van Noordwijk, M.Chandler, F.Tomich, Thomas P.2016-04-192016-04-192004ICRAF Working paper2448_RUPESconceptual_final.pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/66944Summary: Payments for environmental services are normally discussed in terms of 'buyers' and 'sellers' - as if there are only two sides of a coin. Taking this analogy, we may see the 'brokers' (those that act as a third party between the buyers and the sellers) as the third side of the coin. However, the chance that a coin will land on this side and reach a stable equilibrium is small - it normally falls to either of the two other sides.application/pdfen-USThis working paper was developed on the basis of publicly funded research at ICRAF and may used for non-commercial research purposes in the interest of the smallholder agroforesters of the world. Proper citation is required in all instances.Participatory processesRural developmentIncome generationSustainable developmentPayments for environmental servicesLivelihoodsLand use managementEnvironmental servicesMarketsPovertyIncentivesRewardsLivelihood enhancementMillennium Development Goals (MDG)Technical report