Browsing by Author "Hall, John R."
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- Calibrating your lawn spreaderHall, John R.; Relf, Diane; Carry, Patricia R.; May, Jim (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 1994)Discusses types of lawn fertilizer spreaders, fertilizer application, and calibrating spreaders before they are used.
- Calibrating Your Lawn SpreaderHall, John R.; Relf, Diane; Carry, Patricia R.; May, Jim (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)There are two basic types of fertilizer spreaders for use on the home lawn: the drop and the broadcast. This publication gives the reader tips on the best spreader to use in which situations and the proper formula and calibration for fertilizer use.
- Characterization of Turfgrass Nutrient Management Practices in VirginiaHall, John R.; Chalmers, David R.; McKissack, W. David; Carry, Patricia R.; Monnett, Margaret M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)Provides explanation of the data gathered in a May 1991 survey conducted by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation's Division of Soil and Water Conservation in order to determine the nutrient management practices of Virginia turfgrass professionals.
- Characterization of turfgrass nutrient management practices in VirginiaHall, John R.; Chalmers, David R.; McKissack, W. David; Carry, Patricia R.; Monnett, Margaret M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 1994)Presents results of a survey to determine nutrient management practices of Virginia turfgrass professionals.
- Classic agronomic principles can reduce pesticide needHall, John R.; Chalmers, David R.; May, Jim; Carry, Patricia R. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 1991)Presents methods such as fertilization, mowing, and aeration, as alternatives to pesticide use.
- Combination effect of ACP 2100, imazaquin and triclopyr on common dandelion and three Kentucky bluegrass turf typesVollmer, Jennifer Sue Landwehr (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989)The compatibility of ACP 2100, a member of the imidazolinone family (chemistry not released), imazaquin (2- [4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H̱-imidazol2- yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid) and triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid} was investigated for use in a turf management program, including growth regulation and broadleaf weed control. Field and greenhouse results indicated an antagonistic interaction between triclopyr and imazaquin for control of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wigger). Addition of imazaquin at 276 g ha⁻¹ to triclopyr at 138 g ha⁻¹ resulted in less dandelion control than 138 plus 138 g ha⁻¹, respectively. Greenhouse and laboratory studies indicated a synergistic interaction between ACP 2100 and triclopyr, not apparent in the field. Addition of ACP 2100 to triclopyr at 34 and 69 g ha⁻¹ resulted in less than expected dandelion biomass, indicating increased dandelion control. ACP 2100 initially decreased triclopyr uptake, but resulted in greater uptake 48 hours after treatment. ACP 2100 also increased triclopyr translocation to the crown, root and middle rosette leaves. In the field and greenhouse, triclopyr did not influence growth regulation and decreased turf injury caused by ACP 2100. Studies showed that as the rate of ACP 2100 increased with the rate of triclopyr an antagonism occurred, resulting in decreased turf injury. The low rate of both ACP 2100 and imazaquin in combination resulted in equal turf growth regulation activity to the high rate of either chemical alone or in combination. One greenhouse study indicated that the interaction was synergistic for height suppression with ACP 2100 and imazaquin at rates of 12 plus 17 or 24 g ha⁻¹, respectively. However, field studies showed that ACP 2100/imazaquin combinations resulted in unacceptable injury to ‘l90’ and ‘Glade-Plush-Ram’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The best turf quality, growth regulation and dandelion control was achieved with a combination of ACP 2100 at 96 and 144 g ha⁻¹ plus triclopyr at 276 g ha⁻¹. These results indicate that turf management costs may be reduced without sacrificing dandelion control by incorporating a chemical mowing program into a spring herbicide treatment.
- The Control of Various Bermudagrass Cultivars in Tall Fescue Utilizing Fenoxaprop & FluazifopJohnson, Michael Dale (Virginia Tech, 2000-04-24)Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L). Pers.) is considered to be one of the most difficult to control grass weeds in turf throughout the U.S. Recent breeding efforts have produced much more desirable bermudagrass cultivars, and therefore its use has increased. Ironically, as bermudagrass use becomes more popular it poses even greater difficulties to the turf manager. The need to control these warm season turfgrass species, without causing injury to other desirable turfgrass species, is one of the most intractable problems a turf specialist encounters. Herbicides previously used to selectively control bermudagrass such as siduron and oxadiazon have proven to be of only minimal efficacy or to induce significant injury to other desirable turfgrasses. Tests conducted in 1993, 1994 and 1995 have indicated that fenoxaprop plus fluazifop (Horizon 2000R) controlled bermudagrass effectively. Six bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) cultivars and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were used in the susceptibility studies. Visual control and cover ratings were taken at two-week intervals until ten weeks after the final treatment. Sequential applications of labeled rates of fenoxaprop or fluazifop alone only temporarily controlled bermudagrass shoots. Horizon 2000 applied at 0.40 kg ai/ha in three sequential applications proved effective in controlling bermudagrass rhizomes and stolons. From results of previous studies and research conducted here it has been hypothesized that synergistic effects of fenoxaprop on fluazifop allow both differential control of various bermudagrass cultivars and increased tall fescue tolerance to these herbicides.
