Browsing by Author "Chalmers, David R."
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- Aerating Your LawnAveni, Marc T.; Chalmers, David R. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2012-12-01)This brief handout goes over the what, how, where, and when of lawn aeration.
- Agronomy HandbookBrann, Daniel Edward; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Peterson, Paul R.; Chalmers, David R.; Whitt, David L.; Chappell, Glenn F.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; McNeill, Sam; Baker, James C.; Donohue, Stephen J.; Alley, Marcus M.; Evanylo, Gregory K.; Mullins, Gregory L.; Hagood, Edward Scott; Stallings, Charles C.; Umberger, Steven H.; Swann, Charles W.; Reed, David T.; Holshouser, David L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)Provides readers with a source of agronomic information such as field crops, turfgrasses, variety selection, seed science, soil management, nutrient management and soil suitability for urban purposes that does not change frequently - pesticide and varietal information changes frequently and is therefor not included.
- Characterization of Turfgrass Nutrient Management Practices in VirginiaHall, John R.; Chalmers, David R.; McKissack, W. David; Carry, Patricia R.; Monnett, Margaret M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)Provides explanation of the data gathered in a May 1991 survey conducted by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation's Division of Soil and Water Conservation in order to determine the nutrient management practices of Virginia turfgrass professionals.
- Characterization of turfgrass nutrient management practices in VirginiaHall, John R.; Chalmers, David R.; McKissack, W. David; Carry, Patricia R.; Monnett, Margaret M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 1994)Presents results of a survey to determine nutrient management practices of Virginia turfgrass professionals.
- Classic agronomic principles can reduce pesticide needHall, John R.; Chalmers, David R.; May, Jim; Carry, Patricia R. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 1991)Presents methods such as fertilization, mowing, and aeration, as alternatives to pesticide use.
- Competitive Effects of Perennial Ryegrass and Chewings Fescue on Bermudagrass Seed EstablishmentGooch, C. Bryan (Virginia Tech, 1998-04-02)Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is widely used as a fairway turf on golf courses throughout the transition zone. The transition zone represents the geographical areas between the temperate and subtropical climates, where neither warm season nor cool season grasses are well adapted. The late-spring establishment of seeded bermudagrass could potentially enhance summer quality of a perennial ryegrass fairway during periods of extreme summer stress. Studies were conducted over two years on both perennial ryegrass and Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.) areas to assess the competitive effects of each species on bermudagrass seed establishment. The use of fungicides, herbicides and a plant growth regulator, as well as cultivation treatment prior to seeding, were evaluated for their effects on bermudagrass establishment, turfgrass quality, disease incidence and summer annual grass control. Turfgrass treated with preventative fungicide applications of propiconazole and chlorothalonil maintained high density and turf quality which inhibited successful establishment of bermudagrass during either year. Bermudagrass establishment in 1996 was moderately successful in plots not treated with fungicides; however, due to disease severity, turfgrass quality was unacceptable. MSMA applications did not influence turfgrass quality or bermudagrass establishment. Crabgrass populations were too low to ascertain the efficacy of either MSMA (1996) or oxadiazon (1997) on summer annual grass control. Oxadiazon followed by activated charcoal prior to bermudagrass seeding did not adversely affect bermudagrass establishment. In 1996, trinexapac-ethyl slightly enhanced bermudagrass seed establishment, but the competitiveness of perennial ryegrass prohibited establishment success. During 1997, glyphosate was evaluated as a means of eliminating competition and increasing bermudagrass establishment. Glyphosate applied in small strips across existing stands of perennial ryegrass and Chewings fescue significantly increased bermudagrass establishment. Preplant aerification and vertical mowing increased bermudagrass establishment, but slightly reduced turfgrass quality. Overall, bermudagrass establishment into existing stands of turfgrass was successful only where glyphosate was strip-treated over plots to eliminate competition or under circumstances where disease pressure reduced competition from the existing turfgrass.
