<front xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JFQ</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Food Quality</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1745-4557</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0146-9428</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Hindawi</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2018/1063502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1063502</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Quality Parameters in Gluten-Free Bread Formulated with Breadfruit (<italic>Artocarpus altilis</italic>) Flour</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U48156357" corresp="yes">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-7897</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clark</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>eac1992@vt.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" id="U17490263">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2283-7966</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aramouni</surname>
            <given-names>Fadi M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>aramouni@ksu.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="Academic Editor" id="U50635104">
          <name>
            <surname>Krupa-Kozak</surname>
            <given-names>Urszula</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="I1">
        <sup>1</sup>
        <addr-line>Food Science &#x26; Technology Department</addr-line>
        <addr-line>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</addr-line>
        <addr-line>Blacksburg 24061</addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <ext-link ext-link-type="domain-name">vt.edu</ext-link>
      </aff>
      <aff id="I2">
        <sup>2</sup>
        <addr-line>Food Science Institute</addr-line>
        <addr-line>Kansas State University</addr-line>
        <addr-line>Manhattan 66506</addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <ext-link ext-link-type="domain-name">k-state.edu</ext-link>
      </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="publication-year">
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="archival-date"><day>24</day><month>9</month><year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
      <volume>2018</volume>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="pub"><day>24</day><month>9</month><year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Copyright &#xa9; 2018 Elizabeth A. Clark and Fadi M. Aramouni.</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the <ext-link xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Flour from the fruit of breadfruit trees (<italic>Artocarpus altilis</italic>) holds the potential to serve as a wheat flour replacement in gluten-free product formulations. This study evaluated the impact of breadfruit flour and leavening agent on gluten-free bread quality. Breadfruit flour was first milled and characterized by the researchers prior to being used in this study. Experimental formulas were mixed with varying breadfruit flour inclusion (0&#x0025;, 20&#x0025;, 35&#x0025;, and 50&#x0025;) and leavening agent (yeast and baking powder). Quality parameters including density, specific volume, pH, water activity, color, and texture were assessed, and proximate analysis was performed to characterize the nutritional value of the bread. Significant differences (<inline-formula><mml:math id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x3c;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) were found in loaf density, specific volume, color (crust <inline-formula><mml:math id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#x2217;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#x2217;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>; crumb <inline-formula><mml:math id="M4"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#x2217;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><mml:math id="M5"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#x2217;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><mml:math id="M6"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#x2217;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), pH, water activity, and crumb firmness. Additionally, a consumer sensory study was performed on the most well-liked formulations. Consumer testing yielded significant differences (<inline-formula><mml:math id="M7"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x3c;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) between the yeast-leavened control (0&#x0025; breadfruit flour) and yeast-leavened breadfruit bread (20&#x0025; breadfruit flour). Nonceliac consumers rated the breadfruit treatment as significantly less acceptable than the control for all sensory characteristics assessed. These results indicate that breadfruit flour can be used at &#x2264;20&#x0025;, when leavened with yeast, to produce quality gluten-free bread. Future studies should be conducted to assess the impact of breadfruit variety and milling practices on breadfruit flour properties before further attempts are made to investigate how breadfruit flour impacts the gluten-free bread quality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007263">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <table-count count="7" />
        <ref-count count="35" />
        <page-count count="12" />
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>