Browsing by Author "Bingham, Samuel W."
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- 1988-89 pest management guide for turfgrassRobinson, William H.; Couch, Houston B.; Bingham, Samuel W. (Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, 1988-01)Control of insects and mite pests of turf grass is best achieved by considering the pests in above-ground and below-ground categories. For the latter, it is essential to get chemicals into the soil; for the former, the grass blades and ground surface should be treated so as to get a minimum of washoff and soil penetration by rain or watering. In general, emulsifiable concentrates provide the greatest residual on grass blades and the least immediate penetration into the soil. Wettable powders provide good residual, but dust and granular formulations move down into the thatch and soil. White grubs (masked chafer, May beetle, Japanese beetle, etc.) digger wasps, and ants are below-ground pests. Sod webwonns, annywonns, and chinch bugs inhabit the thatch near the soil surface, but feed on grass blades. Leaf/zappers, frit flies, billbugs, and mites move and feed on grass blades.
- Aquatic weed controlBingham, Samuel W.; Chappell, William E.; Rogers, N. K. (Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, 1981-01)Use of pesticides in aquatic environments is quite restricted because of the use of these areas for irrigation, recreation, and domestic water supplies. It is important that chemicals used in these areas be applied strictly in accordance with label directions. MOST AQUATIC HERBICIDES WILL BE MORE EFFECTIVE IF APPLIED WHEN WEEDS FIRST BEGIM ACTIVE GROWTH. THIS SHOULD BE CHECKED BY SA~PLIHG THE LAKE BOTTOM IN THE LATE SPRING OR EARLY SOMMER IM AREAS HEAVILY INFESTED THE YEA~ BEFORE. TREATMENT OF DENSE WEED GROWTH CAN RESULT IN LOSS OF FISH. DURING THE DECOMPOSITION OF THE DEAD PLANTS, OXYGEN DEPLETION CAN OCCUR AND THIS CAN CAUSE FISH KILL. Recommendations for aquatic areas are based on rate per surface areas, rate per acre foot, or parts per million (ppm) • In this particular case, rate per acre foot was chosen rather than ppm. If label directions are given in ppm, they may be used in accordance with the instructions on the label. An acre foot is 1 acre of water 1 foot deep. For a pond with a gradual slope acre feet may be determined approximately by multiplying 1/2 the depth at the deepest point, times the surface area. A pond with 1 surface acre and a gradual slope to 10 feet depth at the deepest point would contain approximately 5 acre feet of water.
- Combination effect of ACP 2100, imazaquin and triclopyr on common dandelion and three Kentucky bluegrass turf typesVollmer, Jennifer Sue Landwehr (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989)The compatibility of ACP 2100, a member of the imidazolinone family (chemistry not released), imazaquin (2- [4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H̱-imidazol2- yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid) and triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid} was investigated for use in a turf management program, including growth regulation and broadleaf weed control. Field and greenhouse results indicated an antagonistic interaction between triclopyr and imazaquin for control of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wigger). Addition of imazaquin at 276 g ha⁻¹ to triclopyr at 138 g ha⁻¹ resulted in less dandelion control than 138 plus 138 g ha⁻¹, respectively. Greenhouse and laboratory studies indicated a synergistic interaction between ACP 2100 and triclopyr, not apparent in the field. Addition of ACP 2100 to triclopyr at 34 and 69 g ha⁻¹ resulted in less than expected dandelion biomass, indicating increased dandelion control. ACP 2100 initially decreased triclopyr uptake, but resulted in greater uptake 48 hours after treatment. ACP 2100 also increased triclopyr translocation to the crown, root and middle rosette leaves. In the field and greenhouse, triclopyr did not influence growth regulation and decreased turf injury caused by ACP 2100. Studies showed that as the rate of ACP 2100 increased with the rate of triclopyr an antagonism occurred, resulting in decreased turf injury. The low rate of both ACP 2100 and imazaquin in combination resulted in equal turf growth regulation activity to the high rate of either chemical alone or in combination. One greenhouse study indicated that the interaction was synergistic for height suppression with ACP 2100 and imazaquin at rates of 12 plus 17 or 24 g ha⁻¹, respectively. However, field studies showed that ACP 2100/imazaquin combinations resulted in unacceptable injury to ‘l90’ and ‘Glade-Plush-Ram’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The best turf quality, growth regulation and dandelion control was achieved with a combination of ACP 2100 at 96 and 144 g ha⁻¹ plus triclopyr at 276 g ha⁻¹. These results indicate that turf management costs may be reduced without sacrificing dandelion control by incorporating a chemical mowing program into a spring herbicide treatment.
