Virginia TechBowman, Douglas A.Kruijff, E.LaViola, Joseph J., Jr.Poupyrev, I.2014-02-212014-02-212001-02-01Bowman, DA; Kruijff, E; LaViola, JJ; et al. "An introduction to 3-d user interface design," Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 2001, Vol. 10 No. 1, 96-108 doi: 10.1162/1054746017501823421054-7460http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25510Three-dimensional user interface design is a critical component of any virtual environment (VE) application. In this paper, we present a broad overview of 3-D interaction and user interfaces. We discuss the effect of common VE hardware devices on user interaction, as well as interaction techniques for generic 3-D tasks and the use of traditional 2-D interaction styles in 3-D environments. We divide most user-interaction tasks into three categories: navigation, selection/manipulation, and system control. Throughout the paper, our focus is on presenting not only the available techniques but also practical guidelines for 3-D interaction design and widely held myths. Finally, we briefly discuss two approaches to 3-D interaction design and some example applications with complex 3-D interaction requirements. We also present an annotated online bibliography as a reference companion to this article.application/pdfen-USIn CopyrightVirtual environmentsOrientationTravelArticle - Refereedhttp://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/105474601750182342https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601750182342