VTechWorks
VTechWorks provides global access to Virginia Tech scholarship, including journal articles, books, theses, dissertations, conference papers, slide presentations, technical reports, working papers, administrative documents, videos, images, and more by faculty, students, and staff. Faculty can deposit items to VTechWorks from Elements, including journal articles covered by the University open access policy. Email vtechworks@vt.edu for help.
Open Access Policy
Virginia Tech's open access policy enables researchers to deposit the accepted version of scholarly articles with no embargo.
Theses and Dissertations
Virginia Tech was first in the world to require ETDs in 1997, and continues to add scans of older theses and dissertations.
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More than 50 freely available and openly licensed textbooks are among our most downloaded items.
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Recent Submissions
Tenko: A Streaming Intrusion Detection Framework with Context-Aware Anomaly Scoring
Banerjee, Soumya; Bhola, Sahil; Dave, Daksh; Shetty, Sachin; Burger, Eric W. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2026-11)
Unsupervised intrusion detection systems (IDS) are appealing because they can identify previously unseen attacks without labeled data; however, many reconstruction-based detectors are sensitive to benign traffic variability in deployment. Packet-derived anomaly scores fluctuate, fixed thresholds become unstable, and instantaneous alerts generate persistent false positives in streaming and resource-constrained environments. In reconstruction-based detectors, this instability arises when observations lack multi-packet, partial-flow, or persistent entity-level context, while malicious activity is associated with entities evolving over time. We present Tenko, a lightweight unsupervised intrusion detection framework that augments packet-level detection with persistent context by synthesizing reconstruction-error observations into continuously updated node-level risk scores and conditioning each packet-level decision on the corresponding node’s behavioral state. An autoencoder-based detector provides instantaneous anomaly measurements, while temporal aggregation interprets these measurements using persistence and entity context, enabling operation under thresholds calibrated without labeled attack data. Across diverse attack scenarios, distribution shifts, and memory-constrained conditions, Tenko produces more consistent, lower-variance decision behavior while remaining computationally suitable for streaming gateway and IoT workloads under sequential trace replay. The results show that persistence-aware interpretation can improve the practical usability of reconstruction-based detection under benign-only training. At the same time, unavoidable false alarms for some traffic patterns and degradation under extreme distribution shift reflect the operational limits of unsupervised detection from a single benign reference regime. These findings indicate that, in deployment-constrained streaming environments, effective unsupervised intrusion detection depends less on instantaneous anomaly magnitude alone than on how anomaly evidence is accumulated and interpreted within a bounded operating regime.
Strategic Communication as a Mechanism of Organizational Change: A Mixed-Methods Examination of Self-Efficacy for Transformation and Change Support
Thrash, Julian Earl (Virginia Tech, 2026-11-06)
This three-study sequential explanatory mixed-methods dissertation examines how strategic communication is associated with employees' self-efficacy for transformation and change support during the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' implementation of the Non-Expendable Equipment initiative, a large-scale change involving more nationally structured acquisition and ordering processes for non-expendable medical equipment. Instrumental strategic communication, which provides procedures and implementation guidance, and inspirational strategic communication, which emphasizes mission and purpose, are specified as primary communication predictors. Organizational identification is modeled as a proposed boundary condition, and self-efficacy for transformation is positioned as the central employee capability pathway linking communication to change support.
Study A provided the primary quantitative test of the hypothesized communication-to-self-efficacy-for-transformation-to-change-support pathway using observed-variable path analysis. Results showed that self-efficacy for transformation was the strongest immediate correlate of change support and that both communication forms were most consistently associated with change support indirectly through self-efficacy for transformation. Moderation by organizational identification was not supported.
Study B used directed qualitative content analysis of early implementation narratives to explain how the quantitative pathway was experienced in practice. Study C used guided interviews conducted later in implementation as a temporally separated qualitative cross-section to examine whether those patterns remained visible in a later implementation phase. Findings indicated that later employee responses differentiated into four recurring profiles: capable champions, instrumental performers, stretched idealists, and strained compliers.
Taken together, the studies indicate that strategic communication is most strongly associated with change support when it is linked to employees' practical confidence to function effectively within the new change environment. Across the three studies, self-efficacy for transformation emerged as the central employee capability pathway through which strategic communication was associated with change support. Collectively, the findings suggest a recurring sequence in which communication is associated with implementation clarity, clarity is associated with employee capability, and capability is associated with more constructive engagement with organizational change.
Keywords: strategic communication; self-efficacy for transformation; change support; organizational identification; mixed methods; organizational change
SAR-Driven Semisynthetic Optimization of Chloramphenicol Analogues for Improved Antibacterial Activity and Resistance Evasion
Shuvo, Suzzudul Islam (Virginia Tech, 2026-11-05)
Antibiotic resistance continues to pose a major global health threat, exacerbated by the limited discovery of new antibiotic classes. This challenge has renewed interest in the redevelopment of legacy antibiotics through semisynthetic strategies that enable targeted structural modification of complex scaffolds. Chloramphenicol, a historically important broadspectrum antibiotic, represents a compelling candidate for such efforts due to its well-defined mechanism of action, synthetic accessibility, and known liabilities associated with toxicity and resistance.
This dissertation describes a systematic semisynthetic structure–activity relationship (SAR) investigation of chloramphenicol focused on diversification at the para position of the aryl ring and modification of the C3 functionality. A key enabling advance was the development of an improved reduction platform to access chloramphenicol aniline intermediates, overcoming longstanding limitations associated with low-yielding nitro reductions. This intermediate served as a versatile branching point for the synthesis of multiple derivative classes.
