Scholarly Works, Physics

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Notes on gauging noninvertible symmetries. Part I. Multiplicity-free cases
Perez-Lona, Alonso; Robbins, D.; Sharpe, E.; Vandermeulen, T.; Yu, X. (2024-02-21)
In this paper we discuss gauging noninvertible zero-form symmetries in two dimensions. We specialize to certain gaugeable cases, specifically, fusion categories of the form for a suitable Hopf algebra (which includes the special case Rep(G) for G a finite group). We also specialize to the case that the fusion category is multiplicity-free. We discuss how to construct a modular-invariant partition function from a choice of Frobenius algebra structure on . We discuss how ordinary G orbifolds for finite groups G are a special case of the construction, corresponding to the fusion category Vec(G) = Rep(ℂ[G]*). For the cases Rep(S3), Rep(D4), and Rep(Q8), we construct the crossing kernels for general intertwiner maps. We explicitly compute partition functions in the examples of Rep(S3), Rep(D4), Rep(Q8), and , and discuss applications in c = 1 CFTs. We also discuss decomposition in the special case that the entire noninvertible symmetry group acts trivially.
Dopamine and serotonin in human substantia nigra track social context and value signals during economic exchange
Batten, Seth R.; Bang, Dan; Kopell, Brian H.; Davis, Arianna N.; Heflin, Matthew; Fu, Qixiu; Perl, Ofer; Ziafa, Kimia; Hashemi, Alice; Saez, Ignacio; Barbosa, Leonardo S.; Twomey, Thomas; Lohrenz, Terry; White, Jason P.; Dayan, Peter; Charney, Alexander W.; Figee, Martijn; Mayberg, Helen S.; Kishida, Kenneth T.; Gu, Xiaosi; Montague, P. Read (Nature Research, 2024-02-26)
Dopamine and serotonin are hypothesized to guide social behaviours. In humans, however, we have not yet been able to study neuromodulator dynamics as social interaction unfolds. Here, we obtained subsecond estimates of dopamine and serotonin from human substantia nigra pars reticulata during the ultimatum game. Participants, who were patients with Parkinson’s disease undergoing awake brain surgery, had to accept or reject monetary offers of varying fairness from human and computer players. They rejected more offers in the human than the computer condition, an effect of social context associated with higher overall levels of dopamine but not serotonin. Regardless of the social context, relative changes in dopamine tracked trial-by-trial changes in offer value—akin to reward prediction errors—whereas serotonin tracked the current offer value. These results show that dopamine and serotonin fluctuations in one of the basal ganglia’s main output structures reflect distinct social context and value signals.
Molecular modeling of Poly(methyl methacrylate-block-acrylonitrile) as Precursors of Porous Carbon Fibers
Hao, Xi; Serrano, Joel; Liu, Guoliang; Cheng, Shengfeng (2023-04-22)
Inducing stratification of colloidal mixtures with a mixed binary solvent
Liu, Binghan; Grest, Gary S.; Cheng, Shengfeng (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023-12-06)
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to demonstrate that a binary solvent can be used to stratify colloidal mixtures when the suspension is rapidly dried. The solvent consists of two components, one more volatile than the other. When evaporated at high rates, the more volatile component becomes depleted near the evaporation front and develops a negative concentration gradient from the bulk of the mixture to the liquid-vapor interface while the less volatile solvent is enriched in the same region and exhibit a positive concentration gradient. Such gradients can be used to drive a binary mixture of colloidal particles to stratify if one is preferentially attracted to the more volatile solvent and the other to the less volatile solvent. During solvent evaporation, the fraction of colloidal particles preferentially attracted to the less volatile solvent is enhanced at the evaporation front, whereas the colloidal particles having stronger attractions with the more volatile solvent are driven away from the interfacial region. As a result, the colloidal particles show a stratified distribution after drying, even if the two colloids have the same size.
Diffusiophoresis as a physical mechanism underlying small-on-top stratification in evaporating bidisperse nanoparticle suspensions
Liu, Binghan; Grest, Gary; Cheng, Shengfeng (2023-05-17)
Quantum cohomology from mixed Higgs-Coulomb phases
Gu, Wei; Melnikov, Ilarion V.; Sharpe, Eric (2024-02-01)
We generalize Coulomb-branch-based gauged linear sigma model (GLSM)–computations of quantum cohomology rings of Fano spaces. Typically such computations have focused on GLSMs without superpotential, for which the low energy limit of the GLSM is a pure Coulomb branch, and quantum cohomology is determined by the critical locus of a twisted one-loop effective superpotential. We extend these results to cases for which the low energy limit of the GLSM includes both Coulomb and Higgs branches, where the latter is a Landau-Ginzburg orbifold. We describe the state spaces and products of corresponding operators in detail, comparing a geometric phase description, where the operator product ring is quantum cohomology, to the description in terms of Coulomb and Higgs branch states. As a concrete test of our methods, we compare to existing mathematics results for quantum cohomology rings of hypersurfaces in projective spaces.
