:90% you about that governance livelihoods and gender issues and run 81 00:05:06.060 --> 00:05:11.860 A:middle L:90% of the river hydropower project areas in Uttarakhand, India 82 00:05:12.939 --> 00:05:18.529 A:middle L:90% . Mm hmm. Yeah. So setting the context 83 00:05:18.540 --> 00:05:21.670 A:middle L:90% , India is the third largest coal producer in the 84 00:05:21.670 --> 00:05:26.470 A:middle L:90% world and it will soon be the largest coal consumer 85 00:05:26.480 --> 00:05:30.980 A:middle L:90% globally. And coal plants in India and globally, 86 00:05:30.990 --> 00:05:35.829 A:middle L:90% are really the main contributors to carbon dioxide emissions and 87 00:05:35.829 --> 00:05:39.910 A:middle L:90% to air pollution. And some of you may know 88 00:05:39.910 --> 00:05:43.660 A:middle L:90% that for a while, Deli was considered to be 89 00:05:43.660 --> 00:05:47.480 A:middle L:90% the most um Polluted in terms of its air pollution 90 00:05:47.490 --> 00:05:50.360 A:middle L:90% city in the world, it is now no longer 91 00:05:50.360 --> 00:05:56.329 A:middle L:90% , but um India still is home to unfortunately 22 92 00:05:56.329 --> 00:06:00.009 A:middle L:90% of the world's um cities with the worst air pollution 93 00:06:00.019 --> 00:06:09.370 A:middle L:90% . So, um hydropower is considered then kind of 94 00:06:09.370 --> 00:06:14.459 A:middle L:90% an alternative to the dependence on dirty coal for energy 95 00:06:14.470 --> 00:06:20.860 A:middle L:90% production and um globally, now smaller hydropower dams and 96 00:06:20.860 --> 00:06:24.490 A:middle L:90% run of the river projects. And I'll describe what 97 00:06:24.500 --> 00:06:28.129 A:middle L:90% that is um has offered um, you know, 98 00:06:28.129 --> 00:06:31.060 A:middle L:90% an alternative to polluting coal generated electricity. And this 99 00:06:31.060 --> 00:06:33.550 A:middle L:90% is um the case in, for example, that 100 00:06:33.550 --> 00:06:41.100 A:middle L:90% accrues Mexico uh in Nepal in northeast Thailand in Rwanda 101 00:06:41.110 --> 00:06:46.110 A:middle L:90% . So really globally you're finding um a push towards 102 00:06:46.120 --> 00:06:51.189 A:middle L:90% uh these other types of hydropower projects rather than large 103 00:06:51.189 --> 00:06:57.339 A:middle L:90% dams, but very little has been written really on 104 00:06:57.350 --> 00:07:01.610 A:middle L:90% the impacts of these new types of hydropower projects, 105 00:07:01.620 --> 00:07:09.589 A:middle L:90% especially related to livelihoods. In um the Malian state 106 00:07:09.600 --> 00:07:16.720 A:middle L:90% of Uttarakhand over 450 hydro electric or Heidel power schemes 107 00:07:16.730 --> 00:07:23.560 A:middle L:90% are either proposed or under development by state and central 108 00:07:23.569 --> 00:07:26.949 A:middle L:90% . Also the central government. These power projects are 109 00:07:26.949 --> 00:07:32.110 A:middle L:90% joint ventures usually between public and private interests and um 110 00:07:32.120 --> 00:07:38.480 A:middle L:90% or their developed solely by private companies, sometimes chinese 111 00:07:38.480 --> 00:07:45.379 A:middle L:90% companies and and companies from uh elsewhere. Um stakeholders 112 00:07:45.389 --> 00:07:50.240 A:middle L:90% in this rapid hydropower expansion really um are very diverse 113 00:07:50.250 --> 00:07:57.290 A:middle L:90% . And so um you have these governments challenges as 114 00:07:57.290 --> 00:08:03.550 A:middle L:90% a result uh between electricity generation and revenue from hydropower 115 00:08:03.060 --> 00:08:09.629 A:middle L:90% and electricity generation is mainly really to feed urban demand 116 00:08:09.639 --> 00:08:13.050 A:middle L:90% . So with growing cities, you have a growing 117 00:08:13.050 --> 00:08:18.970 A:middle L:90% demand for power and for regular reliable power. And 118 00:08:18.980 --> 00:08:22.389 A:middle L:90% some of the power that is being generated is for 119 00:08:22.389 --> 00:08:24.550 A:middle L:90% rural areas as well to try to get them connected 120 00:08:24.560 --> 00:08:30.779 A:middle L:90% now to the grid. Uh and that supplies and 121 00:08:30.779 --> 00:08:33.110 A:middle L:90% both rural and urban areas. Um but most of 122 00:08:33.110 --> 00:08:37.720 A:middle L:90% the demand is coming from urban areas as well as 123 00:08:37.720 --> 00:08:43.570 A:middle L:90% large basket um you know areas where breadbasket areas are 124 00:08:43.580 --> 00:08:50.950 A:middle L:90% where large irrigation projects need power for pumping groundwater. 125 00:08:52.139 --> 00:08:56.460 A:middle L:90% And you have so you have electricity generations and the 126 00:08:56.460 --> 00:09:01.460 A:middle L:90% revenue which is considerable from this hydropower. Um on 127 00:09:01.460 --> 00:09:03.399 A:middle L:90% the one hand, and then you have on the 128 00:09:03.399 --> 00:09:07.820 A:middle L:90% other hand, um the impacts on small scale irrigation 129 00:09:07.820 --> 00:09:11.440 A:middle L:90% systems in rural areas, um you have impacts on 130 00:09:11.450 --> 00:09:16.019 A:middle L:90% ecosystems and you have impacts on other natural resource based 131 00:09:16.019 --> 00:09:20.549 A:middle L:90% livelihoods. Um So you have this tension between rural 132 00:09:20.549 --> 00:09:26.590 A:middle L:90% and urban and between different um interests um that are 133 00:09:26.590 --> 00:09:33.769 A:middle L:90% represented in anyone basin, river basin. So we 134 00:09:33.769 --> 00:09:39.049 A:middle L:90% asked in this project uh energy production for whom and 135 00:09:39.049 --> 00:09:41.700 A:middle L:90% at what cost. So we used a social justice 136 00:09:41.710 --> 00:09:48.679 A:middle L:90% approach and um we looked um and we applied it 137 00:09:48.690 --> 00:09:54.029 A:middle L:90% to energy projects and we contend that rural people should 138 00:09:54.029 --> 00:09:58.549 A:middle L:90% be given a stronger voice than urban based developers and 139 00:09:58.549 --> 00:10:03.559 A:middle L:90% political power brokers. Um This approach leads to questions 140 00:10:03.559 --> 00:10:09.460 A:middle L:90% over centralised projects for resource provision and management, including 141 00:10:09.460 --> 00:10:16.710 A:middle L:90% hydropower. And also um we look at for example 142 00:10:16.720 --> 00:10:20.370 A:middle L:90% , um uh what young has looked at for in 143 00:10:20.370 --> 00:10:24.129 A:middle L:90% this case, she looked at um solar power and 144 00:10:24.139 --> 00:10:33.210 A:middle L:90% um she says that basically um social justice is really 145 00:10:33.210 --> 00:10:37.379 A:middle L:90% a condition in which the institutional context makes it possible 146 00:10:37.379 --> 00:10:43.129 A:middle L:90% for everyone to be included in governance processes and entails 147 00:10:43.129 --> 00:10:46.769 A:middle L:90% distributive results such as the satisfaction of basic needs. 