2016-08-242016-08-242004-03-16http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72487A method detects binding of molecules, advantageously without tagging molecules in the sample. A sensor is used in which is included a single stranded nucleic acid sequence and a photoluminescent material in respective layers. After the sensor is exposed to a biological sample for sufficient time for its single stranded nucleic acid sequence to bind to a material of interest, photoluminescence from the sensor can be measured. An apparatus for tagging-free detection of binding of molecules also is provided. Methods of making tagging-free sensors are provided. Also, tagging-free methods to detect binding of antigens and related devices are disclosed.application/pdfen-USPatenthttp://pimg-fpiw.uspto.gov/fdd/79/064/067/0.pdf9870986117/68250/214.1428/209435/6.11435/6.12435/91.1B01J2219/00274B01J2219/00432B01J2219/00497B01J2219/00529B01J2219/00576B01J2219/00578B01J2219/00585B01J2219/00596B01J2219/00608B01J2219/00612B01J2219/00619B01J2219/00626B01J2219/00635B01J2219/00637B01J2219/00659B01J2219/00677B01J2219/00707B01J2219/00722B01J2219/00725B01J2219/00729B82Y30/00C12Q1/6825C12Q1/6837C12Q2523/319C40B40/06C40B40/10C40B60/14Y10T428/249176706479