Neutrino Flavor Model Building and the Origins of Flavor and CP Violation
Almumin, Yahya; Chen, Mu-Chun; Cheng, Murong; Knapp-Pérez, Víctor; Li, Yulun; Mondol, Adreja; Ramos-Sánchez, Saúl; Ratz, Michael; Shukla, Shreya (MDPI, 2023-12-12)
The neutrino sector offers one of the most sensitive probes of new physics beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SM). The mechanism of neutrino mass generation is still unknown. The observed suppression of neutrino masses hints at a large scale, conceivably of the order of the scale of a rand unified theory (GUT), which is a unique feature of neutrinos that is not shared by the charged fermions. The origin of neutrino masses and mixing is part of the outstanding puzzle of fermion masses and mixings, which is not explained ab initio in the SM. Flavor model building for both quark and lepton sectors is important in order to gain a better understanding of the origin of the structure of mass hierarchy and flavor mixing, which constitute the dominant fraction of the SM parameters. Recent activities in neutrino flavor model building based on non-Abelian discrete flavor symmetries and modular flavor symmetries have been shown to be a promising direction to explore. The emerging models provide a framework that has a significantly reduced number of undetermined parameters in the flavor sector. In addition, such a framework affords a novel origin of CP violation from group theory due to the intimate connection between physical CP transformation and group theoretical properties of non-Abelian discrete groups. Model building based on non-Abelian discrete flavor symmetries and their modular variants enables the particle physics community to interpret the current and anticipated upcoming data from neutrino experiments. Non-Abelian discrete flavor symmetries and their modular variants can result from compactification of a higher-dimensional theory. Pursuit of flavor model building based on such frameworks thus also provides the connection to possible UV completions: in particular, to string theory. We emphasize the importance of constructing models in which the uncertainties of theoretical predictions are smaller than, or at most compatible with, the error bars of measurements in neutrino experiments. While there exist proof-of-principle versions of bottom-up models in which the theoretical uncertainties are under control, it is remarkable that the key ingredients of such constructions were discovered first in top-down model building. We outline how a successful unification of bottom-up and top-down ideas and techniques may guide us towards a new era of precision flavor model building in which future experimental results can give us crucial insights into the UV completion of the SM.
Room-Temperature Intrinsic and Extrinsic Damping in Polycrystalline Fe Thin Films
Wu, Shuang; Smith, David A.; Nakarmi, Prabandha; Rai, Anish; Clavel, Michael; Hudait, Mantu K.; Zhao, Jing; Michel, F. Marc; Mewes, Claudia; Mewes, Tim; Emori, Satoru (2021-09-08)
We examine room-temperature magnetic relaxation in polycrystalline Fe films. Out-of-plane ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements reveal Gilbert damping parameters of $\approx$ 0.0024 for Fe films with thicknesses of 4-25 nm, regardless of their microstructural properties. The remarkable invariance with film microstructure strongly suggests that intrinsic Gilbert damping in polycrystalline metals at room temperature is a local property of nanoscale crystal grains, with limited impact from grain boundaries and film roughness. By contrast, the in-plane FMR linewidths of the Fe films exhibit distinct nonlinear frequency dependences, indicating the presence of strong extrinsic damping. To fit our in-plane FMR data, we have used a grain-to-grain two-magnon scattering model with two types of correlation functions aimed at describing the spatial distribution of inhomogeneities in the film. However, neither of the two correlation functions is able to reproduce the experimental data quantitatively with physically reasonable parameters. Our findings advance the fundamental understanding of intrinsic Gilbert damping in structurally disordered films, while demonstrating the need for a deeper examination of how microstructural disorder governs extrinsic damping.
Twisted Fibrations in M/F-theory
Anderson, Lara B.; Gray, James; Oehlmann, Paul-Konstantin (2024-01-04)
In this work we investigate 5-dimensional theories obtained from M-theory on genus one fibered threefolds which exhibit twisted algebras in their fibers. We provide a base-independent algebraic description of the threefolds and compute light 5D BPS states charged under finite sub-algebras of the twisted algebras. We further construct the Jacobian fibrations that are associated to 6-dimensional F-theory lifts, where the twisted algebra is absent. These 6/5-dimensional theories are compared via twisted circle reductions of F-theory to M-theory. In the 5-dimensional theories we discuss several geometric transitions that connect twisted with untwisted fibrations. We present detailed discussions of 𝔢(2)6,𝔰𝔬(3)8 and 𝔰𝔲(2)3 twisted fibers and provide several explicit example threefolds via toric constructions. Finally, limits are considered in which gravity is decoupled, including Little String Theories for which we match 2-group symmetries across twisted T-dual theories.
Constraints on directionality effect of nuclear recoils in a liquid argon time projection chamber
(2024-01-10)
The direct search for dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP) is performed by detecting nuclear recoils produced in a target material from the WIMP elastic scattering. The experimental identification of the direction of the WIMP-induced nuclear recoils is a crucial asset in this field, as it enables unmistakable modulation signatures for dark matter. The Recoil Directionality (ReD) experiment was designed to probe for such directional sensitivity in argon dual-phase time projection chambers (TPC), that are widely considered for current and future direct dark matter searches. The TPC of ReD was irradiated with neutrons at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud. Data were taken with nuclear recoils of known directions and kinetic energy of 72 keV, which is within the range of interest for WIMP-induced signals in argon. The direction-dependent liquid argon charge recombination model by Cataudella et al. was adopted and a likelihood statistical analysis was performed, which gave no indications of significant dependence of the detector response to the recoil direction. The aspect ratio R of the initial ionization cloud is R < 1.072 with 90% confidence level.