148 00:10:46.779 --> 00:10:54.889 A:middle L:90% Um So basically we looked at it also from in 149 00:10:54.889 --> 00:11:00.240 A:middle L:90% terms of social justice, we looked especially gender issues 150 00:11:00.240 --> 00:11:01.580 A:middle L:90% and I'll let you know a little bit more about 151 00:11:01.580 --> 00:11:05.269 A:middle L:90% what the gender dynamics are in this area. We 152 00:11:05.269 --> 00:11:11.919 A:middle L:90% also looked at these questions from a water energy food 153 00:11:11.919 --> 00:11:15.950 A:middle L:90% nexus perspective, and um when we look at these 154 00:11:15.960 --> 00:11:20.470 A:middle L:90% issues, um we realize that so often they're treated 155 00:11:20.480 --> 00:11:24.279 A:middle L:90% independently of one another, but we thought that it's 156 00:11:24.279 --> 00:11:26.059 A:middle L:90% very important in this case, in this context, 157 00:11:26.059 --> 00:11:31.009 A:middle L:90% to bring those together. Um because that water then 158 00:11:31.019 --> 00:11:35.799 A:middle L:90% is really the central thread that interweaves energy in this 159 00:11:35.799 --> 00:11:43.860 A:middle L:90% case mechanically powered mills for grinding flour and electricity generation 160 00:11:43.139 --> 00:11:48.049 A:middle L:90% um for largely urban areas, um agriculture and um 161 00:11:48.059 --> 00:11:52.629 A:middle L:90% in this context it's irrigated and rain fed crops and 162 00:11:52.629 --> 00:11:58.649 A:middle L:90% fodder for livestock fishing and ecosystems, um provisioning which 163 00:11:58.649 --> 00:12:01.779 A:middle L:90% is the provision of water but also the regulation of 164 00:12:01.779 --> 00:12:05.980 A:middle L:90% micro climates. Um so this context really is a 165 00:12:05.980 --> 00:12:11.720 A:middle L:90% prime example of the water, energy, food nexus 166 00:12:11.730 --> 00:12:16.960 A:middle L:90% and um yep, the integration now of hydropower into 167 00:12:16.960 --> 00:12:24.590 A:middle L:90% this context um as a newcomer um is really challenging 168 00:12:24.590 --> 00:12:28.370 A:middle L:90% because it's integrating than hydropower into local and basin scale 169 00:12:28.370 --> 00:12:35.460 A:middle L:90% resource use practices and it poses very significant governance challenges 170 00:12:39.639 --> 00:12:43.509 A:middle L:90% . Oops, let's see. So this is a 171 00:12:43.509 --> 00:12:48.529 A:middle L:90% track and this is where it's located within the country 172 00:12:48.529 --> 00:12:52.000 A:middle L:90% of India And it's a very mountainous state. Uh 173 00:12:52.000 --> 00:12:56.929 A:middle L:90% and 70 of the people work in agriculture, mainly 174 00:12:56.929 --> 00:13:01.620 A:middle L:90% subsistence agriculture and 45 or more of the population live 175 00:13:01.629 --> 00:13:07.230 A:middle L:90% below the poverty line. This is the basin which 176 00:13:07.230 --> 00:13:09.549 A:middle L:90% we're looking at, which belong in a basin is 177 00:13:09.549 --> 00:13:18.799 A:middle L:90% basically a tributary um of uh the Ball Ganga River 178 00:13:18.799 --> 00:13:22.529 A:middle L:90% , which is itself a tributary of the Mighty Ganges 179 00:13:22.529 --> 00:13:26.940 A:middle L:90% or Ganga River basin. So um we it's a 180 00:13:26.940 --> 00:13:35.580 A:middle L:90% glacier fed river a system and but also uh springs 181 00:13:35.590 --> 00:13:39.870 A:middle L:90% play a big role in in the hydro ecology of 182 00:13:39.879 --> 00:13:45.240 A:middle L:90% the area. And um this uh one, the 183 00:13:45.250 --> 00:13:50.000 A:middle L:90% little blue triangle actually depicts where the Teary Dam is 184 00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:54.360 A:middle L:90% located, A very large dam in this area. 185 00:13:56.240 --> 00:14:01.200 A:middle L:90% So um this was part of a project um that 186 00:14:01.210 --> 00:14:03.450 A:middle L:90% is ongoing, that is the high next project um 187 00:14:03.460 --> 00:14:09.110 A:middle L:90% irrigation hydropower nexus project um where the objectives are to 188 00:14:09.120 --> 00:14:13.120 A:middle L:90% identify the run of the river system impacts on water 189 00:14:13.120 --> 00:14:18.019 A:middle L:90% , energy and food systems, particularly on women and 190 00:14:18.029 --> 00:14:22.610 A:middle L:90% also to identify institutional policy and program related opportunities and 191 00:14:22.610 --> 00:14:28.559 A:middle L:90% obstacles to harness this nexus for livelihood resilience. And 192 00:14:28.559 --> 00:14:33.549 A:middle L:90% the project team uh consisted of the University of Arizona 193 00:14:33.559 --> 00:14:37.440 A:middle L:90% , which is myself and another colleague um and uh 194 00:14:37.450 --> 00:14:41.460 A:middle L:90% graduate students within the School of Geography and Development, 195 00:14:41.539 --> 00:14:45.549 A:middle L:90% the People's Science Institute, which is a research applied 196 00:14:45.549 --> 00:14:50.990 A:middle L:90% research institute in uh the capital city of Astrakhan, 197 00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:56.419 A:middle L:90% Dehradun, the University of Delhi. Especially a geographer 198 00:14:56.419 --> 00:15:00.279 A:middle L:90% who studies issues related to glaciers and ice. Ahmad 199 00:15:00.279 --> 00:15:03.960 A:middle L:90% , which is um a research institute based in Nepal 200 00:15:05.139 --> 00:15:07.559 A:middle L:90% . And they were doing some similar work and if 201 00:15:07.559 --> 00:15:09.159 A:middle L:90% all now they're doing that work on a run of 202 00:15:09.159 --> 00:15:15.679 A:middle L:90% the river systems in India and the Integrated Mountain Initiative 203 00:15:15.690 --> 00:15:22.149 A:middle L:90% of New Delhi. Mhm. So um in uh 204 00:15:22.789 --> 00:15:28.120 A:middle L:90% Brigand there are 450 new projects in planning or construction 205 00:15:28.129 --> 00:15:33.250 A:middle L:90% phase and those fit into 3 um Categories Micro which 206 00:15:33.250 --> 00:15:39.730 A:middle L:90% is um up 200 and kill off um capacity generating 207 00:15:39.730 --> 00:15:43.460 A:middle L:90% capacity. Small hydro 5 to 25 megawatts capacity that 208 00:15:43.460 --> 00:15:48.210 A:middle L:90% it can generate. Or large hydropower plants with large 209 00:15:48.210 --> 00:15:52.639 A:middle L:90% dams like the Teary Damn with the generating capacity of 210 00:15:52.649 --> 00:15:58.539 A:middle L:90% up to 2000 megawatts. So if you look at 211 00:15:58.539 --> 00:16:03.860 A:middle L:90% the Ganges River, you see how many projects are 212 00:16:03.870 --> 00:16:11.100 A:middle L:90% actually being implemented or in construction or proposed. And 213 00:16:11.100 --> 00:16:12.860 A:middle L:90% so, um you have a river system that is 214 00:16:12.870 --> 00:16:18.059 A:middle L:90% really going to be dominated by these hydropower projects. 215 00:16:18.539 --> 00:16:22.220 A:middle L:90% And I'm getting up closer to the area that we 216 00:16:22.220 --> 00:16:27.350 A:middle L:90% studied, um these are the main dams um in 217 00:16:27.350 --> 00:16:33.070 A:middle L:90% the area. So um now, what is run 218 00:16:33.070 --> 00:16:37.690 A:middle L:90% of the river? Well, it's being developed in 219 00:16:37.690 --> 00:16:40.860 A:middle L:90% lubricant as in many other areas of the world, 220 00:16:40.870 --> 00:16:44.519 A:middle L:90% to avoid the social and environmental costs created by large 221 00:16:44.519 --> 00:16:48.809 A:middle L:90% dams. So there was a large study Um done 222 00:16:48.809 --> 00:16:51.149 A:middle L:90% by the World Commission on Dams. And the report 223 00:16:51.149 --> 00:16:53.259 A:middle L:90% came out in 2000 that really um looked at the 224 00:16:53.259 --> 00:16:59.960 A:middle L:90% very negative implications of large dams on local rural communities 225 00:16:59.970 --> 00:17:06.630 A:middle L:90% . And um they include the inundation of large areas 226 00:17:06.640 --> 00:17:11.640 A:middle L:90% where whole villages are lost and land, agricultural land 227 00:17:11.640 --> 00:17:14.049 A:middle L:90% is lost for most of the year at least. 