- Creeping bentgrass response to plant growth regulating substances and annual bluegrass competitionBigelow, Cale A. (Virginia Tech, 1995-05-05)Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.) is the most widely used cool-season turf grass used for putting greens in North America. Frequently it becomes invaded with a persistent weed, annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Studies were conducted on a predominately annual bluegrass area managed as a putting green to attempt to quantify the impacts of plant growth regulator, seeding rate" and season on the success of introducing creeping bentgrass. Also, the impact of plant growth regulating substances on creeping bentgrass overall quality and seasonal rootmass production was evaluated. It was observed that creeping bentgrass does not become well established when overseeded into annual bluegrass regardless of plant growth regulator applications or season. Additionally 1I plant growth regulator application, following seedling emergence reduced creeping bentgrass seedling populations. Competition from established annual bluegrass and close frequent cutting were deemed reasons for lack of creeping bentgrass establishment success. Creeping bentgrass turf was maintained at a high level of quality with plant growth regulating substances. The use of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyI reduced clipping production and was not detrimental to root production. Propiconizole application increased clippings and controlled Sclerotinia dollarspot. The application of a proprietary biostimulator material (3D) enhanced creeping bentgrass green color and generally increased rootmass over untreated turf.
- Environmental and agronomic aspects of municipal solid waste heavy fraction used for turfgrass productionFlanagan, Mark Steven (Virginia Tech, 1991-01-15)Disposal of municipal solid waste has become a tremendous problem in the United States. To reduce the volume of garbage that requires deposition in landfills, innovative methods of recycling need to be investigated. Several experiments were conducted in Blacksburg, Virginia, to evaluate the use of heavy fraction, a by-product of a solid waste separation process, as a soil amendment for production of turfgrass sod. In a field plot experiment using Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), measurements of sod strength taken 8.5 and 9.5 months after seeding were greater for sod grown in topsoil amended with heavy fraction than for turf grown in topsoil only. These results imply that the use of this by-product for turfgrass production may reduce the time required to produce a harvestable sod. In a container study, physical properties of a loam topsoil were altered 16 months after addition of heavy fraction. Bulk density and particle density were reduced and organic matter content increased by soil incorporation of this by-product. Total porosity and air porosity (macropore space) of the topsoil increased whereas water porosity (micropore space) decreased with increasing amount of applied heavy fraction. Soil fertility was enhanced and soil pH raised by addition of heavy fraction. Concentrations of extractable NH₄ -N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn in soil were increased by the application of heavy fraction, as were concentrations of K, Ca, S, Mg, and Mn in leachate collected in lysimeter studies. Improved fertility resulted in greater aesthetic quality, clipping yields, and tissue N content for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Lysimeter studies indicated that the greatest environmental concern associated with the use of heavy fraction for turfgrass production appears to be the potential for leaching of N0₃-N during turf establishment. With loading rates of 414,747 kg ha⁻¹ or lower, however, the amount of N0₃-N leached from heavy fraction-amended topsoil was no greater than that leached from topsoil containing no heavy fraction. Concentrations of N0₃-N in leachate for all loading rates of heavy fraction decreased to levels well below 10.0 mg L ⁻¹ approximately two months after sodding the lysimeters with tall fescue. Leachate analyses indicated minimum potential for P or heavy metal contamination of groundwater from heavy fraction.
- Establishment and maintenance of quality turfgrass on surface-mined landHall, John R. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 1992)Provides recommendations for successful turfgrass establishment and maintenance on reclaimed surface-mined land.
- Establishment and Maintenance of Quality Turfgrass on Surface-Mined LandHall, John R.; Goatley, Michael; Zipper, Carl E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2010-02-12)Provides recommendations for successful turfgrass establishment and maintenance on land that was previously surface-mined.
