College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS)

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Agronomy Handbook
Brann, Daniel Edward; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Peterson, Paul R.; Chalmers, David R.; Whitt, David L.; Chappell, Glenn F.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; McNeill, Sam; Baker, James C.; Donohue, Stephen J.; Alley, Marcus M.; Evanylo, Gregory K.; Mullins, Gregory L.; Hagood, Edward Scott; Stallings, Charles C.; Umberger, Steven H.; Swann, Charles W.; Reed, David T.; Holshouser, David L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)
Provides readers with a source of agronomic information such as field crops, turfgrasses, variety selection, seed science, soil management, nutrient management and soil suitability for urban purposes that does not change frequently - pesticide and varietal information changes frequently and is therefor not included.
Analyse des modes d'élevage et des ressources pastorales dans la commune rurale de Madiama
Kodio, Amadou; Adama, Ballo; El Hadj, Meriam; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie (2001)
La commune rural de Madiama est confrontée à des conflits liés à lexploitation des ressources naturelles limitées dont les stratégies d'utilisation actuelles (agriculture, élevage et pêche° sont inadaptées (ESPGRN, 1996). La commune couvre 16.700 ha dont 1.073 ha seulement d'espace pastoral. En effet, il faut 3 à (ha, voire 14 ha en saison sèche pour entretenir un UBT. Ces conditions ne permettent plus à la commue de jouer son rôle de zone d'attente des grand troupeaux transhumants de passage pour les bourgoutières du Delta Intérieur du Niger. Ce qui est source de nombreux conflits entre agriculteurs et éleveurs. En saison sèche, tous les troupeaux sédentaires, et une partie des troupeaux semi transhumants et transhumants se retrouvent sur le terroir de la commune pour exploiter les résidus de récolte et les maigres pâturages. En hivernage, l'essentiel des animaux se déplacent à la recherche de pâturage dans les communes voisines ou même en terroir du Burkina Faso. Les connaissances des ressources pastorales et les mouvements des troupeaux sont indispensables à la mise en place d'un plan de gestion localement durable.
Analysis of the modes of breeding and pastoral resources in the rural community of Madiama, Mopti Region, Republic of Mali
Kodio, Amadou; Adama, Ballo; El Hadj, Meriam; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie (2001)
Available also as a conference paper.
Clipping Heifer Hair Coats Can Briefly Reduce Fescue Toxicosis Symptoms
Beard, Christopher T.; Pent, Gabriel J.; Swecker, Terry; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie (Virginia Tech, 2022-11-10)
A substantial challenge for many beef cattle producers is developing beef heifers into mature, productive cows in a timely and profitable manner. At the Shenandoah Valley Agricultural Research and Extension Center (SVAREC), fall-born replacement heifer candidates are artificially inseminated (AI) in December at 14-15 months of age with a target weight of 350-380 kg. Achieving this level of weight gain through the summer months has been difficult due to heat stress and the utilization of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. Tall fescue is the predominant species of forage found at SVAREC. The purpose of this project was to determine if clipping the hair coats of beef heifers would reduce the heat stress that the heifers experience during the summer months. Heifer hair coats were scored in the spring when they were approximately 9 months old and had an average weight of 200 kg in year one and 256 kg in year two. Heifers were scored on a five-point ranked scale, with a score of 1 indicating complete shedding of hair and a score of 5 indicating that no shedding has occurred. Heifers with a hair coat score of 4 or 5 were utilized for this project. The selected group of heifers scoring a hair coat score of 4 or 5 (32 in year one and 23 in year two) were randomly assigned to a control cohort and a clipped cohort. The heifers in the clipped treatment group were sheared with variable speed clippers along the body of the heifer, but not from under the belly or along the legs. Heifer hair coats were scored again at the end of the study on day 113. Vaginal temperature loggers were used to record core body temperatures every ten minutes during several sampling periods. At the conclusion of these 16-week trials, most of the control heifers retained their hair coats while the heifers that had been clipped regrew their hair coats. There was significant period by treatment interaction for the response of heifer average daily gains to clipping (P=0.0002). Average daily gains of the clipped heifers (0.4 kg/day) exceeded the average daily gains of the control heifers (0.1 kg/day) only in the first four-week period of each year (P<0.0001), but there were no differences in total seasonal average daily gain (0.3 kg/day; P=0.1631). There was significant treatment by hour interaction in the analysis of heifer vaginal temperatures (P<0.0001), with clipped heifers cooler than control heifers through most of the night and morning hours, but not in the afternoon. In conclusion, clipping heifers resulted in only short-term benefits to weight gains for heifers stocked on toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures, but clipping did result in reduced core body temperatures throughout the summer months. Additional work could explore the effects of clipping heifers at regular intervals during periods of high temperatures and humidity, such as at monthly intervals.