228 00:17:14.240 --> 00:17:18.069 A:middle L:90% Uh And um so and and, you know, 229 00:17:18.079 --> 00:17:23.289 A:middle L:90% uh issues of basically moving populations from one area which 230 00:17:23.289 --> 00:17:26.720 A:middle L:90% is going to be inundated to other areas of relocation 231 00:17:26.720 --> 00:17:32.230 A:middle L:90% . So, um, and huge environmental costs that 232 00:17:32.240 --> 00:17:34.849 A:middle L:90% were supposed to be avoided by going to hydropower over 233 00:17:34.859 --> 00:17:37.890 A:middle L:90% , for example, coal well, um, when 234 00:17:37.890 --> 00:17:41.220 A:middle L:90% you have these large dams, you have production of 235 00:17:41.220 --> 00:17:45.609 A:middle L:90% methane gas, so it's actually um contributing to climate 236 00:17:45.609 --> 00:17:52.119 A:middle L:90% change. And so, um yeah, so, 237 00:17:52.130 --> 00:17:56.730 A:middle L:90% um, we focus then on rural stakeholders in the 238 00:17:56.730 --> 00:18:00.490 A:middle L:90% Glacier fed Bill and a river. Um and as 239 00:18:00.490 --> 00:18:03.220 A:middle L:90% I said, that's um located within the Ganges River 240 00:18:03.220 --> 00:18:08.339 A:middle L:90% basin. And we looked at gender and age differentiated 241 00:18:08.339 --> 00:18:14.240 A:middle L:90% livelihoods um that include farming, livestock, um wild 242 00:18:14.240 --> 00:18:18.359 A:middle L:90% and cultivated otter, wild plants and fishing. And 243 00:18:21.640 --> 00:18:27.400 A:middle L:90% the research methods included then both control villages and uh 244 00:18:27.410 --> 00:18:33.049 A:middle L:90% villages that were um impacted by these hydropower plants. 245 00:18:33.059 --> 00:18:38.180 A:middle L:90% And we um, did rapid roll appraisal focus groups 246 00:18:38.180 --> 00:18:41.859 A:middle L:90% , household surveys, some of them I did, 247 00:18:41.859 --> 00:18:42.950 A:middle L:90% but I'm a lot of the work was done through 248 00:18:42.950 --> 00:18:48.079 A:middle L:90% the People's Science Institute, which have a real presence 249 00:18:48.089 --> 00:18:52.579 A:middle L:90% in those communities already. And um, and then 250 00:18:52.589 --> 00:18:56.880 A:middle L:90% also a review of project related documents, the hydropower 251 00:18:56.880 --> 00:19:06.309 A:middle L:90% related documents. So, um, these are the 252 00:19:06.319 --> 00:19:08.359 A:middle L:90% selected hydropower plants and they belong in a basin. 253 00:19:08.740 --> 00:19:12.009 A:middle L:90% Um, there are three operational run of the river 254 00:19:12.019 --> 00:19:17.069 A:middle L:90% hydropower plants in this, um, uh, Rhonda 255 00:19:17.069 --> 00:19:19.589 A:middle L:90% basin that we focused on, um, and their 256 00:19:19.589 --> 00:19:25.349 A:middle L:90% varying size up from 3 to 24 megawatts. Um 257 00:19:25.349 --> 00:19:27.799 A:middle L:90% , and we studied also the 30 kilometer stretch of 258 00:19:27.809 --> 00:19:32.750 A:middle L:90% this river upstream of where these two rivers, the 259 00:19:32.920 --> 00:19:37.319 A:middle L:90% reality and the Belinda rivers um, are uh, 260 00:19:37.329 --> 00:19:41.059 A:middle L:90% join impacted by the teary dam reservoir. So while 261 00:19:41.059 --> 00:19:44.109 A:middle L:90% it wasn't the focus of our study, we did 262 00:19:44.109 --> 00:19:47.450 A:middle L:90% get a little bit of a sense of the differences 263 00:19:47.450 --> 00:19:53.700 A:middle L:90% between villages impacted by the huge terry damn versus impacted 264 00:19:53.700 --> 00:19:56.390 A:middle L:90% by the run of the river. So this is 265 00:19:56.390 --> 00:20:00.349 A:middle L:90% run of the river a system. So how is 266 00:20:00.349 --> 00:20:03.319 A:middle L:90% it different? Well, there is only a very 267 00:20:03.319 --> 00:20:07.359 A:middle L:90% little uh you know, if it all pond um 268 00:20:07.940 --> 00:20:11.319 A:middle L:90% because one of the impacts of these dams is that 269 00:20:11.319 --> 00:20:15.119 A:middle L:90% they they inundate huge areas. Right? So you 270 00:20:15.119 --> 00:20:18.240 A:middle L:90% want to try to avoid that, to try to 271 00:20:18.250 --> 00:20:22.849 A:middle L:90% avoid some of the greatest impacts. So this basically 272 00:20:22.859 --> 00:20:29.309 A:middle L:90% um takes water from a certain area in a river 273 00:20:29.319 --> 00:20:33.630 A:middle L:90% , diverts it um to the hydropower plant, and 274 00:20:33.630 --> 00:20:37.640 A:middle L:90% turbines runs it through the turbines and then let's sit 275 00:20:37.640 --> 00:20:42.079 A:middle L:90% down, uh lets the water out downstream. Um 276 00:20:42.079 --> 00:20:47.230 A:middle L:90% And sometimes they have a head pond, it's called 277 00:20:47.240 --> 00:20:51.450 A:middle L:90% , but that's very small. Um And um but 278 00:20:51.450 --> 00:20:55.880 A:middle L:90% basically in the area that I studied, they also 279 00:20:55.890 --> 00:21:02.490 A:middle L:90% um run the water through these pipes to get a 280 00:21:02.500 --> 00:21:06.309 A:middle L:90% greater kind of uh well, it's all gravity fed 281 00:21:06.319 --> 00:21:10.109 A:middle L:90% basically system, but you get a greater hydrostatic head 282 00:21:10.119 --> 00:21:14.910 A:middle L:90% is called so that you can generate more power because 283 00:21:14.920 --> 00:21:18.029 A:middle L:90% the rushing water than through the pipes is what's generating 284 00:21:18.039 --> 00:21:22.460 A:middle L:90% power. Unfortunately, that is going to create problems 285 00:21:22.460 --> 00:21:23.819 A:middle L:90% . And I'll tell you about that these pipes that 286 00:21:23.819 --> 00:21:29.980 A:middle L:90% they have to drill through the mountains. So this 287 00:21:29.980 --> 00:21:34.029 A:middle L:90% is a picture of pipe uh that um goes for 288 00:21:34.029 --> 00:21:41.130 A:middle L:90% kilometers down from where the water is abstracted down the 289 00:21:41.130 --> 00:21:45.509 A:middle L:90% mountain and then eventually hits fed into a um small 290 00:21:45.509 --> 00:21:49.140 A:middle L:90% pond. And then uh that is fed into the 291 00:21:49.140 --> 00:21:53.200 A:middle L:90% river. And this is this one is, this 292 00:21:53.200 --> 00:21:56.740 A:middle L:90% hydropower plant is funded by the State Bank of India 293 00:21:56.740 --> 00:22:03.430 A:middle L:90% . And um and um so this is what it 294 00:22:03.430 --> 00:22:07.740 A:middle L:90% looks like near the river, this is where they're 295 00:22:07.740 --> 00:22:11.140 A:middle L:90% abstracting the river water from, and then it's fed 296 00:22:11.140 --> 00:22:18.380 A:middle L:90% from that pond into the pipes. So um so 297 00:22:18.390 --> 00:22:22.039 A:middle L:90% you can see that there is a little bit of 298 00:22:22.039 --> 00:22:26.220 A:middle L:90% upon but not much of one. Um So it 299 00:22:26.220 --> 00:22:30.549 A:middle L:90% seems pretty environmentally benign and that's what people have said 300 00:22:30.549 --> 00:22:33.029 A:middle L:90% that about run of the river. That it's um 301 00:22:33.039 --> 00:22:38.170 A:middle L:90% it's sort of the answer um to a cleaner energy 302 00:22:38.640 --> 00:22:45.230 A:middle L:90% source. So what do people in villages use electricity 303 00:22:45.240 --> 00:22:48.059 A:middle L:90% for? Well it's very simple um electricity use. 304 00:22:48.069 --> 00:22:51.589 A:middle L:90% And pretty much you can get it in one picture 305 00:22:51.589 --> 00:22:53.130 A:middle L:90% which I did. Um So they use it for 306 00:22:53.130 --> 00:22:56.539 A:middle L:90% a fan, they use it for lighting, they 307 00:22:56.539 --> 00:23:00.440 A:middle L:90% use it to charge cell phones. Um And um 308 00:23:00.450 --> 00:23:03.299 A:middle L:90% for a T. V. That's it. Okay 309 00:23:03.299 --> 00:23:06.720 A:middle L:90% so um and you can see they have like maybe 310 00:23:06.730 --> 00:23:10.069 A:middle L:90% one light bulb, you know in the living room 311 00:23:10.069 --> 00:23:11.019 A:middle L:90% , maybe one light bulb in the kitchen, that's 312 00:23:11.019 --> 00:23:15.079 A:middle L:90% it. Um So and very few people would have 313 00:23:15.079 --> 00:23:18.470 A:middle L:90% a refrigerator. Maybe one health center might have a 314 00:23:18.470 --> 00:23:22.619 A:middle L:90% refrigerator for medicines. Um But very few people have 315 00:23:22.630 --> 00:23:26.380 A:middle L:90% anything else that they use electricity for. So they're 316 00:23:26.380 --> 00:23:30.150 A:middle L:90% not the main energy consumers, but they could use 317 00:23:30.150 --> 00:23:33.180 A:middle L:90% it for lift irrigation if they have enough power, 318 00:23:33.190 --> 00:23:37.559 A:middle L:90% which is basically pumping the water from the river. 