Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S.Kongphan-Apirak, M.2016-04-192016-04-192008Working Paper No. 414031_Wertz_Kan2008_reduce_forest_emission_PES.pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/68299Southeast Asia witnesses high rates of deforestation and forest degradation. Large-scale deforestation for agriculture (notably oil palm) is driven by international market demand. Small-scale deforestation is partly driven by: market opportunities for typical smallholder crops like rubber; land races to gain or secure property rights; and in marginalised, remote areas of the countries also by poverty and population growth. Forest degradation is primarily a consequence of logging activities, especially illegal logging, driven by high international demand for timber. Logging activities are concentrated in Papua New Guinea, but also occur in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Cambodia.application/pdfen-USIn CopyrightDeforestationCash cropsMarket demandPayments for environmental servicesForest managementAgricultureLand tenureLand use managementPovertyForestsGovernmentPESForest degradationIllegal loggingSoutheast asiaReddForest governanceLand use changePalm oilProperty rightsEcosystem Farm/Enterprise Scale GovernanceTechnical report