- Evaluation of plant growth regulators for managing fescue turf along highway rights-of-wayVollmer, Joseph Gerard (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989)Plant growth regulators (PGR's) including metsulfuron plus mefluidide at 10 plus 140 g ha⁻¹, chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide at 20 plus 140 g ha⁻¹, imazethapyr plus imazapyr at 67.5 plus 2.5, 96.4 plus 3.6, and 115.7 plus 4.3 g ha⁻¹, ACP 2100 at 60, 120, and 180 g ha⁻¹, and DPX L5300 plus mefluidide at 10 plus 140, 20 plus 140, and 70 plus 140 g ha⁻¹ were applied to ‘KY 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). All rates of imazethapyr plus imazapyr, ACP 2100, and chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide afforded a significantly higher turf quality than metsulfuron plus mefluidide. ACP 2100 at 120 and 180 g ha⁻¹, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, DPX L5300 plus mefluidide at 70 plus 140 g ha⁻¹, and metsulfuron plus mefluidide gave the most consistent seedhead suppression. When treating seven month old tall fescue, DPX L5300 plus mefluidide did not adequately suppress seedhead elongation. Metsulfuron plus mefluidide, regardless of timing, caused excessive injury. All rates of imazethapyr plus imazapyr and the upper rates of ACP 2100 afforded the best turf quality followed by chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide in 1988 to ‘Rebel’ and both years to ‘KY 31’. Red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) quality was best with chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide and the high rate of DPX L5300 plus mefluidide. All other treatments resulted in a poorer quality turf. For all field studies on all turf types, in general, multiple applications were not practical and often caused excessive injury regardless of timing. Root studies conducted in the greenhouse revealed that with one application, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, ACP 2100, and DPX L5300 plus mefluidide provided root dry weights ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 g, which was greater than metsulfuron plus mefluidide, chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide, and the mowed check which afforded root dry weights of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively. With two applications ACP 2100 and DPX L5300 plus mefluidide afforded 350, 1100, 200 and 200% greater root volume than metsulfuron plus mefluidide and chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide and 200, 630, 600 and 600% greater root dry weights. Three applications are not recommended. In laboratory studies using ‘KY 31’ tall fescue, mefluidide enhanced the uptake of ¹⁴C-DPX L5300 after 48 hours by as much as 11% and the translocation of ¹⁴C by 8.4% to the young leaves, 9.3% to the old leaves and 6.1% to the culm. Radioactive material concentrated in the tips of leaves. No significant accumulation of ¹⁴C occurred in the crown or roots.