319 00:23:38.839 --> 00:23:42.579 A:middle L:90% Okay, so um in these communities women and girls 320 00:23:42.579 --> 00:23:48.170 A:middle L:90% are really the backbones of agriculture. Um So they 321 00:23:48.170 --> 00:23:51.589 A:middle L:90% have traditionally been the ones to take care of livestock 322 00:23:51.589 --> 00:23:53.470 A:middle L:90% . And here it's mostly water buffalo, which they 323 00:23:53.480 --> 00:23:57.710 A:middle L:90% get their milk from. Um But and also growing 324 00:23:57.720 --> 00:24:03.130 A:middle L:90% things like vegetables and pulses like lentils um Right sometimes 325 00:24:03.140 --> 00:24:08.309 A:middle L:90% um in their kitchen gardens or further away and then 326 00:24:08.319 --> 00:24:12.559 A:middle L:90% but now um with male migration, they are taking 327 00:24:12.559 --> 00:24:15.819 A:middle L:90% on other roles in agriculture, pretty much all roles 328 00:24:15.819 --> 00:24:21.289 A:middle L:90% in agriculture. So that includes um work in the 329 00:24:21.289 --> 00:24:26.099 A:middle L:90% paddy fields, rice fields, well, where are 330 00:24:26.099 --> 00:24:29.500 A:middle L:90% the men then? Well um this summer I actually 331 00:24:29.509 --> 00:24:32.630 A:middle L:90% had started a new angle on this research which was 332 00:24:32.630 --> 00:24:34.539 A:middle L:90% a study of youth. And this followed from my 333 00:24:34.539 --> 00:24:38.900 A:middle L:90% interest in actually Mexico studying what is the future of 334 00:24:38.900 --> 00:24:41.599 A:middle L:90% rural communities? Well in order to get a better 335 00:24:41.599 --> 00:24:44.890 A:middle L:90% sense of that you have to study what are the 336 00:24:44.900 --> 00:24:48.680 A:middle L:90% youth doing in these communities. So here I also 337 00:24:48.680 --> 00:24:55.140 A:middle L:90% studied youth and um so I interviewed um uh young 338 00:24:55.140 --> 00:24:56.880 A:middle L:90% women and young men. And so I found out 339 00:24:56.890 --> 00:25:00.420 A:middle L:90% through the interviews of young men that they were mainly 340 00:25:00.430 --> 00:25:04.839 A:middle L:90% going to work as chefs they call it well as 341 00:25:04.839 --> 00:25:10.170 A:middle L:90% cooks you know in hotels or restaurants in cities. 342 00:25:10.440 --> 00:25:15.930 A:middle L:90% And um the older men also would work in these 343 00:25:15.930 --> 00:25:18.000 A:middle L:90% hotels. They would sort of do everything in the 344 00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:23.109 A:middle L:90% hotel's uh including cleaning and um and the hotels included 345 00:25:23.119 --> 00:25:30.779 A:middle L:90% restaurants and um that very few men stay Because there's 346 00:25:30.779 --> 00:25:34.750 A:middle L:90% just not enough employment. Um it's uh there is 347 00:25:34.750 --> 00:25:40.529 A:middle L:90% some work in construction but then um you know that's 348 00:25:40.539 --> 00:25:45.569 A:middle L:90% a temporary work, very few men are employed. 349 00:25:45.579 --> 00:25:48.740 A:middle L:90% Um only like maybe three villagers would be employed in 350 00:25:48.740 --> 00:25:55.769 A:middle L:90% these hydropower projects if that after it was constructed. 351 00:25:56.839 --> 00:26:00.250 A:middle L:90% So um you see then the young and this young 352 00:26:00.250 --> 00:26:03.980 A:middle L:90% man in the light blue shirt, he's a teenager 353 00:26:03.980 --> 00:26:07.759 A:middle L:90% , he hasn't migrated yet but they would start migrating 354 00:26:07.759 --> 00:26:11.119 A:middle L:90% when they're you know like about 18 when when they 355 00:26:11.130 --> 00:26:14.559 A:middle L:90% finished high school. And then this man he's standing 356 00:26:14.559 --> 00:26:17.109 A:middle L:90% next to, he is already migrated even though he's 357 00:26:17.109 --> 00:26:21.130 A:middle L:90% a newlywed man. And then you see the old 358 00:26:21.140 --> 00:26:23.980 A:middle L:90% men back in the villages but you really don't see 359 00:26:23.980 --> 00:26:26.970 A:middle L:90% middle aged men unless they're there for like their three 360 00:26:26.970 --> 00:26:30.519 A:middle L:90% month holiday um from work. And I interviewed one 361 00:26:30.519 --> 00:26:36.009 A:middle L:90% man who normally is in Japan and um he uh 362 00:26:36.019 --> 00:26:40.299 A:middle L:90% every three years he gets three months to be in 363 00:26:40.299 --> 00:26:42.519 A:middle L:90% his community and he said, yeah, I planted 364 00:26:42.529 --> 00:26:45.660 A:middle L:90% beans, but I won't be here to eat them 365 00:26:47.039 --> 00:26:49.059 A:middle L:90% . Um So this place is a big burden on 366 00:26:49.059 --> 00:26:52.980 A:middle L:90% women because really they're doing everything and girls. Um 367 00:26:52.980 --> 00:26:56.869 A:middle L:90% so this is um, women and um animal hubs 368 00:26:56.880 --> 00:27:00.150 A:middle L:90% spin dri uh they have their barns right below their 369 00:27:00.150 --> 00:27:06.460 A:middle L:90% homes. And so uh basically almost like an apartment 370 00:27:06.470 --> 00:27:10.180 A:middle L:90% , but the animals live below. And then uh 371 00:27:10.190 --> 00:27:14.910 A:middle L:90% they bring the animals down to the river um debate 372 00:27:14.920 --> 00:27:18.609 A:middle L:90% because these um animals actually need to have mud on 373 00:27:18.609 --> 00:27:22.440 A:middle L:90% them so that uh they don't get overheated basically. 374 00:27:22.450 --> 00:27:30.190 A:middle L:90% Um And so um and then uh women and girls 375 00:27:30.190 --> 00:27:33.730 A:middle L:90% have always done this into the bus or a much 376 00:27:33.730 --> 00:27:34.930 A:middle L:90% lesser extent, you hardly ever see it. Um 377 00:27:34.930 --> 00:27:41.690 A:middle L:90% Boys will collect wild and cultivated fodder um from the 378 00:27:41.700 --> 00:27:47.849 A:middle L:90% forests. Um And it's very difficult work. I 379 00:27:47.859 --> 00:27:51.269 A:middle L:90% put that basket in the middle, there on my 380 00:27:51.279 --> 00:27:52.859 A:middle L:90% shoulders and I couldn't believe how heavy it was. 381 00:27:52.869 --> 00:27:56.990 A:middle L:90% So this is really back breaking work. And um 382 00:27:57.000 --> 00:28:00.700 A:middle L:90% and so um and it's done by women and it's 383 00:28:00.710 --> 00:28:06.880 A:middle L:90% fodder for their mainly dairy cattle um which are in 384 00:28:06.880 --> 00:28:11.779 A:middle L:90% this case uh water buffaloes. And um then uh 385 00:28:11.789 --> 00:28:18.200 A:middle L:90% they mainly get their spring water from uh springs or 386 00:28:18.200 --> 00:28:22.190 A:middle L:90% mainly get their house whole um water from springs. 