- Creeping bentgrass response to plant growth regulating substances and annual bluegrass competitionBigelow, Cale A. (Virginia Tech, 1995-05-05)Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.) is the most widely used cool-season turf grass used for putting greens in North America. Frequently it becomes invaded with a persistent weed, annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Studies were conducted on a predominately annual bluegrass area managed as a putting green to attempt to quantify the impacts of plant growth regulator, seeding rate" and season on the success of introducing creeping bentgrass. Also, the impact of plant growth regulating substances on creeping bentgrass overall quality and seasonal rootmass production was evaluated. It was observed that creeping bentgrass does not become well established when overseeded into annual bluegrass regardless of plant growth regulator applications or season. Additionally 1I plant growth regulator application, following seedling emergence reduced creeping bentgrass seedling populations. Competition from established annual bluegrass and close frequent cutting were deemed reasons for lack of creeping bentgrass establishment success. Creeping bentgrass turf was maintained at a high level of quality with plant growth regulating substances. The use of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyI reduced clipping production and was not detrimental to root production. Propiconizole application increased clippings and controlled Sclerotinia dollarspot. The application of a proprietary biostimulator material (3D) enhanced creeping bentgrass green color and generally increased rootmass over untreated turf.
- Effects of Reduced Early Post-Sprigging Nitrogen Application on Bermudagrass Sprig EstablishmentZalewski, Jon Eric (Virginia Tech, 2000-07-24)Nitrate contamination of ground and surface waters is of serious concern in the United States. Since nitrate is considered one of the most widespread groundwater contaminants, research continues in many disciplines to identify and mediate possible sources (Petrovic, 1990). An opportunity to evaluate a possible source of nitrate contamination exists during bermudagrass sprig establishment. Since most "improved" bermudagrass varieties are established vegetatively, due to lack of viable seed, turf managers apply large quantities of soluble urea weekly to push growth. During this grow-in, turf managers typically apply 48.8 soluble kg N ha-1 wk-1 for an eight to ten week period. We hypothesize that the quantity of nitrogen applied is in excess and that similar 8 to 10 week grow-in can be achieved with less nitrogen especially during the first 4 weeks when there are few plants per unit area. Three interrelated studies were conducted. A "field trial", consists of 1.8 m2 plots in 4 replications of 27 different nitrogen rates ranging from 4.9 kg N ha-1 wk-1 to 48.8 kg N ha-1 wk-1. A lysimeter study quantified leaching nitrate loss using the same weekly nitrogen rates, however, only six treatments existed. All plots were rated at weeks 4, 8 and 10 for cover, color, and density. A greenhouse study was implemented to evaluate potential nitrogen use for a single bermudagrass sprig, during the early post-sprigging stage. In 1998 and 1999, it appears that typical weekly nitrogen rates of 48.8 kg N ha-1 are in excess. Similar results were found using 48.8 kg N ha-1 to 97.6 kg N ha-1 over the first four week period and 195.2 kg N ha-1 to 244.0 kg N ha-1 during the entire grow-in. A 25 to 50 percent reduction in nitrogen application when compared to the typical 390.4 kg N ha-1. Lysimeter results revealed large quantities of nitrate lost via leaching. The 390.4 kg N ha-1 lost 34.7 and 44.6 percent of applied nitrogen in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Furthermore, similar turfgrass cover, color, and density were achieved using 80 percent less nitrogen during the grow-in period on sand-based media. The greenhouse study suggests that during the early post-sprigging period individual sprigs do not require large quantities of soluble nitrogen even on sand-based media. Results indicated that individual sprigs did not utilize 48.8 kg N ha-1 wk-1 during early post-sprigging. Similar results with respect to shoot weight, shoot length, and root weight were found using 40 percent less applied nitrogen. However, greater nitrogen rates may be necessary as plant density and root development increase later in the establishment period.
- An Environmental Frame of Reference: Golf Course Design in Out-Of-Play AreasKiss, David J. (Virginia Tech, 1998-04-27)Golf courses are part of the built environment. As such, they relate to the landscape and have impacts on the larger environment. This paper explores those relationships and impacts. Growing environmental awareness coupled with the projected construction of 400 courses per year in the United States, can produce significant impacts for both the golf industry and the environment. The aim of this thesis is to create an environmental design frame of reference for approaching out-of-play areas on the golf course. An extensive literature review identifies the major environmental issues involved. Interviews with three leading golf course architects explore those issues through soliciting opinions and experiences. Site visits to nine golf courses built by these architects correlate the initial findings to physical form. Through triangulating the three research vehicles, the literature review, interviews, and site visits, a frame of reference for out-of-play areas begins to take shape. Interpretations made and conclusions reached lead to an understanding that the relationship between golf and the environment is not a simple balancing act. An interplay of sometimes conflicting forces emanating from both golf and the environment determine the eventual configuration of the landscape. However, the overall findings support a view that sensitively designed out-of-play areas can have beneficial consequences for the environment. This paper further suggests other areas and methods of study to confirm and advance an environmental frame of reference for designing out-of-play areas on the golf course.
