Chibucos, Marcus C.Collmer, Candace W.Torto-Alalibo, TrudyGwinn-Giglio, MichelleLindeberg, MagdalenLi, DonghuiTyler, Brett M.2012-08-242012-08-242009-02-19BMC Microbiology. 2009 Feb 19;9(Suppl 1):S5http://hdl.handle.net/10919/18871Manipulation of programmed cell death (PCD) is central to many host microbe interactions. Both plant and animal cells use PCD as a powerful weapon against biotrophic pathogens, including viruses, which draw their nutrition from living tissue. Thus, diverse biotrophic pathogens have evolved many mechanisms to suppress programmed cell death, and mutualistic and commensal microbes may employ similar mechanisms. Necrotrophic pathogens derive their nutrition from dead tissue, and many produce toxins specifically to trigger programmed cell death in their hosts. Hemibiotrophic pathogens manipulate PCD in a most exquisite way, suppressing PCD during the biotrophic phase and stimulating it during the necrotrophic phase. This mini-review will summarize the mechanisms that have evolved in diverse microbes and hosts for controlling PCD and the Gene Ontology terms developed by the Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology (PAMGO) Consortium for describing those mechanisms.application/pdfenCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalArticle - Refereed2012-08-24Marcus C Chibucos et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-S1-S5