Ge, MengtingHuang, YangKim, Mintai2023-05-262023-05-262023-052367-4253http://hdl.handle.net/10919/115220Spatial scale and distance are essential attributes of physical space in landscape design. Individuals’ perceptions of spatial scale and distance reflect how well they understand a space, and decides how they design the space. This research studies how scale and distance perception in landscape design projects using Virtual Reality (VR) renderings can differ from traditional design representations. This study examines perception of space using three design representation methods: VR simple 3D model, VR realistic rendered model, and traditional representation with the illustrative plan. Fifty-four individuals with design education and practice experience participate in this research. Participants were divided into 3 groups, and every group used one design representation method to estimate the spatial scale of selected space and distance to selected objects. Participants’ perceptions are investigated through survey and statistically analysed. This research enriches VR-related studies from the perspective of spatial perception and awareness. It inspires diverse possibilities of future design representation in the design industry and education.Pages 553-542application/pdfenCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalVirtual realitySense of scale and distanceSpatial perceptionDesign communicationDesign representationArticle - Refereed2023-05-26https://doi.org/10.14627/5377400568-2023Kim, Mintai [0000-0001-8493-4334]2511-624X