Virginia TechBowman, Douglas A.Johnson, D. B.Hodges, Larry F.2014-02-212014-02-212001-02-01Bowman, DA; Johnson, DB; Hodges, LF. "Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques," Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 2001, Vol. 10 No. 1, 75-95 doi: 10.1162/1054746017501823331054-7460http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25509As immersive virtual environment (VE) applications become more complex, it is clear that we need a firm understanding of the principles of VE interaction. In particular, designers need guidance in choosing three-dimensional interaction techniques. In this paper, we present a systematic approach, testbed evaluation, for the assessment of interaction techniques for VEs. Testbed evaluation uses formal frameworks and formal experiments with multiple independent and dependent variables to obtain a wide range of performance data for VE interaction techniques. We present two testbed experiments, covering techniques for the common VE tasks of travel and object selection/manipulation. The results of these experiments allow us to form general guidelines for VE interaction and to provide an empirical basis for choosing interaction techniques in VE applications. Evaluation of a real-world VE system based on the testbed results indicates that this approach can produce substantial improvements in usability.application/pdfen-USIn CopyrightOrientationTravelDesignArticle - Refereedhttp://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/105474601750182333https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601750182333