Pal, RushaAthamneh, Ahmad I. M.Deshpande, RiddhiRamirez, Jose A. R.Adu, Kayode T.Muthuirulan, PushpanathanPawar, ShrikantBiazzo, ManueleApidianakis, YiorgosSundekilde, Ulrik Kraemerde la Fuente-Nunez, CesarMartens, Mark G.Tegos, George P.Seleem, Mohamed N.2023-11-292023-11-292022-05-151040-841Xhttps://hdl.handle.net/10919/116708Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a life-threatening disease caused by the Gram-positive, opportunistic intestinal pathogen C. difficile. Despite the availability of antimicrobial drugs to treat CDI, such as vancomycin, metronidazole, and fidaxomicin, recurrence of infection remains a significant clinical challenge. The use of live commensal microorganisms, or probiotics, is one of the most investigated non-antibiotic therapeutic options to balance gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and subsequently tackle dysbiosis. In this review, we will discuss major commensal probiotic strains that have the potential to prevent and/or treat CDI and its recurrence, reassess the efficacy of probiotics supplementation as a CDI intervention, delve into lessons learned from probiotic modulation of the immune system, explore avenues like genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions, genome sequencing, and multi-omics to identify novel strains and understand their functionality, and discuss the current regulatory framework, challenges, and future directions.Pages 414-43421 page(s)application/pdfenIn CopyrightProbioticsC. difficileinhibitionvirulenceimmunomodulatorygenomic explorationdiscovery informaticsmetabolomicsmulti-omicsregulatory requirementsHumansClostridium InfectionsVancomycinAnti-Bacterial AgentsProbioticsClostridioides difficileClostridioidesArticle - Refereedhttps://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2022.2072705493Seleem, Mohamed [0000-0003-0939-0458]355746021549-7828