CHANDLER: A Technology for Surface-level Reactor Neutrino Detection
Link, Jonathan M. (2023-01-17)
Measurement of Electron-Neutrino Charged-Current Cross Sections on I 127 with the COHERENT NaIν E Detector
An, P.; Awe, C.; Barbeau, P. S.; Becker, B.; Belov, V.; Bernardi, I.; Bock, C.; Bolozdynya, A.; Bouabid, R.; Brown, A.; Browning, J.; Cabrera-Palmer, B.; Cervantes, M.; Conley, E.; Daughhetee, J.; Detwiler, J.; Ding, K.; Durand, M. R.; Efremenko, Y.; Elliott, S. R.; Fabris, L.; Febbraro, M.; Gallo Rosso, A.; Galindo-Uribarri, A.; Germer, A. C.; Green, M. P.; Hakenmüller, J.; Heath, M. R.; Hedges, S.; Hughes, M.; Johnson, B. A.; Johnson, T.; Khromov, A.; Konovalov, A.; Kozlova, E.; Kumpan, A.; Kyzylova, O.; Li, L.; Link, Jonathan M.; Liu, J.; Mahoney, M.; Major, A.; Mann, K.; Markoff, D. M.; Mastroberti, J.; Mattingly, J.; Mueller, P. E.; Newby, J.; Parno, D. S.; Penttila, S. I.; Pershey, D.; Prior, C. G.; Rapp, R.; Ray, H.; Raybern, J.; Razuvaeva, O.; Reyna, D.; Rich, G. C.; Ross, J.; Rudik, D.; Runge, J.; Salvat, D. J.; Sander, J.; Scholberg, K.; Shakirov, A.; Simakov, G.; Sinev, G.; Skuse, C.; Snow, W. M.; Sosnovtsev, V.; Subedi, T.; Suh, B.; Tayloe, R.; Tellez-Giron-Flores, K.; Tsai, Y. T.; Ujah, E.; Vanderwerp, J.; Van Nieuwenhuizen, E. E.; Varner, R. L.; Virtue, C. J.; Visser, G.; Walkup, K.; Ward, E. M.; Wongjirad, T.; Yoo, J.; Yu, C. H.; Zawada, A.; Zettlemoyer, J.; Zderic, A. (American Physical Society, 2023-11-29)
Using an 185-kg NaI[Tl] array, COHERENT has measured the inclusive electron-neutrino charged-current cross section on I127 with pion decay-at-rest neutrinos produced by the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Iodine is one the heaviest targets for which low-energy (≤50 MeV) inelastic neutrino-nucleus processes have been measured, and this is the first measurement of its inclusive cross section. After a five-year detector exposure, COHERENT reports a flux-averaged cross section for electron neutrinos of 9.2-1.8+2.1×10-40 cm2. This corresponds to a value that is ∼41% lower than predicted using the MARLEY event generator with a measured Gamow-Teller strength distribution. In addition, the observed visible spectrum from charged-current scattering on I127 has been measured between 10 and 55 MeV, and the exclusive zero-neutron and one-or-more-neutron emission cross sections are measured to be 5.2-3.1+3.4×10-40 and 2.2-0.5+0.4×10-40 cm2, respectively.
Improved Measurement of the Evolution of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay
An, F. P.; Bai, W. D.; Balantekin, A. B.; Bishai, M.; Blyth, S.; Cao, G. F.; Cao, J.; Chang, J. F.; Chang, Y.; Chen, H. S.; Chen, H. Y.; Chen, S. M.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Y. X.; Cheng, J.; Cheng, J.; Cheng, Y. -C.; Cheng, Z. K.; Cherwinka, J. J.; Chu, M. C.; Cummings, J. P.; Dalager, O.; Deng, F. S.; Ding, Y. Y.; Diwan, M. V.; Dohnal, T.; Dolzhikov, D.; Dove, J.; Dugas, K. V.; Duyang, H. Y.; Dwyer, D. A.; Gallo, J. P.; Gonchar, M.; Gong, G. H.; Gong, H.; Gu, W. Q.; Guo, J. Y.; Guo, L.; Guo, X. H.; Guo, Y. H.; Guo, Z.; Hackenburg, R. W.; Han, Y.; Hans, S.; He, M.; Heeger, K. M.; Heng, Y. K.; Hor, Y. K.; Hsiung, Y. B.; Hu, B. Z.; Hu, J. R.; Hu, T.; Hu, Z. J.; Huang, H. X.; Huang, J. H.; Huang, X. T.; Huang, Y. B.; Huber, P.; Jaffe, D. E.; Jen, K. L.; Ji, X. L.; Ji, X. P.; Johnson, R. A.; Jones, D.; Kang, L.; Kettell, S. H.; Kohn, S.; Kramer, M.; Langford, T. J.; Lee, J.; Lee, J. H. C.; Lei, R. T.; Leitner, R.; Leung, J. K. C.; Li, F.; Li, H. L.; Li, J. J.; Li, Q. J.; Li, R. H.; Li, S.; Li, S. C.; Li, W. D.; Li, X. N.; Li, X. Q.; Li, Y. F.; Li, Z. B.; Liang, H.; Lin, C. J.; Lin, G. L.; Lin, S.; Ling, J. J.; Link, Jonathan M.; Littenberg, L.; Littlejohn, B. R.; Liu, J. C.; Liu, J. L.; Liu, J. X.; Lu, C.; Lu, H. Q.; Luk, K. B.; Ma, B. Z.; Ma, X. B.; Ma, X. Y.; Ma, Y. Q.; Mandujano, R. C.; Marshall, C.; McDonald, K. T.; McKeown, R. D.; Meng, Y.; Napolitano, J.; Naumov, D.; Naumova, E.; Nguyen, T. M. T.; Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P.; Olshevskiy, A.; Park, J.; Patton, S.; Peng, J. C.; Pun, C. S. J.; Qi, F. Z.; Qi, M.; Qian, X.; Raper, N.; Ren, J.; Reveco, C. Morales; Rosero, R.; Roskovec, B.; Ruan, X. C.; Russell, B.; Steiner, H.; Sun, J. L.; Tmej, T.; Treskov, K.; Tse, W. -H.; Tull, C. E.; Tung, Y. C.; Viren, B.; Vorobel, V.; Wang, C. H.; Wang, J.; Wang, M.; Wang, N. Y.; Wang, R. G.; Wang, W.