Ferraro, Paul J.Simpson, R. David2016-04-192016-04-192003Paper presented at the International Conference on Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity, Bonn, Germany, 19-23 May 20032482_Ferraro2003_Protect_forests_and_biodiver.pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/66982In the next section (II), we describe the economics of direct and indirect approaches to protecting ecosystems and biodiversity. In sections III-V, we address common criticisms of direct payment approaches and attempt to answer the question, 'If direct approaches are more desirable, why have indirect approaches been more commonly employed in recent years?' In section VI, we offer a brief review of how direct payments are working in practice around the world.application/pdfen-USIn CopyrightRural developmentEcosystem managementBiodiversityEconomic policyPayments for environmental servicesLivelihoodsConservationEconomic impactsForestsDirect paymentsIndirect interventionPresentation