387 00:28:22.200 --> 00:28:26.089 A:middle L:90% And girls and boys collect this. Also women collect 388 00:28:26.089 --> 00:28:30.970 A:middle L:90% this either from a spring that's within their community um 389 00:28:30.980 --> 00:28:34.950 A:middle L:90% or further away um where they have to walk sometimes 390 00:28:34.960 --> 00:28:37.910 A:middle L:90% , but for young men and women they don't mind 391 00:28:37.920 --> 00:28:41.500 A:middle L:90% too much because they get to socialize with one another 392 00:28:41.509 --> 00:28:45.420 A:middle L:90% when they get to the spring. And uh so 393 00:28:45.430 --> 00:28:49.539 A:middle L:90% but springs then are are very central to this whole 394 00:28:49.539 --> 00:28:55.089 A:middle L:90% ecology And um brides um we were shown this wedding 395 00:28:55.089 --> 00:28:57.900 A:middle L:90% album. She actually showed us this and it was 396 00:28:57.910 --> 00:29:03.940 A:middle L:90% mainly her at at the spring. So during the 397 00:29:03.940 --> 00:29:07.230 A:middle L:90% wedding ceremony um afterwards they'll actually have the bride go 398 00:29:07.230 --> 00:29:11.240 A:middle L:90% to the spring and take photos there and she'll get 399 00:29:11.240 --> 00:29:14.210 A:middle L:90% a nice copper pot as a present. So it 400 00:29:14.210 --> 00:29:17.539 A:middle L:90% goes to show how important springs are to the local 401 00:29:17.539 --> 00:29:21.599 A:middle L:90% ecology. Okay, so what's happening then in these 402 00:29:21.599 --> 00:29:25.259 A:middle L:90% areas with these run of the river systems? Uh 403 00:29:25.839 --> 00:29:29.960 A:middle L:90% and well um we did a focus group interview with 404 00:29:29.960 --> 00:29:33.720 A:middle L:90% a group of women and in one of the communities 405 00:29:33.730 --> 00:29:37.670 A:middle L:90% . And um so they pointed to this hill slope 406 00:29:37.680 --> 00:29:42.369 A:middle L:90% um that you see here and um these are landslides 407 00:29:42.380 --> 00:29:48.349 A:middle L:90% um that occur naturally but that are occurring more often 408 00:29:48.740 --> 00:29:52.779 A:middle L:90% . And um this is one of the reasons why 409 00:29:52.789 --> 00:29:57.200 A:middle L:90% these landslides are occurring more often and why cracks are 410 00:29:57.210 --> 00:30:03.839 A:middle L:90% actually developing in the houses and in the schools and 411 00:30:03.839 --> 00:30:07.619 A:middle L:90% in the cattle sheds is because of the blasting that 412 00:30:07.619 --> 00:30:11.970 A:middle L:90% is going on to build these tunnels that are going 413 00:30:11.980 --> 00:30:15.829 A:middle L:90% through the mountain. And this again is part of 414 00:30:15.829 --> 00:30:18.119 A:middle L:90% the run of the river system where they're running the 415 00:30:18.119 --> 00:30:22.579 A:middle L:90% water through these pipes um to generate electricity. So 416 00:30:22.589 --> 00:30:27.309 A:middle L:90% um this is part of what's going on here and 417 00:30:27.319 --> 00:30:34.960 A:middle L:90% um that's really uh impacting livelihoods. So um one 418 00:30:34.960 --> 00:30:40.009 A:middle L:90% of the women that was interviewed was from a women's 419 00:30:40.009 --> 00:30:45.269 A:middle L:90% welfare group and um she um said that uh she 420 00:30:45.269 --> 00:30:48.660 A:middle L:90% was a former member of this women's welfare group of 421 00:30:48.670 --> 00:30:52.509 A:middle L:90% Philando village. One of the three we studied and 422 00:30:52.509 --> 00:30:56.230 A:middle L:90% was a leader in a protest and these are her 423 00:30:56.230 --> 00:31:00.130 A:middle L:90% words um that she says, so, she says 424 00:31:00.200 --> 00:31:03.509 A:middle L:90% um Mhm. We came to know about the ongoing 425 00:31:03.509 --> 00:31:07.109 A:middle L:90% construction plans only when we saw the machines, we 426 00:31:07.109 --> 00:31:10.660 A:middle L:90% lead the group and reached the construction site. The 427 00:31:10.660 --> 00:31:14.660 A:middle L:90% moment villagers went to stop the construction police were employed 428 00:31:14.670 --> 00:31:17.450 A:middle L:90% , the police wouldn't even let us access our fields 429 00:31:17.450 --> 00:31:18.500 A:middle L:90% . We didn't want them to take away the water 430 00:31:18.500 --> 00:31:22.670 A:middle L:90% used for irrigating our fields. So we started the 431 00:31:22.670 --> 00:31:25.579 A:middle L:90% protests that lasted for about a year. We would 432 00:31:25.579 --> 00:31:27.410 A:middle L:90% take turns going to our fields for work, attending 433 00:31:27.410 --> 00:31:30.980 A:middle L:90% to the needs of our Children, and also participating 434 00:31:30.980 --> 00:31:33.130 A:middle L:90% in the protest for hours groups of men and women 435 00:31:33.130 --> 00:31:36.970 A:middle L:90% would sit determined by the side of the road and 436 00:31:36.970 --> 00:31:38.710 A:middle L:90% would get up only when surrounded by police. We 437 00:31:38.710 --> 00:31:42.220 A:middle L:90% participated in frequent hunger strikes in my memory. We 438 00:31:42.220 --> 00:31:47.160 A:middle L:90% stayed hungry for four days continuously. One time and 439 00:31:47.170 --> 00:31:48.890 A:middle L:90% eight days another, we were sent to jail at 440 00:31:48.900 --> 00:31:52.730 A:middle L:90% three different places. Three times a settlement was reached 441 00:31:52.730 --> 00:31:56.849 A:middle L:90% after one year of tiring agitation when we got water 442 00:31:56.849 --> 00:32:00.089 A:middle L:90% for irrigating our fields. However, if you ask 443 00:32:00.089 --> 00:32:01.599 A:middle L:90% me, the most important impact has been on our 444 00:32:01.599 --> 00:32:05.559 A:middle L:90% mental peace of mind and well being, which can't 445 00:32:05.569 --> 00:32:10.309 A:middle L:90% be reimbursed. So um there's a lack then really 446 00:32:10.319 --> 00:32:19.890 A:middle L:90% of uh any kind of participatory process uh around planning 447 00:32:19.900 --> 00:32:27.009 A:middle L:90% these projects and and yet these projects really are impacting 448 00:32:27.019 --> 00:32:31.380 A:middle L:90% these communities. And um so uh we did some 449 00:32:31.390 --> 00:32:37.859 A:middle L:90% mapping then, um and uh this one village we 450 00:32:37.859 --> 00:32:43.480 A:middle L:90% studied and uh so the blue area of course is 451 00:32:43.480 --> 00:32:46.809 A:middle L:90% the river. And then um the non impacted areas 452 00:32:46.819 --> 00:32:52.380 A:middle L:90% are the light yellow and then impacted um are by 453 00:32:52.390 --> 00:32:57.049 A:middle L:90% dust during the construction are the areas that look like 454 00:32:57.049 --> 00:33:00.589 A:middle L:90% a gym apron, red and white. And then 455 00:33:00.599 --> 00:33:07.380 A:middle L:90% um the a new irrigated land was also impacted, 456 00:33:07.390 --> 00:33:13.369 A:middle L:90% that's the darker gold and those were also uh impacted 457 00:33:13.369 --> 00:33:16.470 A:middle L:90% . So both both the community grazing land and on 458 00:33:16.470 --> 00:33:22.670 A:middle L:90% irrigated land was impacted and the irrigated lands um and 459 00:33:22.670 --> 00:33:27.230 A:middle L:90% the irrigated lands were impacted mainly by um the fact 460 00:33:27.230 --> 00:33:30.400 A:middle L:90% that there was less water for irrigation because the water 461 00:33:30.400 --> 00:33:35.240 A:middle L:90% is being abstracted basically upstream of some of these communities 462 00:33:35.240 --> 00:33:37.859 A:middle L:90% and then it's only let go downstream of that, 463 00:33:37.339 --> 00:33:42.599 A:middle L:90% so they'll only get water um sporadically when it rains 464 00:33:42.599 --> 00:33:47.960 A:middle L:90% , but also um whenever um the hydropower manager decides 465 00:33:47.960 --> 00:33:51.730 A:middle L:90% to let some water go, for example, after 466 00:33:51.730 --> 00:33:54.589 A:middle L:90% a rainstorm. So um the uh you know, 467 00:33:54.589 --> 00:33:59.769 A:middle L:90% timings of the irrigation are often wrong and also the 468 00:33:59.769 --> 00:34:05.240 A:middle L:90% amount of water they're getting is insufficient. Um The 469 00:34:05.250 --> 00:34:09.449 A:middle L:90% pink areas that you see are the areas that have 470 00:34:09.460 --> 00:34:15.639 A:middle L:90% um greater settlement than usual with cracks in 86 house 471 00:34:15.650 --> 00:34:19.960 A:middle L:90% houses, cattle sheds, schools, access roads and 472 00:34:19.969 --> 00:34:22.809 A:middle L:90% schools, which are the irrigation canals. So the 473 00:34:22.809 --> 00:34:27.199 A:middle L:90% irrigation canals are getting damaged from these cracks and again 474 00:34:27.199 --> 00:34:30.460 A:middle L:90% , that's through um the blasting for these pipes. 