Controlled grazing: Botanical response and animal performance
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; El Hadj, Meriam; Kodio, Amadou; Keita, Moussa (Wallingford, Oxon; Cambridge, Mass.: CABI Publishing, 2005)
In chapter 15, Abaye et al. investigated the regenerative potential of pastureland in two villages through a controlled experiment with tethered grazing of small ruminants. This work builds on the Holistic Management (chapter 9) insight that animal impact is not simply a function of numbers of livestock or duration of grazing time in order to provide management indicators that optimize the potential of forage regeneration/biomass production rates, plant biodiversity, and animal performance. The chapter concludes that grazing vegetation down to a 3cm height on any particular parcel is likely to limit forage regeneration.
Evaluating Effects of Bradyrhizobium and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation on Yield Components of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and Nitrogen Fixation
Mott, Joshua; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Reiter, Mark S.; Maguire, Rory O. (MDPI, 2022-09-30)
Mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) are only inoculated in some production systems, but there is a current lack of knowledge on the best inoculants to use for effective nitrogen fixation (nodulation) and plant yields. The objectives of the present study were to determine if the dual inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (F) and Bradyrhizobium (R) provides greater (a) mung bean yield and quality (b) nitrogen fixation for mung bean and residual soil nitrogen for the following crop, and (c) determine if these effects are consistent across various environments. Field trials were conducted in Blacksburg, VA (sandy clay loam), and Eastern Shore, VA (sandy loam), over the summers of 2020 and 2021. There were 5 treatments replicated 5 times for each variety at each site; R, F, R + F, high nitrogen (N) (100 kg ha⁻¹), and a control, for a total of 25 plots per site. Mung beans grown in Blacksburg in 2020 and 2021 averaged 53.8% more seeds per pod than mung beans grown at the Eastern Shore. Overall yield components (seeds per pod, pods per plant) are heavily influenced by soil type. Dual inoculation significantly increased grain yield (+33%) compared to a synthetic N fertilizer application, but did not significantly increase grain yield compared to the control (+22%). Dual inoculation may increase the grain yields of mung beans compared to synthetic fertilizer regime, but does not show evidence of improving N fixation.
Evaluating Intercropping (Living Cover) and Mulching (Desiccated Cover) Practices for Increasing Millet Yields in Senegal
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Trail, Patrick; Thomason, Wade E.; Thompson, Thomas L.; Gueye, Fatou; Diedhiou, Ibrahima; Diatta, Michel B.; Faye, Abdoulaye (2016-09-01)
Located within the Sahel region, Senegal faces several agricultural production challenges. Limited rainfall, poor soil fertility, and insufficient agronomic inputs all contribute to low pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] yields. This study was initiated to assess the potential for increasing millet yields through intercropping (living cover) and mulching (desiccated cover) practices. During the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, pearl millet was intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], or grown under mulch (neem [Azadirachta indica] leaves applied at 2 t ha–1). Field trials were conducted at two sites within Senegal’s central millet– peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) basin, in Bambey (14°41¢382 N, 16°28¢122 W) and iés (14°45¢452 N, 16°53¢142 W). Soil moisture and plant N (based on the normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) were measured in addition to yield. When inter- cropped with a legume, millet grain yields increased up to 55% compared to millet alone. The combined grain yields under inter-cropping (millet + legume) were always higher than yields of millet alone, up to 67% in Bambey. Mulching increased soil moisture up to 14%, with yield increases of up to 70% over millet with no mulch. Plant N increased in both intercropped and mulched millet, with NDVI increases up to 21% with mulch and 16% when grown with a legume (prior to flowering). These yield increases were achieved using resources that are available and affordable to small-scale producers in the region (seeds and mulch), and did not require the addition of fertilizer input.
Experience CALS 2022: Cooking with the Hokies the Celebration of Agriculture, Food and Culture
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie (2022-04-01)
“Food is not just about fueling the body. It’s about giving and taking and sharing and nurturing and communicating. When you share food with someone, especially with people who are unlike you culturally, you gain a greater understanding of them and yourself. It’s not just a meal. It’s communion with your fellow citizens stuck together on this big ball of dust floating in the universe”. Anthony Bourdain. Food and culture are highly integrated in every global society. Food is the central core of every celebration: birth, wedding, major calendar events (New Year), and religious holidays. Thus, in the food lab, all recipes across the grain and horticultural crops discussed in class will be used to make festival foods (foods prepared during major holidays and celebrations).
