Betancourt, Jovany J.Ding, MinnaYoder, J. MarinaMutyaba, IssaAtkins, Hannah M.De la Cruz, GabrielaMeya, David B.Nielsen, Kirsten2025-01-172025-01-172025-01-14https://hdl.handle.net/10919/124253Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that can cause lethal disease in immunocompromised patients. Immunocompetent host immune responses, such as formation of pulmonary granulomas, control the infection and prevent disseminated disease. Little is known about the immunological conditions establishing the latent infection granuloma in the lungs. To investigate this, we performed an analysis of pulmonary immune cell populations, cytokine changes, and granuloma formation during infection with a latent disease-causing clinical isolate in C3HeB/FeJ mice over 360 days. We found that latently infected mice progress through three phases of granuloma formation where different immune profiles dominate: an early phase characterized by eosinophilia, high IL-4/IL-13, and C. neoformans proliferation in the lungs; an intermediate phase characterized by multinucleated giant cell formation, high IL-1α/IFNγ, granuloma expansion, and increased blood antigen levels; and a late phase characterized by a significant expansion of T cells, granuloma condensation, and decreases in lung fungal burden and blood antigen levels. These findings highlight a complex series of immune changes that occur during the establishment of granulomas that control C. neoformans in the lungs and lay the foundation for studies to identify critical beneficial immune responses to Cryptococcus infections.application/pdfenCryptococcus neoformansgranulomalatent infectioncryptococcosisC3HeB/FeJadaptive immunityinnate immunitymycologypathogenesishost-pathogen interactionspulmonary infectiontuberculosisArticle - Refereedhttps://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03610-24