- Influence of iron and cytokinin on Cynodon spp. cultured at chilling temperaturesWhite, Richard Hampton (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985)Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), when cultured at the northern limit of adaptation for semitropical grasses, is exposed seasonally to temperatures low enough to limit growth and turf quality. Research was conducted to investigate the influence of foliar iron and cytokinin applications on bermudagrass growth during fall and spring. The relationship of photosynthesis, respiration, and nonstructural carbohydrate composition to chilling temperatures was also studied. Foliar applications of Fe in late-summer and fall extended bermudagrass performance during low temperature periods of fall. Frequent Fe applications aided the retention of green bermudagrass turf during prolonged exposure to chilling temperatures. Iron applied the previous season stimulated post-dormancy recovery. Benzyladenine (BA) applied alone was not as effective as Fe for promoting green bermudagrass color retention during fall and BA had few effects on spring growth when applied the previous season. Applications of BA in conjunction with Fe were beneficial for retention of green bermudagrass color during late fall when clear plastic covers were used to prevent frost injury. A 6- to 8-week longer bermudagrass growing season occurred when clear plastic covers were used to prevent frost injury. Iron and BA did not significantly affect the total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) levels in Midiron bermudagrass rhizomes and stolons at the onset of dormancy in field studies. Midiron bermudagrass had higher photosynthetic and respiration rates than Tifgreen bermudagrass after 4 days exposure to chilling (10/7°C day/night) temperatures in controlled environment studies. Midiron recovered higher photosynthetic rates than Tifgreen when returned to a warm (30°C) environment after exposure to chilling temperatures. The TNC in leaves of Midiron and Tifgreen increased 88 and 160%, respectively, during 5 days at chilling temperatures. The inability to transport carbohydrate from and the subsequent accumulation of high photoassimilate levels in leaves was associated with the inability of bermudagrass to fully recover high photosynthetic rates following chilling. Reduced respiratory activity was apparently responsible for the accumulation of high TNC levels in leaves. In contrast to photosynthesis, respiration was reversibly inhibited by short term exposure of bermudagrass to chilling temperatures. Rapid recovery of high respiratory activity may be important for maintenance of aesthetically pleasing bermudagrass turf following chilling. Foliar applied Fe or BA generally caused darker green Midiron and Tifgreen turf after exposure to chilling temperatures in a controlled environment, although the enhancement of physiological activity differed with chemical applied and cultivar. Iron stimulated recovery of photosynthetic and respiratory activity in both cultivars after exposure to chilling temperatures. However, during chilling Midiron CO₂ exchange was more responsive to Fe applications. Benzyladenine increased photosynthesis in Tifgreen but not in Midiron and did not significantly affect respiration in either cultivar. Neither Fe nor BA had a consistent effect on TNC levels in bermudagrass leaves, rhizomes, or stolons. These investigations indicate that cultivar selection may play a major role in determining turf quality at chilling temperatures. Iron may modify bermudagrass physiology and enhance performance of bermudagrass exposed to chilling temperatures.
- Influence of Isoxaben Application Timing on Dissipation and Broadleaf Weed Control in TurfChandran, Rakesh S. (Virginia Tech, 1997-04-30)Isoxaben is a preemergence (PRE) broadleaf herbicide used in turf and ornamentals. Field, greenhouse, and laboratory research evaluated this herbicide for PRE control of selected broadleaves in turf, suspected postemergence (POST) herbicidal effects, and the influence of application timings and rates on soil residual. During seed germination in moist filter paper, isoxaben concentrations required for 50% inhibition of radicle growth (GR50) were 0.013, 0.010, 0.008, 0.008, and 0.007 ppm for dandelion, buckhorn plantain, white clover, black medic, and common lespedeza, respectively. In greenhouse experiments, isoxaben applied POST at 2.24 kg ai/ha suppressed the growth of Florida betony, black medic and white clover by 45, 65, and 66%, respectively, and reduced regrowth of Florida betony by 71%. In soil bioassays, yellow rocket control from isoxaben applied in fall was approximately 20 and 30% greater than spring-applied isoxaben at 3 and 6 MAT, respectively. Buckhorn plantain control from fall treatments at 3 MAT was approximately 15% higher than spring-applied isoxaben at 3 MAT. Application timings did not influence control of spotted spurge, a less sensitive weed. Isoxaben applied to turf in spring at 1.12 kg/ha provided > 90% control of buckhorn plantain, dandelion, and corn speedwell at 4 MAT. Fall applied isoxaben at the same rate provided total control of common chickweed, corn speedwell and henbit at 3 MAT and 80 to 90% control of white sweet clover and buckhorn plantain that germinated the following spring. Double (spring followed by fall) application of isoxaben to turf appeared to enhance broadleaf weed control in some instances. Dissipation of isoxaben in the top 3.8 cm of a Ross silt-loam soil as affected by spring, fall, and spring followed by fall applications was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Isoxaben residues in soil decreased by 55 and 92% by 3 and 6 MAT, respectively, for spring teatments, and decreased 29 and 52% by 3 and 6 MAT for fall treatments, respectively. A soil-bioassay study correlated well with chemical analysis of isoxaben residues, as the correlation coefficients were 0.85 and 0.89 for yellow rocket and buckhorn plantain, respectively.