Experiential Learning in the Time of COVID Pandemic: Study in the USA-Southern California and Arizona
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Reiter, Mark S.; Ashford-Kornburger, Dana; Ziegler, Peter; Badon, Thomas; Mason, John; Wilbur, Jessica; Haymaker, Joseph (2022-11-07)
The COVID pandemic has had an impact on higher education, especially on experiential learning opportunities. Travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the cancelation of several study-abroad programs. To provide the much-needed in-person experience, we created an experiential learning course titled “Study in the USA" structured to accommodate variable domestic destinations. The key driver of the course is experiential learning, hands-on and face-to-face experience with industries involved in food production. The purpose of this course is to provide students with new insights through comparison and contrasting regional production practices across the United States. Specific objectives of the course are: 1) Provide students with a baseline understanding of experiential learning so they can apply academic learning in work settings appropriate for their career plans, 2) Engage students in developing skills and competencies relating to producing food in the time of COVID-19, and climate change, and 3) Develop a deeper understanding of challenges faced by people who are engaged in all aspects of agricultural enterprises. Overall, the course provided far more than academics to help students recover from the pandemic, it provided a perfect platform for social interaction which was missing for several years due to the COVID pandemic.
Exploring the Potential Use of Teff as an Alternative Grain Crop in Virginia
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie (2022-10-07)
Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)) is an annual, warm-season cereal crop most notable for its gluten-free, nutrient-packed seed. With more than a million tons of teff produced annually in Ethiopia and production growth in the United States, interest in teff has led to the development of this study. Experiments were conducted in two geographical regions of Virginia (Blacksburg and Steeles Tavern) to determine the grain production potential of two teff varieties (brown and white). Physical tests were used to evaluate the quality of the final product. Generally, bread and cake volume decreased as the percentage of teff increased. Teff flour was best suited for use in cookie and biscuit products compared to cakes and bread. Overall, both experiments (field and laboratory) demonstrated the potential of teff as an alternative grain crop in Virginia. However, additional research is needed to overcome problems associated with establishment, harvest, threshing, and processing.
Herbage Quality, Biomass, and Animal Performance of Cattle Grazing. Part II: Animal Performance
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Rotz, Jonathan D.; Scaglia Alonso, Guillermo; Fike, John H.; Smith, Ray L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-11-19)
Any forage crop that stretches the grazing season by providing additional feed in early spring, mid-summer, and late fall will provide the livestock producer with lower feed costs and boost animal performance.
Herbage Quality, Biomass, and Animal Performance of Cattle. Part I: Forage Biomass, Botanical Composition, and Nutritive Values
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Rotz, Jonathan D.; Scaglia Alonso, Guillermo; Fike, John H.; Smith, Ray L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-11-19)
An experiment to determine the effects of grazing beef cattle on persistence, yield, and quality of Lakota prairie grass, KY31 endophyte-free tall fescue , KY31 endophyte-infected tall fescue, and Quantum 542 tall fescue.
Improved pasture resources in the Madiama Commune of Mali, West Africa: Working with women groups at the village level
El Hadj, Meriam; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Moore, Keith M. (2007)
The objectives of this project were to evaluate the chemical characteristics (crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, fiber, etc.) of ensiled vs. fresh C. tora, examine the effect of additives (water or honey) and other forages (grasses) on the quality of the ensiled material, and provide feed during the dry season.
Integrated use of organic amendments increased mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) yield and its components compared to inorganic fertilizers
Diatta, A. A.; Bassène, C.; Manga, A. G. B.; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Thomason, Wade E.; Battaglia, M.; Babur, E.; Uslu, Ö.; Min, D.; Seleiman, M.; Filho, J. F. D. C. L.; Mbow, C. (Wiley, 2023-10-19)
Rainfall variability, low soil organic matter content, and costly inorganic fertilizers are the major agricultural constraints in Sub-Saharan Africa. Integrated use of compost and manure is essential for sustaining soil fertility and increasing crop productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of compost and animal manure on mungbean growth and yield. The 12 treatments consisted of control, recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), 5 ton ha−1 of compost, 10 ton ha−1 of poultry, 10 ton ha−1 of cattle, and 10 ton ha−1 of sheep manure, and six combinations of organic amendments with 50% of their applied rate alone. These treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Application of cattle manure at 10 ton ha−1 significantly increased mungbean seed yield by 66% and 84% compared to the recommended rate of NPK and control treatments, respectively. Similar observations were made on stem diameter, total pod weight, and number of seeds per pod. Plants amended with compost had the highest number of ramifications and number of pods than NPK fertilized plants, which recorded (9±) ramifications and (27±) pods per plant. On average, integrated use of 5 ton ha−1 of poultry manure + 5 ton ha−1 of cattle manure had the highest soil plant analysis development values, though not significantly different from NPK fertilizers. These results suggest that application of organic amendments could be an alternative to costly and inaccessible inorganic fertilizers for improving mungbean productivity under low-input agriculture systems.