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y. F.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z. M.; Wei, H. Y.; Wei, L. H.; Wen, L. J.; Whisnant, K.; White, C. G.; Wong, H. L. H.; Worcester, E.; Wu, D. R.; Wu, Q.; Wu, W. J.; Xia, D. M.; Xie, Z. Q.; Xing, Z. Z.; Xu, H. K.; Xu, J. L.; Xu, T.; Xue, T.; Yang, C. G.; Yang, L.; Yang, Y. Z.; Yao, H. F.; Ye, M.; Yeh, M.; Young, B. L.; Yu, H. Z.; Yu, Z. Y.; Yue, B. B.; Zavadskyi, V.; Zeng, S.; Zeng, Y.; Zhan, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, F. Y.; Zhang, H. H.; Zhang, J. L.; Zhang, J. W.; Zhang, Q. M.; Zhang, S. Q.; Zhang, X. T.; Zhang, Y. M.; Zhang, Y. X.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Zhang, Z. J.; Zhang, Z. P.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Zhao, J.; Zhao, R. Z.; Zhou, L.; Zhuang, H. L.; Zou, J. H. (American Physical Society, 2023-05-22)
Reactor neutrino experiments play a crucial role in advancing our knowledge of neutrinos. In this Letter, the evolution of the flux and spectrum as a function of the reactor isotopic content is reported in terms of the inverse-beta-decay yield at Daya Bay with 1958 days of data and improved systematic uncertainties. These measurements are compared with two signature model predictions: the Huber-Mueller model based on the conversion method and the SM2018 model based on the summation method. The measured average flux and spectrum, as well as the flux evolution with the Pu239 isotopic fraction, are inconsistent with the predictions of the Huber-Mueller model. In contrast, the SM2018 model is shown to agree with the average flux and its evolution but fails to describe the energy spectrum. Altering the predicted inverse-beta-decay spectrum from Pu239 fission does not improve the agreement with the measurement for either model. The models can be brought into better agreement with the measurements if either the predicted spectrum due to U235 fission is changed or the predicted U235, U238, Pu239, and Pu241 spectra are changed in equal measure.
Precision Measurement of Reactor Antineutrino Oscillation at Kilometer-Scale Baselines by Daya Bay
An, F. P.; Bai, W. D.; Balantekin, A. B.; Bishai, M.; Blyth, S.; Cao, G. F.; Cao, J.; Chang, J. F.; Chang, Y.; Chen, H. S.; Chen, H. Y.; Chen, S. M.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Y. X.; Chen, Z. Y.; Cheng, J.; Cheng, Z. K.; Cherwinka, J. J.; Chu, M. C.; Cummings, J. P.; Dalager, O.; Deng, F. S.; Ding, Y. Y.; Ding, X. Y.; V. Diwan, M.; Dohnal, T.; Dolzhikov, D.; Dove, J.; Duyang, H. Y.; Dwyer, D. A.; Gallo, J. P.; Gonchar, M.; Gong, G. H.; Gong, H.; Gu, W. Q.; Guo, J. Y.; Guo, L.; Guo, X. H.; Guo, Y. H.; Guo, Z.; Hackenburg, R. W.; Han, Y.; Hans, S.; He, M.; Heeger, K. M.; Heng, Y. K.; Hor, Y. K.; Hsiung, Y. B.; Hu, B. Z.; Hu, J. R.; Hu, T.; Hu, Z. J.; Huang, H. X.; Huang, J. H.; Huang, X. T.; Huang, Y. B.; Huber, P.; Jaffe, D. E.; Jen, K. L.; Ji, X. L.; Ji, X. P.; Johnson, R. A.; Jones, D.; Kang, L.; Kettell, S. H.; Kohn, S.; Kramer, M.; Langford, T. J.; Lee, J.; Lee, J. H. C.; Lei, R. T.; Leitner, R.; Leung, J. K. C.; Li, F.; Li, H. L.; Li, J. J.; Li, Q. J.; Li, R. H.; Li, S.; Li, S. C.; Li, W. D.; Li, X. N.; Li, X. Q.; Li, Y. F.; Li, Z. B.; Liang, H.; Lin, C. J.; Lin, G. L.; Lin, S.; Ling, J. J.; Link, Jonathan M.; Littenberg, L.; Littlejohn, B. R.; Liu, J. C.; Liu, J. L.; Liu, J. X.; Lu, C.; Lu, H. Q.; Luk, K. B.; Ma, B. Z.; Ma, X. B.; Ma, X. Y.; Ma, Y. Q.; Mandujano, R. C.; Marshall, C.; McDonald, K. T.; McKeown, R. D.; Meng, Y.; Napolitano, J.; Naumov, D.; Naumova, E.; Nguyen, T. M. T.; Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P.; Olshevskiy, A.; Pan, H. -R.; Park, J.; Patton, S.; Peng, J. C.; Pun, C. S. J.; Qi, F. Z.; Qi, M.; Qian, X.; Raper, N.; Ren, J.; Reveco, C. Morales; Rosero, R.; Roskovec, B.; Ruan, X. C.; Russell, B.; Steiner, H.; Sun, J. L.; Tmej, T.; Treskov, K.; Tse, W. -H.; Tull, C. E.; Viren, B.; Vorobel, V.; Wang, C. H.; Wang, J.; Wang, M.; Wang, N. Y.; Wang, R. G.; Wang, W.