- Establishment and Maintenance of Quality Turfgrass on Surface-Mined LandGoatley, Michael; Hall, John R.; Zipper, Carl E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2018-03-15)Discusses how to establish turf grass on surface-mined land, at locations planned for home development or recreational use.
- Evaluation of plant growth regulators for managing fescue turf along highway rights-of-wayVollmer, Joseph Gerard (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989)Plant growth regulators (PGR's) including metsulfuron plus mefluidide at 10 plus 140 g ha⁻¹, chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide at 20 plus 140 g ha⁻¹, imazethapyr plus imazapyr at 67.5 plus 2.5, 96.4 plus 3.6, and 115.7 plus 4.3 g ha⁻¹, ACP 2100 at 60, 120, and 180 g ha⁻¹, and DPX L5300 plus mefluidide at 10 plus 140, 20 plus 140, and 70 plus 140 g ha⁻¹ were applied to ‘KY 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). All rates of imazethapyr plus imazapyr, ACP 2100, and chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide afforded a significantly higher turf quality than metsulfuron plus mefluidide. ACP 2100 at 120 and 180 g ha⁻¹, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, DPX L5300 plus mefluidide at 70 plus 140 g ha⁻¹, and metsulfuron plus mefluidide gave the most consistent seedhead suppression. When treating seven month old tall fescue, DPX L5300 plus mefluidide did not adequately suppress seedhead elongation. Metsulfuron plus mefluidide, regardless of timing, caused excessive injury. All rates of imazethapyr plus imazapyr and the upper rates of ACP 2100 afforded the best turf quality followed by chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide in 1988 to ‘Rebel’ and both years to ‘KY 31’. Red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) quality was best with chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide and the high rate of DPX L5300 plus mefluidide. All other treatments resulted in a poorer quality turf. For all field studies on all turf types, in general, multiple applications were not practical and often caused excessive injury regardless of timing. Root studies conducted in the greenhouse revealed that with one application, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, ACP 2100, and DPX L5300 plus mefluidide provided root dry weights ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 g, which was greater than metsulfuron plus mefluidide, chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide, and the mowed check which afforded root dry weights of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively. With two applications ACP 2100 and DPX L5300 plus mefluidide afforded 350, 1100, 200 and 200% greater root volume than metsulfuron plus mefluidide and chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide and 200, 630, 600 and 600% greater root dry weights. Three applications are not recommended. In laboratory studies using ‘KY 31’ tall fescue, mefluidide enhanced the uptake of ¹⁴C-DPX L5300 after 48 hours by as much as 11% and the translocation of ¹⁴C by 8.4% to the young leaves, 9.3% to the old leaves and 6.1% to the culm. Radioactive material concentrated in the tips of leaves. No significant accumulation of ¹⁴C occurred in the crown or roots.
- Fertilización del Césped en VirginiaGoatley, Michael; Chalmers, David R.; Hall, John R.; Schmidt, Richard E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)This Spanish language version of Lawn Fertilization in Virginia discusses lawn fertilizers and best choices and practices for optimizing their use.
- Influence of Isoxaben Application Timing on Dissipation and Broadleaf Weed Control in TurfChandran, Rakesh S. (Virginia Tech, 1997-04-30)Isoxaben is a preemergence (PRE) broadleaf herbicide used in turf and ornamentals. Field, greenhouse, and laboratory research evaluated this herbicide for PRE control of selected broadleaves in turf, suspected postemergence (POST) herbicidal effects, and the influence of application timings and rates on soil residual. During seed germination in moist filter paper, isoxaben concentrations required for 50% inhibition of radicle growth (GR50) were 0.013, 0.010, 0.008, 0.008, and 0.007 ppm for dandelion, buckhorn plantain, white clover, black medic, and common lespedeza, respectively. In greenhouse experiments, isoxaben applied POST at 2.24 kg ai/ha suppressed the growth of Florida betony, black medic and white clover by 45, 65, and 66%, respectively, and reduced regrowth of Florida betony by 71%. In soil bioassays, yellow rocket control from isoxaben applied in fall was approximately 20 and 30% greater than spring-applied isoxaben at 3 and 6 MAT, respectively. Buckhorn plantain control from fall treatments at 3 MAT was approximately 15% higher than spring-applied isoxaben at 3 MAT. Application timings did not influence control of spotted spurge, a less sensitive weed. Isoxaben applied to turf in spring at 1.12 kg/ha provided > 90% control of buckhorn plantain, dandelion, and corn speedwell at 4 MAT. Fall applied isoxaben at the same rate provided total control of common chickweed, corn speedwell and henbit at 3 MAT and 80 to 90% control of white sweet clover and buckhorn plantain that germinated the following spring. Double (spring followed by fall) application of isoxaben to turf appeared to enhance broadleaf weed control in some instances. Dissipation of isoxaben in the top 3.8 cm of a Ross silt-loam soil as affected by spring, fall, and spring followed by fall applications was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Isoxaben residues in soil decreased by 55 and 92% by 3 and 6 MAT, respectively, for spring teatments, and decreased 29 and 52% by 3 and 6 MAT for fall treatments, respectively. A soil-bioassay study correlated well with chemical analysis of isoxaben residues, as the correlation coefficients were 0.85 and 0.89 for yellow rocket and buckhorn plantain, respectively.
- Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Turfgrass Growth, Antioxidant Status, and Drought ToleranceZhang, Xunzhong (Virginia Tech, 1997-07-01)A series of studies were conducted to examine the antioxidant status, drought and disease tolerance, and growth response to foliar application of soluble seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extracts (SE) and humic acid (HA; 25% active HA or 2.9% active HA) in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palusttis Huds.) grown under low (-0.5 MPa) and high (-0.03 MPa) soil moisture environments. Foliar application of humic acid (2.9 % active HA) at 23.7 and 47.4 l/ha improved leaf water status, shoot and root development in tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and creeping bentgrass grown under drought. Humic acid (2.9% active HA) at 15.5 l/ha or SE at 326 g/ha significantly reduced dollarspot incidence and improved turf quality in creeping bentgrass. Drought stress induced an increase of antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid concentrations in the three turfgrass species. In the experiment with Kentucky bluegrass, drought stress increased beta-carotene concentration, but did not significantly influence superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Foliar application of humic acid (25% active HA) at 5 l/ha and/or SE at 326 g/ha consistently enhanced alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid concentrations, leaf water status, and growth in the three cool-season turfgrass species grown under low and high soil moisture environments. In the experiment with Kentucky bluegrass, application of HA at 5 l/ha plus SE at 326 g/ha also increased beta-carotene content and SOD activity under low and high soil moisture environments. There were close positive correlations between the antioxidant status and shoot or root growth in the three turfgrass species regardless of soil moisture levels. The antioxidant SOD activity, photosynthetic capacity in terms of Fvm690, and chlorophyll content in terms of Fm730/Fm690 exhibited a seasonal fluctuation in endophyte [Neotiphodium coenophialum (Morgan Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, Price and Hanlin] -free and endophyte-infected tall fescue. Application of SE enhanced SOD activity, photosynthetic capacity, and chlorophyll content in tall fescue, especially at 4 weeks after SE treatment. The SOD activity, photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content were not significantly influenced by the endophyte infection. A close positive correlation between SOD and photosynthetic capacity during the summer was found in endophyte-free and endophyte-infected tall fescue.
- Influence of seed and foliar applications of growth regulators on turfgrassesLuo, Wang-Juan (Virginia Tech, 1991-01-05)The effects of propiconazole and seaweed extract seed treatments on the germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) under osmotic and temperature stresses were determined in the laboratory. As polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 concentrations was increased from 50 to 250 g/L, percent germination was reduced. Propiconazole at 0, 0.5, 0.9, and 1.9 g a.i./kg of seed did not affect total germination, however, germination was delayed with propiconazole seed treatment. Plumule and radicle lengths of seedlings at the termination of experiment 21 days were inhibited with increasing PEG 8000 concentrations and propiconazole treatments. Germination of seed treated with either propiconazole at 1.9 g a.i./kg of seed or seaweed extract at 13 g of product /kg of seed was determined under a range of temperatures from 15 to 40 C on a thermo gradient table. The optimum temperature for Kentucky bluegrass germination was at 25 C. Germination was decreased at temperature below 25 C and no germination was obtained at temperatures above 35 C. Seed treated with propiconazole or seaweed extract did not stimulate seed germination at the different temperatures.
- Lawn Fertilization in VirginiaGoatley, Michael; Cataldi, Derik; Chalmers, David R.; Hall, John R.; Schmidt, Richard E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2015-12-11)Reviews the accurate application and placement of chemicals on lawns.
- Lawn fertilization in VirginiaChalmers, David R.; Hall, John R.; Schmidt, Richard E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2000)
- Lawn Fertilization in VirginiaGoatley, Michael; Chalmers, David R.; Hall, John R.; Schmidt, Richard E. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)This publication reviews the accurate application and placement of chemicals on lawns.