Internationalizing the Land Grant Mission: Lessons from Senegal
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Archibald, Thomas G.; Vaughan, Larry; Thompson, Thomas L.; Thomason, Wade E.; Mbaye, Demba F.; Mamadou, L. O.; Abdoulaye, S.Y.; Gueye, Fatou; Snyder, Glenda; Guiesse, Bineta; Jamison, Kathleen; Vashro, Taylor N. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2018-03-20)
Discusses using the land grant university model on an international level, in this case program development in Senegal.
Introducing Mung bean (Vigna radiata) as an alternative or rotation crop to Tobacco in Virginia
Wilbur, Jessica; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Zhang, Bo; Wilkinson, Carol A. (2022-05-02)
Long-Term Effects of Herbaceous Species and Trees on Reclaimed Mine Soil Properties
McMillen, K.; Letalik, Melanie; Carver, E.; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Zipper, Carl E.; Fannon-Osborne, Amy G. (Virginia Tech. Powell River Project, 2012)
The selection of plant species is critical for successful establishment and long-term maintenance of vegetation on reclaimed surface mined soils. Over long terms, the plant species present on reclaimed coal mine sites may also influence surface soil properties and, by extension, related site properties such as surface hydrology. We conducted research to compare effects of 4 herbaceous species on reclaimed mine soil properties over 20 years, and to compare these herbaceous species’ effects to those produced by planted trees. The herbaceous experimental treatments were installed in summer 1990 on partially reclaimed mine soils. The experimental design was a complete block, with each plant-species treatments replicated 4 times. Prior to revegetation, a composted mixture of wood chips and biosolids was mixed into the soil to provide initial nutrients. No other fertilizer was applied after the initial fertilization. The plots have been mowed annually to stimulate re-growth. The plant species with greatest persistence and biomass production over two decades are switchgrass, sericea lespedeza, reed canarygrass, tall fescue, and crownvetch. An adjacent area, reclaimed in association with the herbaceous experimental area, was planted with herbaceous species initially and then replanted with trees of various species in the early 1990s. In Summer of 2011, the herbaceous vegetation plots and six locations within the adjacent area planted with trees were sampled and characterized for soil properties.
Managing Shrub-Infested, Postmined Pasturelands With Goats and Cattle. Part I, Effect on Botanical Composition and Browse Species
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Webb, D. Matthew; Zipper, Carl E.; Luginbuhl, Jean-Marie; Teutsch, Christopher D. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2012-01-18)
Reclamation of mined lands in the Appalachian coal region has resulted in the successful establishment and utilization of pasture for beef cattle production. Research goals were to determine the effects of mixed grazing of goats with cattle on forage biomass, forage nutritive quality, and animal performance. The three treatments included an ungrazed control, cattle grazing alone, and mixed grazing goats with cattle.
Managing Shrub-Infested, Postmined Pasturelands With Goats and Cattle. Part II, Effects on Forage Biomass, Nutritive Values, and Animal Performance
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Webb, D. Matthew; Zipper, Carl E.; Luginbuhl, Jean-Marie; Teutsch, Christopher D. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2001-12-09)
Reclamation of mined lands in the Appalachian coal region has resulted in the successful establishment and utilization of pasture for beef cattle production. Research goals were to determine the effects of mixed grazing of goats with cattle on forage biomass, forage nutritive quality, and animal performance. The three treatments included an ungrazed control, cattle grazing alone, and mixed grazing goats with cattle.
'Matua' Prairie Grass: Bromus wildenowii
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Guay, Jennifer F.; Peterson, Paul R.; Mulkey, Vanessa; Hutton, Steve; Smith, S. Ray (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)
This is an overview of Matua prairie grass and its usage as forage in Virginia.

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