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y. F.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z. M.; Wei, H. Y.; Wei, L. H.; Wei, W.; Wen, L. J.; Whisnant, K.; White, C. G.; Wong, H. L. H.; Worcester, E.; Wu, D. R.; Wu, Q.; Wu, W. J.; Xia, D. M.; Xie, Z. Q.; Xing, Z. Z.; Xu, H. K.; Xu, J. L.; Xu, T.; Xue, T.; Yang, C. G.; Yang, L.; Yang, Y. Z.; Yao, H. F.; Ye, M.; Yeh, M.; Young, B. L.; Yu, H. Z.; Yu, Z. Y.; Yue, B. B.; Zavadskyi, V.; Zeng, S.; Zeng, Y.; Zhan, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, F. Y.; Zhang, H. H.; Zhang, J. L.; Zhang, J. W.; Zhang, Q. M.; Zhang, S. Q.; Zhang, X. T.; Zhang, Y. M.; Zhang, Y. X.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Zhang, Z. J.; Zhang, Z. P.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Zhao, J.; Zhao, R. Z.; Zhou, L.; Zhuang, H. L.; Zou, J. H. (American Physical Society, 2023-04-21)
We present a new determination of the smallest neutrino mixing angle θ13 and the mass-squared difference Δm322 using a final sample of 5.55×106 inverse beta-decay (IBD) candidates with the final-state neutron captured on gadolinium. This sample is selected from the complete dataset obtained by the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment in 3158 days of operation. Compared to the previous Daya Bay results, selection of IBD candidates has been optimized, energy calibration refined, and treatment of backgrounds further improved. The resulting oscillation parameters are sin22θ13=0.0851±0.0024, Δm322=(2.466±0.060)×10-3 eV2 for the normal mass ordering or Δm322=-(2.571±0.060)×10-3 eV2 for the inverted mass ordering.
First Probe of Sub-GeV Dark Matter beyond the Cosmological Expectation with the COHERENT CsI Detector at the SNS
Akimov, D.; An, P.; Awe, C.; Barbeau, P. S.; Becker, B.; Belov, V.; Bernardi, I.; Blackston, M. A.; Bock, C.; Bolozdynya, A.; Browning, J.; Cabrera-Palmer, B.; Chernyak, D.; Conley, E.; Daughhetee, J.; Detwiler, J.; Ding, K.; Durand, M. R.; Efremenko, Y.; Elliott, S. R.; Fabris, L.; Febbraro, M.; Rosso, A. Gallo; Galindo-Uribarri, A.; Green, M. P.; Heath, M. R.; Hedges, S.; Hoang, D.; Hughes, M.; Johnson, T.; Khromov, A.; Konovalov, A.; Kozlova, E.; Kumpan, A.; Li, L.; Link, Jonathan M.; Liu, J.; Mann, K.; Markoff, D. M.; Mastroberti, J.; Mueller, P. E.; Newby, J.; Parno, D. S.; Penttila, S. I.; Pershey, D.; Rapp, R.; Raybern, J.; Razuvaeva, O.; Reyna, D.; Rich, G. C.; Ross, J.; Rudik, D.; Runge, J.; Salvat, D. J.; Salyapongse, A. M.; Sander, J.; Scholberg, K.; Shakirov, A.; Simakov, G.; Sinev, G.; Snow, W. M.; Sosnovtsev, V.; Suh, B.; Tayloe, R.; Tellez-Giron-Flores, K.; Tolstukhin, I.; Ujah, E.; Vanderwerp, J.; Varner, R. L.; Virtue, C. J.; Visser, G.; Wongjirad, T.; Yen, Y. -R.; Yoo, J.; Yu, C. -H.; Zettlemoyer, J. (American Physical Society, 2023-02-03)
The COHERENT Collaboration searched for scalar dark matter particles produced at the Spallation Neutron Source with masses between 1 and 220 MeV/c2 using a CsI[Na] scintillation detector sensitive to nuclear recoils above 9 keVnr. No evidence for dark matter is found and we thus place limits on allowed parameter space. With this low-threshold detector, we are sensitive to coherent elastic scattering between dark matter and nuclei. The cross section for this process is orders of magnitude higher than for other processes historically used for accelerator-based direct-detection searches so that our small, 14.6 kg detector significantly improves on past constraints. At peak sensitivity, we reject the flux consistent with the cosmologically observed dark-matter concentration for all coupling constants αD<0.64, assuming a scalar dark-matter particle. We also calculate the sensitivity of future COHERENT detectors to dark-matter signals which will ambitiously test multiple dark-matter spin scenarios.