475 00:34:30.469 --> 00:34:36.320 A:middle L:90% Um Also the springs are being impacted and this is 476 00:34:36.320 --> 00:34:39.820 A:middle L:90% partly because of the deforestation going on in the area 477 00:34:39.820 --> 00:34:44.239 A:middle L:90% , partly because of climate change and variable rainfall, 478 00:34:44.250 --> 00:34:50.170 A:middle L:90% but also partly because of this blasting which actually um 479 00:34:50.179 --> 00:34:53.789 A:middle L:90% interrupts the hydro ecology of the area. Um So 480 00:34:53.789 --> 00:34:58.960 A:middle L:90% the total springs in this village were eight and the 481 00:34:58.960 --> 00:35:02.619 A:middle L:90% ones that were had reduced water floor five of those 482 00:35:02.630 --> 00:35:07.130 A:middle L:90% eight. And um two springs totally Dried up and 483 00:35:07.130 --> 00:35:12.809 A:middle L:90% only one spring was not impacted at all. So 484 00:35:12.820 --> 00:35:15.909 A:middle L:90% , um let me just read you a little bit 485 00:35:15.909 --> 00:35:16.670 A:middle L:90% more. I know we're running out of time a 486 00:35:16.670 --> 00:35:22.500 A:middle L:90% little bit, but um so um who are these 487 00:35:22.500 --> 00:35:25.730 A:middle L:90% hydropower developers? Well um the villagers in one village 488 00:35:25.730 --> 00:35:30.550 A:middle L:90% says uh said we have been living here for generations 489 00:35:30.940 --> 00:35:36.530 A:middle L:90% and now they have taken everything away. The developer 490 00:35:36.530 --> 00:35:38.679 A:middle L:90% belongs to the same district, but is now a 491 00:35:38.679 --> 00:35:43.559 A:middle L:90% large industrial list living in the large city of Dehradun 492 00:35:44.039 --> 00:35:46.289 A:middle L:90% . Um So it's a local that moved away and 493 00:35:46.300 --> 00:35:52.679 A:middle L:90% a migrant um we told others learn a lesson from 494 00:35:52.690 --> 00:36:00.559 A:middle L:90% our village and um so um on what are some 495 00:36:00.570 --> 00:36:07.679 A:middle L:90% possible programs that we looked at in this project that 496 00:36:07.690 --> 00:36:10.420 A:middle L:90% would help communities like this? Um Well one is 497 00:36:10.420 --> 00:36:15.010 A:middle L:90% spring shed development and with a variety of different activities 498 00:36:15.019 --> 00:36:19.239 A:middle L:90% . Um but these projects have been undertaken by non 499 00:36:19.239 --> 00:36:22.550 A:middle L:90% profits in neighboring states, and they could be used 500 00:36:22.550 --> 00:36:25.880 A:middle L:90% in Uttarakhand. Um and they're used to rejuvenate springs 501 00:36:25.889 --> 00:36:30.010 A:middle L:90% use for household water consumption, and also used to 502 00:36:30.019 --> 00:36:34.539 A:middle L:90% replenish the water a little bit in these rivers. 503 00:36:34.929 --> 00:36:38.079 A:middle L:90% Um What could be some policies that would help these 504 00:36:38.079 --> 00:36:43.769 A:middle L:90% communities will benefit sharing um in addition to compensation for 505 00:36:43.769 --> 00:36:49.869 A:middle L:90% damages, um would be useful and um so that 506 00:36:49.880 --> 00:36:54.250 A:middle L:90% local populations gain real access um to what is now 507 00:36:54.250 --> 00:36:59.110 A:middle L:90% often only formal policies on the books. Um but 508 00:36:59.110 --> 00:37:01.360 A:middle L:90% that don't really happen on the ground. Um so 509 00:37:01.360 --> 00:37:06.530 A:middle L:90% there are on the books, um is the stipulation 510 00:37:06.530 --> 00:37:10.519 A:middle L:90% that one of the new hydropower cost should go to 511 00:37:10.519 --> 00:37:15.940 A:middle L:90% a local area development fund. Um and that three 512 00:37:15.949 --> 00:37:21.150 A:middle L:90% of the generated electricity would go to um a local 513 00:37:21.159 --> 00:37:27.559 A:middle L:90% village level government um for a new infrastructure. Um 514 00:37:27.570 --> 00:37:30.460 A:middle L:90% Now, uh in practice though, this really doesn't 515 00:37:30.469 --> 00:37:35.110 A:middle L:90% happen often. There's a whole lack of transparency and 516 00:37:35.110 --> 00:37:37.769 A:middle L:90% women are often not involved at all, even though 517 00:37:37.769 --> 00:37:39.960 A:middle L:90% they're the ones who are in the communities and whose 518 00:37:39.960 --> 00:37:45.150 A:middle L:90% daily lives are being impacted. And this is not 519 00:37:45.429 --> 00:37:50.750 A:middle L:90% unusual. Um this World Commission on Dams study that 520 00:37:50.750 --> 00:37:53.539 A:middle L:90% came out in 2000 and showed that globally women are 521 00:37:53.539 --> 00:37:59.309 A:middle L:90% more impacted by dams um than men. Uh and 522 00:37:59.320 --> 00:38:04.199 A:middle L:90% um there in part because they're heavier workloads and in 523 00:38:04.199 --> 00:38:07.289 A:middle L:90% part because they don't have a say in any kind 524 00:38:07.289 --> 00:38:12.329 A:middle L:90% of like compensation or benefit sharing. Um So Nepal 525 00:38:12.340 --> 00:38:14.630 A:middle L:90% . Um and this is through our s ahmad colleagues 526 00:38:14.630 --> 00:38:19.769 A:middle L:90% . She um has given this example where um they're 527 00:38:19.780 --> 00:38:22.139 A:middle L:90% seriously considering and if it hadn't been for the earthquake 528 00:38:22.139 --> 00:38:24.559 A:middle L:90% , it might have been enacted already. Um but 529 00:38:24.559 --> 00:38:30.869 A:middle L:90% they're considering a federally mandated um Law that would require 530 00:38:30.869 --> 00:38:37.019 A:middle L:90% 10 revenue sharing for all new hydropower projects. And 531 00:38:37.030 --> 00:38:40.519 A:middle L:90% um so this would give more of the benefits, 532 00:38:40.519 --> 00:38:44.530 A:middle L:90% the more of the profits to the local communities. 533 00:38:45.420 --> 00:38:52.730 A:middle L:90% Um Micro hydro can be helpful for communities that are 534 00:38:52.730 --> 00:38:57.059 A:middle L:90% very isolated and not connected yet grid. Um Or 535 00:38:57.070 --> 00:39:01.559 A:middle L:90% who um would have a greater say over where that 536 00:39:01.570 --> 00:39:06.090 A:middle L:90% energy gets used. And let me just give you 537 00:39:06.090 --> 00:39:13.289 A:middle L:90% a really quick example. Um one village located within 538 00:39:13.300 --> 00:39:21.519 A:middle L:90% the study area um had a um micro hydropower project 539 00:39:21.519 --> 00:39:23.610 A:middle L:90% . This is a picture of it um and this 540 00:39:23.610 --> 00:39:30.320 A:middle L:90% multipurpose hydropower unit mechanically powers and oil press for seeds 541 00:39:30.320 --> 00:39:32.820 A:middle L:90% to make oil, rice holler and flour milk creating 542 00:39:32.820 --> 00:39:38.079 A:middle L:90% livelihood opportunities for the village community consisting of 65 families 543 00:39:38.090 --> 00:39:43.679 A:middle L:90% . They use the same uh water to irrigate 6 544 00:39:43.679 --> 00:39:45.480 A:middle L:90% to 7 hectors of land. So basically at night 545 00:39:45.489 --> 00:39:50.250 A:middle L:90% they generate power with the water and during the day 546 00:39:50.320 --> 00:39:53.539 A:middle L:90% they let the water out for use in irrigation. 