- Morphological and physiological growth responses of Kentucky bluegrass to foliar applications of iron, a cytokinin, and growth regulator- like chemicalsGoatley, James Michael (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988)A series of studies were conducted to examine morphological and physiological responses of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa prazensis L.) following foliar applications of chelated iron phosphate citrate (Fe), the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA), the systemic triazole fungicides propiconazole and triadimefon, and MZ63 cold water seaweed extract. Applications of Fe at 112 mg m⁻², BA at 6 mg m⁻², propiconazole and triadimefon at 42 and 150 mg m⁻², respectively, and MZ63 seaweed extract at 0.32 ml m⁻² enhanced root and shoot growth and development of seedling Kentucky bluegrass. Repeated applications of BA, the triazoles, or MZ63 in late summer or fall and spring tended to slightly increase post-transplant rooting and sod strength of Kentucky bluegrass as compared to single applications. Repeated applications of Fe applied alone in late summer or fall and spring increased Kentucky bluegrass rooting as compared to single applications of Fe. However, the potential for reduced sod strength and post-transplant rooting was also indicated following single summer applications of chelated Fe at 112 mg m⁻². Kentucky bluegrass growth from various combinations of BA, the triazoles, MZ63 seaweed extract and Fe were highly variable. The nature of the responses indicated the possibility of an adverse interaction between the growth promoting activities of chelated Fe and the other materials. Kentucky bluegrass seedlings treated with Fe, BA, the triazoles, or MZ63 seaweed extract had increased photosynthetic rates on a land area basis, but not on a per gram shoot dry weight basis. These results suggested the larger photosynthetic rates were probably in response to an increased leaf area resulting from stimulation of leaf and lateral bud initiation. Benzyladenine was the most active material in delaying the senescence-like response of excised Kentucky bluegrass leaves as measured by carbon dioxide exchange, percent chlorophyll fluorescence decay, and leaf color ratings. Applications of Fe or propiconazole also delayed excision-induced senescence of Kentucky bluegrass leaves, while the anti-senescence activity of triadimefon was highly variable. Combinations of Fe with BA or the triazoles did not further promote a delay in excision-induced senescence.
- Responses of two grass species to plant growth regulators, fertilizer N, chelated Fe, salinity and water stressNabati, Daryoosh A. (Virginia Tech, 1991-11-15)A series of studies were initiated to investigate growth responses of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa praetensis L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) to foliar applications of two plant growth regulators (PGR) and/or chelated Fe (Na Fe diethylene triamine pentaacetate). Environmental variables considered were N levels, soil moisture regimes, and saline irrigations. The two materials investigated for PGR properties were a commercial product called Roots (a cold-water extract of seaweed and peat humus fortified with "intermediate metabolites" and thiamine) and the systemic fungicide propiconazole, trade name: (Banner) and chemical name: [1- {(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-l,3-dioxolan-2yl}methyl-l H-1,2,4-triazole]. Fortified seaweed extract (FSE) was applied at 9.3 L/ha, and propiconazole (PPC) was applied at 0.93 L a.i/ha. Each was applied alone or in conjunction with chelated Fe at 0.11 kg a.i/ha. Kentucky bluegrass foliage height, root and shoot dry weight, and several foliar nutrients increased following PGR treatments when grown under either limited soil moisture or saline irrigation. Foliar applications of PGR and/or chelated Fe to creeping bentgrass reduced wilting and evapotranspiration, and increased leaf water status, root strength, and shoot dry matter at two levels of N during and after drought stress.