- Fertilización del Césped en VirginiaGoatley, Michael; Chalmers, David R.; Hall, John R.; Schmidt, Richard E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)This Spanish language version of Lawn Fertilization in Virginia discusses lawn fertilizers and best choices and practices for optimizing their use.
- Home Lawn Fertilization in Virginia: Frequently asked QuestionsChalmers, David R.; Aveni, Marc T.; Reilly, Frank (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)This publication answers frequently asked questions about home lawn fertilization in Virginia.
- Influence of nitrogen, reduced irradience and biostimulants on turfgrass growth, superoxide dismutase content and chlorphyll fluorescenceDoak, Samuel O. (Virginia Tech, 1996-12-01)Biostimulants (BIOS) are non-mineral substances that, when exogenously applied in very small quantities, stimulate the metabolic activity of plants. Past research with biostimulants has not included differing levels of nitrogen fertility or shade as variables. The research presented was designed to explore some interactions between biostimulants and nitrogen fertility on turfgrass grown under several light conditions.
- Lawn Fertilization in VirginiaGoatley, Michael; Cataldi, Derik; Chalmers, David R.; Hall, John R.; Schmidt, Richard E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2015-12-11)Reviews the accurate application and placement of chemicals on lawns.
- Lawn fertilization in VirginiaChalmers, David R.; Hall, John R.; Schmidt, Richard E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2000)
- Lawn Fertilization in VirginiaGoatley, Michael; Chalmers, David R.; Hall, John R.; Schmidt, Richard E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)This publication reviews the accurate application and placement of chemicals on lawns.
- Mowing to recycle grass clippings : let the clips fall where they may!Chalmers, David R.; Booze-Daniels, Jody N. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2000)Lawn turfgrasses provide many benefits to our immediate environment. Soil erosion control, improved protection of groundwater, improvement of the quality of life through noise and dust abatement, improvements of air quality, and aesthetic and recreational contributions are some of the assets provided by turfgrasses. However, disposal of grass clippings is an ongoing issue that requires the attention of homeowners in order to be a good land steward!
- Mowing to Recycle Grass Clippings: Let the Clips Fall Where they May!Chalmers, David R.; Booze-Daniels, Jody N. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)Explains the problems associated with traditional disposal of grass clippings by sending them to the landfill and introduces grasscycling, the direct return of fresh clippings to the lawn, as a viable option.
- Nitrogen Regime Influence on Nutrient and Sediment Surface Runoff During Vegetative Establishment of BermudagrassBeasley, Jeffrey S. (Virginia Tech, 2002-01-07)Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) is a popular turfgrass used throughout the Southeast. Bermudagrass is established primarily as sprigs on large acreage sites. Currently, the industry standard practice (ISP) of fertilization during bermudagrass sprig establishment is 48.8 kg N ha⁻¹ wk⁻¹. This fertilizer rate can be excessive on morphologically immature sprigs in the initial weeks of establishment, thus making the possibility of offsite surface runoff N events more likely. Two experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 where sprigs were established at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks prior to applying simulated rainfall (WPRS) following N fertilization rates of the ISP or a lower initial N (LIN) rate of 12.2 kg N ha⁻¹ wk⁻¹ the first four weeks and then 48.8 kg N ha⁻¹ wk⁻¹ until full establishment. At the tenth week all treatments were subjected to rainfall simulation at 63.5 mm hr⁻¹. Once surface runoff was induced, rainfall continued for thirty minutes during which time runoff samples were taken every five minutes and analyzed for sediment losses, N concentrations in the nitrate and ammonium forms, and phosphorus losses as dissolved reactive P (DRP). Experimental results indicate an ability to curb N losses through surface runoff during the initial weeks of sprig establishment following the LIN with only modest delays in sprig establishment. Sprigs established for the same time period, under the ISP or LIN, were very similar in growth, release of surface runoff, and sediment losses during runoff events.
- Nutrient management for golf coursesMay, Jim; Hall, John R.; Chalmers, David R.; Carry, Patricia R. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2003)
- Nutrient Management for Golf CoursesMay, Jim; Hall, John R.; Chalmers, David R.; Carry, Patricia R. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)Explains good management practices that can be used at golf courses in order to reduce the risk of contamination of water resources with sources such as nitrates, phosphorus, and potassium.