Measurement of scintillation response of CsI[Na] to low-energy nuclear recoils by COHERENT
Akimov, D.; An, P.; Awe, C.; Barbeau, P. S.; Becker, B.; Belov, V.; Bernardi, I.; Blackston, M. A.; Bock, C.; Bolozdynya, A.; Browning, J.; Cabrera-Palmer, B.; Chernyak, D.; Conley, E.; Daughhetee, J.; Detwiler, J.; Ding, K.; Durand, M. R.; Efremenko, Y.; Elliott, S. R.; Fabris, L.; Febbraro, M.; Rosso, A. Gallo; Galindo-Uribarri, A.; Green, M. P.; Heath, M. R.; Hedges, S.; Hoang, D.; Hughes, M.; Johnson, T.; Khromov, A.; Konovalov, A.; Kozlova, E.; Kumpan, A.; Li, L.; Link, Jonathan M.; Liu, J.; Mann, K.; Markoff, D. M.; Mastroberti, J.; Melikyan, Y. A.; Mueller, P. E.; Newby, J.; Parno, D. S.; Penttila, S. I.; Pershey, D.; Rapp, R.; Ray, H.; Raybern, J.; Razuvaeva, O.; Reyna, D.; Rich, G. C.; Ross, J.; Rudik, D.; Runge, J.; Salvat, D. J.; Salyapongse, A. M.; Scholberg, K.; Shakirov, A.; Simakov, G.; Sinev, G.; Snow, W. M.; Sosnovtsev, V.; Suh, B.; Tayloe, R.; Tellez-Giron-Flores, K.; Tolstukhin, I.; Ujah, E.; Vanderwerp, J.; Varner, R. L.; Virtue, C. J.; Visser, G.; Wongjirad, T.; Yen, Y. -R.; Yoo, J.; Yu, C. -H.; Zettlemoyer, J. (IOP, 2022-10-21)
We present results of several measurements of CsI[Na] scintillation response to 3-60 keV energy nuclear recoils performed by the COHERENT collaboration using tagged neutron elastic scattering experiments and an endpoint technique. Earlier results, used to estimate the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) event rate for the first observation of this process achieved by COHERENT at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), have been reassessed. We discuss corrections for the identified systematic effects and update the respective uncertainty values. The impact of updated results on future precision tests of CEvNS is estimated. We scrutinize potential systematic effects that could affect each measurement. In particular we confirm the response of the H11934-200 Hamamatsu photomultiplier tube (PMT) used for the measurements presented in this study to be linear in the relevant signal scale region.
COHERENT constraint on leptophobic dark matter using CsI data
Akimov, D.; An, P.; Awe, C.; Barbeau, P. S.; Becker, B.; Belov, V.; Bernardi, I.; Blackston, M. A.; Bock, C.; Bolozdynya, A.; Bouabid, R.; Browning, J.; Cabrera-Palmer, B.; Chernyak, D.; Conley, E.; Daughhetee, J.; Detwiler, J.; Ding, K.; Durand, M. R.; Efremenko, Y.; Elliott, S. R.; Fabris, L.; Febbraro, M.; Rosso, A. Gallo; Galindo-Uribarri, A.; Green, M. P.; Heath, M. R.; Hedges, S.; Hoang, D.; Hughes, M.; Johnson, B. A.; Johnson, T.; Khromov, A.; Konovalov, A.; Kozlova, E.; Kumpan, A.; Li, L.; Link, Jonathan M.; Liu, J.; Major, A.; Mann, K.; Markoff, D. M.; Mastroberti, J.; Mattingly, J.; Mueller, P. E.; Newby, J.; Parno, D. S.; Penttila, S. I.; Pershey, D.; Prior, C.; Rapp, R.; Ray, H.; Razuvaeva, O.; Reyna, D.; Rich, G. C.; Ross, J.; Rudik, D.; Runge, J.; Salvat, D. J.; Salyapongse, A. M.; Sander, J.; Scholberg, K.; Shakirov, A.; Simakov, G.; Snow, W. M.; Sosnovstsev, V.; Suh, B.; Tayloe, R.; Tellez-Giron-Flores, K.; Tolstukhin, I.; Ujah, E.; Vanderwerp, J.; Varner, R. L.; Virtue, C. J.; Visser, G.; Wongjirad, T.; Yen, Y. -R.; Yoo, J.; Yu, C. -H.; Zettlemoyer, J. (American Physical Society, 2022-09-14)
We use data from the COHERENT CsI[Na] scintillation detector to constrain sub-GeV leptophobic dark matter models. This detector was built to observe low-energy nuclear recoils from coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. These capabilities enable searches for dark matter particles produced at the Spallation Neutron Source mediated by a vector portal particle with masses between 2 and 400 MeV/c2. No evidence for dark matter is observed and a limit on the mediator coupling to quarks is placed. This constraint improves upon previous results by two orders of magnitude. This newly explored parameter space probes the region where the dark matter relic abundance is explained by leptophobic dark matter when the mediator mass is roughly twice the dark matter mass. COHERENT sets the best constraint on leptophobic dark matter at these masses.