Using this platform, three major libraries were developed and evaluated: (i) amide derivatives, which established baseline SAR trends and demonstrated activity comparable to thiamphenicol; (ii) azo-linked derivatives, which in several cases exhibited improved broadspectrum antibacterial activity relative to the amide series; and (iii) p-triazole analogues, which provided further enhancements, with multiple compounds surpassing the potency of chloramphenicol against selected strains. Across these series, systematic SAR analysis revealed the importance of electronic effects, linker identity, and substituent positioning in modulating antibacterial activity, with electron-withdrawing and conjugated systems generally favoring potency.
III
In parallel, a multistep semisynthetic strategy was developed to introduce a 3-fluoro substituent into the chloramphenicol scaffold, a modification known to confer resistance to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)-mediated deactivation. This work addressed key synthetic challenges associated with site-selective fluorination of a densely functionalized natural product and provided access to a series of 3-fluoro analogues across the amide, azo, and triazole scaffolds. Comparative biological evaluation demonstrated that incorporation of the 3-fluoro group frequently enhanced antibacterial activity, particularly among the most potent derivatives, and offered insight into the interplay between para substitution and C3 modification.
Collectively, this work establishes an efficient semisynthetic platform for the diversification of chloramphenicol, defines key SAR trends governing antibacterial activity, and demonstrates that strategic combination of para-substitution and C3 fluorination can improve potency and potentially overcome resistance mechanisms. These findings provide a foundation for the rational design of next-generation phenicol antibiotics with improved efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
Scam Shield: A Hierarchical Framework for Robust and Efficient Adversarial Scam Detection
Chang, Chen-Wei (Virginia Tech, 2026-11-05)
Can we trust large language models (LLMs) to accurately detect scams? This thesis investigates the vulnerabilities of LLMs when facing adversarial scam messages. We created a dataset with fine-grained labels, including original scam messages, adversarial scam messages, and non-scam messages. These labels allow us to examine detection performance across different scam types in addition to the binary classification task. We evaluated GPT, Claude, and LLaMA on this dataset. Under the selected rewriting conditions, the evaluated models miss scam messages even when the deceptive intent is preserved.
To address this problem, we propose a Hierarchical Scam Detection System (HSDS). The system combines four lightweight classifiers, Decision Tree, XGBoost, Random Forest, and K-Nearest Neighbors, with a fine-tuned LLaMA 3.1 8B Instruct model. The classifiers first predict whether each message is a scam. When all four agree, the system returns their prediction. When they disagree, the message is sent to the language model. We fine-tuned this model with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) using a domain-specific adversarial dataset.
The fine-tuned model achieved higher detection scores with zero-shot prompting than the evaluated few-shot baselines. The full HSDS achieved an accuracy of 0.90 and an F1-score of 0.90, with higher scores than the evaluated proprietary LLM baselines. It also reduced average inference time by approximately 56.7% compared with the fine-tuned model alone. Romance scams remained difficult to detect. Further work could examine whether semantic and contextual features improve detection of these emotionally manipulative messages.
Dynamic integrin expression changes and adhesion-driven mitobiogenesis in ovarian cancer metastasis
Bano, Nazia (Virginia Tech, 2026-11-05)
Ovarian cancer is the 6th leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, with survival rates of only 31% in metastatic disease. The unique transcoelomic dissemination of ovarian cancer cells includes detachment from the primary site, aggregation into multicellular spheroids, and attachment and invasion of distant tissues. Successful peritoneal metastasis requires cancer cells to adapt to a changing microenvironment, which necessitates coordinated changes in cell adhesion, ligand regulators, and mitochondrial function. Prior studies have demonstrated that aggregation promotes survival by fragmenting mitochondria and reducing metabolic activity, which is reversed by mitobiogenesis, high metabolic activity, and proliferation after adhesion to secondary sites. Here, we investigated the role of integrin-mediated adhesion in regulating mitochondrial and metabolic adaptation at the secondary adhesion site during ovarian cancer dissemination. By modeling the primary adherent, aggregation (spheroid), and adherent spheroid stage under physiologically relevant oxygen and nutrient conditions, we demonstrate that integrin expression is highly dynamic throughout dissemination and is accompanied by coordinated changes of other adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and their regulators. Spatial expression analyses revealed that integrins and CD44 exhibit distinct localization patterns within spheroids and were frequently observed in the nucleus, suggesting a novel role in transcriptional regulation that may contribute to survival, cellular plasticity, and metastatic progression. Expression and functional studies identified ITGαVβ1 as key mediators of spheroid adhesion and outgrowth at secondary sites. While mitochondrial activity is suppressed during aggregation, adhesion induces metabolic reprogramming characterized by improved mitochondrial respiration through enhanced mitobiogenesis to support outgrowth and invasion for successful metastasis. This process is driven by signaling through the ITGαVβ1/FAK pathway, confirmed by the pharmacological inhibition of ITGαVβ1 or FAK, which reduced mitochondrial mass, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption rate, and inhibited or reduced spheroid outgrowth. These findings establish the ITGαVβ1/FAK axis as a central link between adhesion-mediated signaling and mitobiogenesis and are a promising therapeutic target to limit ovarian cancer metastasis and improve patient outcomes.