547 00:39:54.420 --> 00:39:58.440 A:middle L:90% The villagers are proud owners of the project because they 548 00:39:58.440 --> 00:40:00.599 A:middle L:90% put in the labor for its construction and because it's 549 00:40:00.599 --> 00:40:05.289 A:middle L:90% now operated by trained community members, an older man 550 00:40:05.289 --> 00:40:07.070 A:middle L:90% from this village stated this project is ours. We 551 00:40:07.070 --> 00:40:09.590 A:middle L:90% brought it here while we are living, we won't 552 00:40:09.599 --> 00:40:15.989 A:middle L:90% allow any other project. Um so, uh so 553 00:40:15.989 --> 00:40:20.469 A:middle L:90% this is an example of where um you know, 554 00:40:20.480 --> 00:40:22.650 A:middle L:90% the same type of project, but on a much 555 00:40:22.650 --> 00:40:25.409 A:middle L:90% smaller scale can be helpful for communities to actually have 556 00:40:25.409 --> 00:40:30.949 A:middle L:90% more ownership over power generation, but also um you 557 00:40:30.949 --> 00:40:37.559 A:middle L:90% know, water availability for irrigation. Um so a 558 00:40:37.559 --> 00:40:42.360 A:middle L:90% social justice approach in conclusion revealed the need to have 559 00:40:42.360 --> 00:40:45.909 A:middle L:90% local voices and livelihoods be taken into consideration when hydropower 560 00:40:45.909 --> 00:40:50.889 A:middle L:90% projects are planned, Such an approach would be useful 561 00:40:50.889 --> 00:40:54.530 A:middle L:90% for policymakers and urban planners. Um and uh stakeholder 562 00:40:54.530 --> 00:40:59.369 A:middle L:90% meeting next month with policymakers in Delhi, we hope 563 00:40:59.369 --> 00:41:02.010 A:middle L:90% to prove this partially through a policy brief and partially 564 00:41:02.010 --> 00:41:08.519 A:middle L:90% through um actually distributing this article that I and my 565 00:41:08.530 --> 00:41:13.929 A:middle L:90% fellow members on the project have just finished. Um 566 00:41:14.409 --> 00:41:19.170 A:middle L:90% so this kind of approach um would avoid this vicious 567 00:41:19.170 --> 00:41:22.480 A:middle L:90% cycle that basically that they're in which is the male 568 00:41:22.480 --> 00:41:25.929 A:middle L:90% migration, you know, swells urban populations, right 569 00:41:25.940 --> 00:41:29.909 A:middle L:90% , increasing urban energy demand because now there are more 570 00:41:29.909 --> 00:41:34.010 A:middle L:90% people in those cities while in the rural areas due 571 00:41:34.010 --> 00:41:37.360 A:middle L:90% to mail migration, fewer people are working in agriculture 572 00:41:37.369 --> 00:41:42.880 A:middle L:90% translating into less food produced for the rural and the 573 00:41:42.889 --> 00:41:45.099 A:middle L:90% urban populations. And this is a problem because India 574 00:41:45.099 --> 00:41:47.869 A:middle L:90% has to feed more and more people just like the 575 00:41:47.869 --> 00:41:51.630 A:middle L:90% rest of the world were struggling with that issue of 576 00:41:51.639 --> 00:41:54.280 A:middle L:90% how do we feed um all the people that will 577 00:41:54.280 --> 00:41:59.400 A:middle L:90% soon populate the earth. Um so and the integration 578 00:41:59.400 --> 00:42:02.769 A:middle L:90% of centralised and decentralised power schemes like this small one 579 00:42:02.780 --> 00:42:08.679 A:middle L:90% that I showed you uh requires adaptive multi level and 580 00:42:08.679 --> 00:42:14.789 A:middle L:90% collaborative institutional arrangements that are decentralized and account for local 581 00:42:14.789 --> 00:42:21.670 A:middle L:90% conditions. Women, the agricultural backbone of Dragon need 582 00:42:21.670 --> 00:42:25.050 A:middle L:90% to be consulted from project planning to implementation stages, 583 00:42:25.059 --> 00:42:30.519 A:middle L:90% including giving them more sane compensation and benefit sharing processes 584 00:42:31.300 --> 00:42:37.030 A:middle L:90% . Multipurpose micro hydro development can contribute to food and 585 00:42:37.039 --> 00:42:40.719 A:middle L:90% energy security and then Malia's and local watershed programs can 586 00:42:40.719 --> 00:42:45.849 A:middle L:90% also help to revitalize spring water sources. So this 587 00:42:45.849 --> 00:42:50.039 A:middle L:90% is the new article that just came out last week 588 00:42:50.050 --> 00:42:57.059 A:middle L:90% um in the uh journal Water and it's relinking governance 589 00:42:57.059 --> 00:43:00.070 A:middle L:90% of energy with livelihoods and irrigation in Africa and India 590 00:43:00.079 --> 00:43:04.849 A:middle L:90% . And uh I worked on that with my colleagues 591 00:43:04.860 --> 00:43:08.909 A:middle L:90% and um you can uh ask me for the link 592 00:43:08.920 --> 00:43:13.239 A:middle L:90% to it if you like and thank you very much 593 00:43:13.250 --> 00:43:15.840 A:middle L:90% if you have comments or questions, I think there's 594 00:43:15.840 --> 00:43:23.679 A:middle L:90% time to do that. I'm gonna let step and 595 00:43:23.679 --> 00:43:25.139 A:middle L:90% come back here. But so we have about 10 596 00:43:25.139 --> 00:43:28.230 A:middle L:90% minutes for questions, answer discussion. If any of 597 00:43:28.230 --> 00:43:30.510 A:middle L:90% you need to slip out please do so quietly. 598 00:43:30.900 --> 00:43:32.440 A:middle L:90% Um otherwise you wait to the end of 10 years 599 00:43:32.449 --> 00:43:37.199 A:middle L:90% and then turn on the mind if you're sleeping with 600 00:43:37.210 --> 00:43:47.610 A:middle L:90% his life. Yeah. What? What? Mhm 601 00:43:52.599 --> 00:43:53.309 A:middle L:90% . That Stephanie, thank you very much. Mhm 602 00:43:54.000 --> 00:43:59.909 A:middle L:90% . I have a question about you mentioned that the 603 00:43:59.909 --> 00:44:01.659 A:middle L:90% employment opportunities aren't really there, they might hire one 604 00:44:01.659 --> 00:44:04.340 A:middle L:90% or two or three people and you said that was 605 00:44:04.349 --> 00:44:06.670 A:middle L:90% temporary. It seemed like that was mainly at the 606 00:44:06.679 --> 00:44:09.510 A:middle L:90% infrastructure development phase. So once they're in place, 607 00:44:09.989 --> 00:44:13.599 A:middle L:90% how many people are employed and who are those people 608 00:44:13.610 --> 00:44:15.690 A:middle L:90% , they work for the public, private, you 609 00:44:15.690 --> 00:44:19.309 A:middle L:90% know, arrangement or private arrangements are often from other 610 00:44:19.309 --> 00:44:22.559 A:middle L:90% places, like there's no uh income generation for the 611 00:44:22.570 --> 00:44:27.590 A:middle L:90% local community. Well it really depends case by case 612 00:44:27.590 --> 00:44:30.530 A:middle L:90% and also it depends on the size of the power 613 00:44:30.539 --> 00:44:36.809 A:middle L:90% uh power project, the larger ones require more training 614 00:44:36.989 --> 00:44:38.900 A:middle L:90% and um but I'll give you an example of where 615 00:44:38.909 --> 00:44:42.619 A:middle L:90% really changes in the air. So I interview this 616 00:44:42.619 --> 00:44:44.840 A:middle L:90% summer, a young woman who had come from one 617 00:44:44.840 --> 00:44:46.920 A:middle L:90% of the villages originally but then moved with her family 618 00:44:46.920 --> 00:44:51.449 A:middle L:90% to a city and then she became trained as an 619 00:44:51.449 --> 00:44:54.099 A:middle L:90% engineer and she came back to work in that hydropower 620 00:44:54.099 --> 00:44:58.500 A:middle L:90% plant. So, and she really believed in hydropower 621 00:44:58.510 --> 00:45:00.710 A:middle L:90% um and it was very interesting and she's sort of 622 00:45:00.719 --> 00:45:05.469 A:middle L:90% being seen as a role model for the young women 623 00:45:05.469 --> 00:45:07.260 A:middle L:90% and girls in her community. She's now living with 624 00:45:07.260 --> 00:45:09.719 A:middle L:90% her grandmother because her parents still live in the city 625 00:45:09.989 --> 00:45:15.110 A:middle L:90% . Um But so um but no very little employment 626 00:45:15.110 --> 00:45:20.079 A:middle L:90% in general is generated um really only during the construction 627 00:45:20.079 --> 00:45:22.650 A:middle L:90% phase is, but even then um they prefer actually 628 00:45:22.650 --> 00:45:28.579 A:middle L:90% people who are sort of itinerant construction workers who will 629 00:45:28.579 --> 00:45:31.349 A:middle L:90% stay intense, you know, and not have really 630 00:45:31.360 --> 00:45:35.590 A:middle L:90% that family obligations, although they often bring their families 631 00:45:35.590 --> 00:45:37.789 A:middle L:90% with them um and their men and women who are 632 00:45:37.789 --> 00:45:39.829 A:middle L:90% working on these projects. Uh And then the truck 633 00:45:39.829 --> 00:45:43.739 A:middle L:90% drivers who are mainly not from the local area. 634 00:45:43.750 --> 00:45:47.409 A:middle L:90% And then um once the projects are completed, then 635 00:45:47.420 --> 00:45:51.150 A:middle L:90% basically, it's only, um, you know, 636 00:45:51.150 --> 00:45:55.150 A:middle L:90% maybe, um, usually about three people and sometimes 637 00:45:55.150 --> 00:45:58.980 A:middle L:90% local villagers will be trained in there. All men 638 00:45:58.989 --> 00:46:01.070 A:middle L:90% will be trained in how to run these projects. 