Measurement of the Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering Cross Section on CsI by COHERENT
Akimov, D.; An, P.; Awe, C.; Barbeau, P. S.; Becker, B.; Belov, V.; Bernardi, I.; Blackston, M. A.; Bock, C.; Bolozdynya, A.; Browning, J.; Cabrera-Palmer, B.; Chernyak, D.; Conley, E.; Daughhetee, J.; Detwiler, J.; Ding, K.; Durand, M. R.; Efremenko, Y.; Elliott, S. R.; Fabris, L.; Febbraro, M.; Rosso, A. Gallo; Galindo-Uribarri, A.; Green, M. P.; Heath, M. R.; Hedges, S.; Hoang, D.; Hughes, M.; Johnson, T.; Khromov, A.; Konovalov, A.; Kozlova, E.; Kumpan, A.; Li, L.; Link, Jonathan M.; Liu, J.; Mann, K.; Markoff, D. M.; Mastroberti, J.; Mueller, P. E.; Newby, J.; Parno, D. S.; Penttila, S. I.; Pershey, D.; Rapp, R.; Ray, H.; Raybern, J.; Razuvaeva, O.; Reyna, D.; Rich, G. C.; Ross, J.; Rudik, D.; Runge, J.; Salvat, D. J.; Salyapongse, A. M.; Scholberg, K.; Shakirov, A.; Simakov, G.; Sinev, G.; Snow, W. M.; Sosnovstsev, V.; Suh, B.; Tayloe, R.; Tellez-Giron-Flores, K.; Tolstukhin, I.; Ujah, E.; Vanderwerp, J.; Varner, R. L.; Virtue, C. J.; Visser, G.; Wongjirad, T.; Yen, Y. -R.; Yoo, J.; Yu, C. -H.; Zettlemoyer, J. (American Physical Society, 2022-08-17)
We measured the cross section of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) using a CsI[Na] scintillating crystal in a high flux of neutrinos produced at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. New data collected before detector decommissioning have more than doubled the dataset since the first observation of CEvNS, achieved with this detector. Systematic uncertainties have also been reduced with an updated quenching model, allowing for improved precision. With these analysis improvements, the COHERENT Collaboration determined the cross section to be (165-25+30)×10-40 cm2, consistent with the standard model, giving the most precise measurement of CEvNS yet. The timing structure of the neutrino beam has been exploited to compare the CEvNS cross section from scattering of different neutrino flavors. This result places leading constraints on neutrino nonstandard interactions while testing lepton flavor universality and measures the weak mixing angle as sin2θW=0.220-0.026+0.028 at Q2≈(50 MeV)2.
Simulating the neutrino flux from the Spallation Neutron Source for the COHERENT experiment
Akimov, D.; An, P.; Awe, C.; Barbeau, P. S.; Becker, B.; Belov, V.; Bernardi, I.; Blackston, M. A.; Bock, C.; Bolozdynya, A.; Browning, J.; Cabrera-Palmer, B.; Chernyak, D.; Conley, E.; Daughhetee, J.; Detwiler, J.; Ding, K.; Durand, M. R.; Efremenko, Y.; Elliott, S. R.; Fabris, L.; Febbraro, M.; Galambos, J.; Rosso, A. Gallo; Galindo-Uribarri, A.; Green, M. P.; Heath, M. R.; Hedges, S.; Hoang, D.; Hughes, M.; Iverson, E.; Johnson, T.; Khromov, A.; Konovalov, A.; Kozlova, E.; Kumpan, A.; Li, L.; Link, Jonathan M.; Liu, J.; Mann, K.; Markoff, D. M.; Mastroberti, J.; McIntyre, M.; Mueller, P. E.; Newby, J.; Parno, D. S.; Penttila, S.; Pershey, D.; Rapp, R.; Ray, H.; Raybern, J.; Razuvaeva, O.; Reyna, D.; Rich, G. C.; Rimal, D.; Ross, J.; Rudik, D.; Runge, J.; Salvat, D. J.; Salyapongse, A. M.; Scholberg, K.; Shakirov, A.; Simakov, G.; Sinev, G.; Snow, W. M.; Sosnovstsev, V.; Suh, B.; Tayloe, R.; Tellez-Giron-Flores, K.; Tolstukhin, I.; Trotter, S.; Ujah, E.; Vanderwerp, J.; Varner, R. L.; Virtue, C. J.; Visser, G.; Wongjirad, T.; Yen, Y. -R.; Yoo, J.; Yu, C. -H.; Zettlemoyer, J.; Zhang, S. (American Physical Society, 2022-08-02)
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a pulsed source of neutrons and, as a by-product of this operation, an intense source of pulsed neutrinos via stopped-pion decay. The COHERENT collaboration uses this source to investigate coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering and other physics with a suite of detectors. This work includes a description of our geant4 simulation of neutrino production at the SNS and the flux calculation which informs the COHERENT studies. We estimate the uncertainty of this calculation at the ∼10% level based on validation against available low-energy π+ production data.
