Bruce, J. W.Freudenberger, M. S.Ngaido, T.2016-04-192016-04-1919950-8403-9508-6http://hdl.handle.net/10919/66060Metadata only recordThe document reviews the experiences of Niger, Senegal, Botswana, Gambia, and Tanzania in their attempts to replace traditional community-based tenure systems with modern legal tenure systems based on national statutes. Most attempts race evolved into a second wave of adaptive tenure models using decentralized (local) decision-making to implement quasi-standardized tenure systems for each nation.text/plainen-USIn CopyrightTenure systemDecentralizationNationalismStandardizationDecision makingTraditionalModernLegalGovernanceAbstractCopyright 1995 The World Bank