639 00:46:01.079 --> 00:46:04.699 A:middle L:90% Um, Now, what we're finding in very rural 640 00:46:04.699 --> 00:46:07.219 A:middle L:90% areas, isolated areas is that the systems break down 641 00:46:07.219 --> 00:46:09.599 A:middle L:90% and then the parts aren't available locally. So then 642 00:46:09.599 --> 00:46:12.780 A:middle L:90% they have to go all the way to Delhi, 643 00:46:12.780 --> 00:46:15.710 A:middle L:90% usually um to get the parts, which is about 644 00:46:15.710 --> 00:46:19.730 A:middle L:90% six hours away and then they have to bring them 645 00:46:19.730 --> 00:46:21.570 A:middle L:90% back and then they have to carry them on their 646 00:46:21.570 --> 00:46:24.429 A:middle L:90% backs to these rural communities. So it's a real 647 00:46:24.429 --> 00:46:28.670 A:middle L:90% problem. And uh, so, um, but 648 00:46:28.679 --> 00:46:30.699 A:middle L:90% yeah, there's not much employment created through these, 649 00:46:31.030 --> 00:46:35.559 A:middle L:90% in fact, more employment is taken away. Um 650 00:46:35.559 --> 00:46:37.590 A:middle L:90% , I didn't have time to mention the issue of 651 00:46:37.599 --> 00:46:40.380 A:middle L:90% the fishermen, but they have lost their livelihoods largely 652 00:46:40.389 --> 00:46:45.440 A:middle L:90% because there are very few fish now in these rivers 653 00:46:45.440 --> 00:46:49.519 A:middle L:90% because of the basically if you interrupt the flow, 654 00:46:49.530 --> 00:46:52.409 A:middle L:90% um, you don't have sufficient environmental flows to allow 655 00:46:52.480 --> 00:46:57.039 A:middle L:90% for fish even with a fish ladders that hasn't worked 656 00:46:57.039 --> 00:47:01.300 A:middle L:90% all that well. Um their questions for comments. 657 00:47:05.380 --> 00:47:07.789 A:middle L:90% Yes. What do we do for something? What 658 00:47:08.179 --> 00:47:14.179 A:middle L:90% development? Okay. We're trying to record. Thank 659 00:47:14.179 --> 00:47:15.500 A:middle L:90% you very much for your great presentation. My question 660 00:47:15.500 --> 00:47:19.690 A:middle L:90% has to do with the qualitative research that you were 661 00:47:19.690 --> 00:47:22.130 A:middle L:90% conducting with the focus groups. How did you do 662 00:47:22.130 --> 00:47:25.230 A:middle L:90% that? Different languages, translation, women and power 663 00:47:25.230 --> 00:47:28.530 A:middle L:90% balance. And can you talk a little bit about 664 00:47:28.539 --> 00:47:30.199 A:middle L:90% your qualitative methods, please? Yeah, yeah. 665 00:47:30.210 --> 00:47:36.460 A:middle L:90% So we tried to have a focus group, um 666 00:47:36.469 --> 00:47:40.699 A:middle L:90% , interviews that were with women and then separate ones 667 00:47:40.699 --> 00:47:45.300 A:middle L:90% with men. Um but we also tried to uh 668 00:47:45.309 --> 00:47:49.389 A:middle L:90% conduct somewhere. It was with lower caste women because 669 00:47:49.389 --> 00:47:52.639 A:middle L:90% sometimes they will not participate as much if they're together 670 00:47:52.639 --> 00:47:55.730 A:middle L:90% with higher caste women. So we tried to divide 671 00:47:55.730 --> 00:48:00.010 A:middle L:90% it a little bit by class caste uh and then 672 00:48:00.010 --> 00:48:05.650 A:middle L:90% by location um you know uh within the village because 673 00:48:05.659 --> 00:48:07.719 A:middle L:90% these villages are often so big that they have Hamlets 674 00:48:07.719 --> 00:48:12.920 A:middle L:90% associated um with these villages. So we wanted to 675 00:48:12.929 --> 00:48:15.050 A:middle L:90% get a nice geographic spread as well. How about 676 00:48:15.050 --> 00:48:20.190 A:middle L:90% that language? Yeah, so the language um you 677 00:48:20.190 --> 00:48:23.590 A:middle L:90% know basically in India I do, unlike in latin 678 00:48:23.590 --> 00:48:27.309 A:middle L:90% America, I do work with research assistance. So 679 00:48:27.320 --> 00:48:30.340 A:middle L:90% um when I'm running a focus group interview, I 680 00:48:30.340 --> 00:48:35.170 A:middle L:90% will have a research assistant with me and so translating 681 00:48:35.179 --> 00:48:37.380 A:middle L:90% . Yeah, yeah, because also sometimes the local 682 00:48:37.389 --> 00:48:45.190 A:middle L:90% um uh language is different and local actually expressions are 683 00:48:45.190 --> 00:48:49.860 A:middle L:90% different, so Yeah, yeah, but it's possible 684 00:48:49.860 --> 00:48:53.940 A:middle L:90% to do it and uh but we had several people 685 00:48:53.949 --> 00:48:58.750 A:middle L:90% from the project, like two or three even because 686 00:48:58.760 --> 00:49:01.170 A:middle L:90% then you can sort of have people spread out from 687 00:49:01.170 --> 00:49:05.219 A:middle L:90% the project and then getting some of these side conversations 688 00:49:05.219 --> 00:49:08.320 A:middle L:90% which are sometimes just as interesting that people are having 689 00:49:08.320 --> 00:49:12.570 A:middle L:90% the interactions with people with each other. Yeah. 690 00:49:13.070 --> 00:49:20.789 A:middle L:90% Thank you very thoughtfully, other questions or Seriously? 691 00:49:22.469 --> 00:49:29.019 A:middle L:90% Hello? Mhm. All right, thank you for 692 00:49:29.019 --> 00:49:32.679 A:middle L:90% those hard core people who stayed. Uh So again 693 00:49:32.679 --> 00:49:35.329 A:middle L:90% we actually have the room another 30 minutes. So 694 00:49:35.329 --> 00:49:37.059 A:middle L:90% anybody that wants to just come up and talk to 695 00:49:37.059 --> 00:49:39.380 A:middle L:90% Stephanie you can um Thank you for coming. And 696 00:49:39.380 --> 00:49:42.760 A:middle L:90% I wanna see now all the students left. We 697 00:49:42.760 --> 00:49:49.369 A:middle L:90% send out survey link to everybody on webex. Let's 698 00:49:49.369 --> 00:49:51.989 A:middle L:90% see. Now we send we send the link up 699 00:49:51.989 --> 00:49:52.360 A:middle L:90% to people on webex. We send it to everybody 700 00:49:52.360 --> 00:49:54.380 A:middle L:90% here who signed up. Okay? So we'll track 701 00:49:54.380 --> 00:49:57.989 A:middle L:90% your emails and send it to please fill them out 702 00:49:58.000 --> 00:49:59.880 A:middle L:90% . Really helps us to get funding for these in 703 00:49:59.880 --> 00:50:01.199 A:middle L:90% the future. So it is important to us, 704 00:50:01.769 --> 00:50:05.420 A:middle L:90% the last thing help yourself to food and drinks. 705 00:50:05.429 --> 00:50:07.159 A:middle L:90% And if you've got the water bottles that are recyclable 706 00:50:07.159 --> 00:50:09.860 A:middle L:90% , there's a recycle bin outside, so thank you 707 00:50:09.860 --> 00:50:10.289 A:middle L:90% very much.