First Measurement of High-Energy Reactor Antineutrinos at Daya Bay
An, F. P.; Bai, W. D.; Balantekin, A. B.; Bishai, M.; Blyth, S.; Cao, G. F.; Cao, J.; Chang, J. F.; Chang, Y.; Chen, H. S.; Chen, H. Y.; Chen, S. M.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Y. X.; Cheng, J.; Cheng, Z. K.; Cherwinka, J. J.; Chu, M. C.; Cummings, J. P.; Dalager, O.; Deng, F. S.; Ding, Y. Y.; Diwan, M.; Dohnal, T.; Dolzhikov, D.; Dove, J.; Dwyer, D. A.; Gallo, J. P.; Gonchar, M.; Gong, G. H.; Gong, H.; Gu, W. Q.; Guo, J. Y.; Guo, L.; Guo, X. H.; Guo, Y. H.; Guo, Z.; Hackenburg, R. W.; Hans, S.; He, M.; Heeger, K. M.; Heng, Y. K.; Hor, Y. K.; Hsiung, Y. B.; Hu, B. Z.; Hu, J. R.; Hu, T.; Hu, Z. J.; Huang, H. X.; Huang, J. H.; Huang, X. T.; Huang, Y. B.; Huber, P.; Jaffe, D. E.; Jen, K. L.; Ji, X. L.; Ji, X. P.; Johnson, R. A.; Jones, D.; Kang, L.; Kettell, S. H.; Kohn, S.; Kramer, M.; Langford, T. J.; Lee, J.; Lee, J. H. C.; Lei, R. T.; Leitner, R.; Leung, J. K. C.; Li, F.; Li, H. L.; Li, J. J.; Li, Q. J.; Li, R. H.; Li, S.; Li, S. C.; Li, W. D.; Li, X. N.; Li, X. Q.; Li, Y. F.; Li, Z. B.; Liang, H.; Lin, C. J.; Lin, G. L.; Lin, S.; Ling, J. J.; Link, Jonathan M.; Littenberg, L.; Littlejohn, B. R.; Liu, J. C.; Liu, J. L.; Liu, J. X.; Lu, C.; Lu, H. Q.; Luk, K. B.; Ma, B. Z.; Ma, X. B.; Ma, X. Y.; Ma, Y. Q.; Mandujano, R. C.; Marshall, C.; McDonald, K. T.; McKeown, R. D.; Meng, Y.; Napolitano, J.; Naumov, D.; Naumova, E.; Nguyen, T. M. T.; Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P.; Olshevskiy, A.; Pan, H. -R.; Park, J.; Patton, S.; Peng, J. C.; Pun, C. S. J.; Qi, F. Z.; Qi, M.; Qian, X.; Raper, N.; Ren, J.; Reveco, C. Morales; Rosero, R.; Roskovec, B.; Ruan, X. C.; Steiner, H.; Sun, J. L.; Tmej, T.; Treskov, K.; Tse, W. -H.; Tull, C. E.; Viren, B.; Vorobel, V.; Wang, C. H.; Wang, J.; Wang, M.; Wang, N. Y.; Wang, R. G.; Wang, W.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y. F.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z. M.; Wei, H. Y.; Wei, L. H.; Wen, L. J.; Whisnant, K.; White, C. G.; Wong, H. L. H.; Worcester, E.; Wu, D. R.; Wu, Q.; Wu, W. J.; Xia, D. M.; Xie, Z. Q.; Xing, Z. Z.; Xu, H. K.; Xu, J. L.; Xu, T.; Xue, T.; Yang, C. G.; Yang, L.; Yang, Y. Z.; Yao, H. F.; Ye, M.; Yeh, M.; Young, B. L.; Yu, H. Z.; Yu, Z. Y.; Yue, B. B.; Zavadskyi, V.; Zeng, S.; Zeng, Y.; Zhan, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, F. Y.; Zhang, H. H.; Zhang, J. L.; Zhang, J. W.; Zhang, Q. M.; Zhang, S. Q.; Zhang, X. T.; Zhang, Y. M.; Zhang, Y. X.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Zhang, Z. J.; Zhang, Z. P.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Zhao, J.; Zhao, R. Z.; Zhou, L.; Zhuang, H. L.; Zou, J. H. (American Physical Society, 2022-07-18)
This Letter reports the first measurement of high-energy reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay, with nearly 9000 inverse beta decay candidates in the prompt energy region of 8-12 MeV observed over 1958 days of data collection. A multivariate analysis is used to separate 2500 signal events from background statistically. The hypothesis of no reactor antineutrinos with neutrino energy above 10 MeV is rejected with a significance of 6.2 standard deviations. A 29% antineutrino flux deficit in the prompt energy region of 8-11 MeV is observed compared to a recent model prediction. We provide the unfolded antineutrino spectrum above 7 MeV as a data-based reference for other experiments. This result provides the first direct observation of the production of antineutrinos from several high-Qβ isotopes in commercial reactors.

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