Browsing by Author "Porras, I. T."

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
  • ¿Bala de plata u oro de tontos? Una revisión global de mercados para servicios ambientales forestales y sus impactos en la pobreza
    Landell-Mills, N.; Porras, I. T. (London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2004)
    Los enfoques de gestión ambiental basados en la lógica del mercado están en boga. Son seductoras las afirmaciones que aseguran que los mecanismos de mercado pueden incentivar la protección ambiental y promover major eficiencia económica, mientras que ahorran el dinero de los contribuyentes. En el sector forestal, los formuladores de politicas le están prestando atención a este consejo y favoreciendo los mecanismos de incentivos que buscan alinear el entusiasmo privado con el bien publico, en lugar de mantener los sistemas basados en el comando y control. En algunos casos, los gobiernos llegan a promover la creación de mercado donde antes no existían. En otros casos, los mercados estan evolucionando voluntariamente. Este informe intenta hacer un repaso global de los mercados emergentes para el secuestro de carbono, conservación de la biodiversidad, protección de cuencas y belleza paisajistica. En total, se estudian casos de 287 países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo. Mientras que enfatiza una gran diversidad de experiencias a través del mundo, el informe también extrae aprendizajes transversales relacionados con las formas, fuerzas impulsoras, procesos e impactos de mercado. El informe llama tanto al optimismo como a la precaución, con especial atención a las potenciales trampas, tanto como a las oportunidades y riesgos que enfrentan los grupos más pobres. Los formuladores y practicantes de política ambiental que buscan trabajar con problemas ambientales y sociales en el sector forestal a través de instrumentos de mercado harían bien en considerar los puntos de vista planteados en este análisis.
  • Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve ecotourism project
    Transturi; Landell-Mills, N.; Porras, I. T. (2006-12-04)
    Transturi, a major tour operator in the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve, entered into an agreement with the Zancudo people to provide exclusive access, refrain from hunting around the hotel, and protecting the area from encroachment. In return the local people were offered employment, food and medical supplies, transport, and some educational services. The collapse of tourism in the area strained the agreement resulting in lower Zancudo employment levels and the resuming of hunting near the hotel, but the Zancudo people still appear to be gaining significant benefits from the relationship.
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    El impacto social del esquema de pago de servicios ambientales en Costa Rica: Estudio de campo cuantitativo y análisis de la Cuenca Del Río Virilla
    Miranda, M.; Porras, I. T.; Moreno, M. L. (London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2003)
    Cuando Costa Rica inicio su programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales en 1996, fue ampliamente reconocido por liderar los esfuerzos globales para introducir sistemas de compensación por servicios ambientales. El programa busca promover la protección del bosque y su manejo por medio del pago a sus propietarios por los cuatro servicios ambientales que proveen sus bosques: mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero, protección de la biodiversidad, protección de cuencas hidrográficas, y la protección de la belleza escénica. Este programa es el resultado de un proceso de creación de capacidades institucionales, iniciado décadas previas, en el que se estableció un marco institucional, con una base sólida base legal, social y organizacional.
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    Landscapes, memories and water: Narratives, perceptions and policy-making on land and water in Monteverde, Costa Rica
    Porras, I. T.; Miranda, M. (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: The Centre for Land Use and Water Resource Research (CLUWRR), 2005)
    This report focuses on situations displayed in (3) and (4), where policy-makers and science fail to take into account people's sets of perceptions and the particular history of a region. The report draws on evidence from the Monteverde area in Costa Rica, where a large study is currently being conducted to determine the links between cloud forest and water flows, as well as the socio-economic impacts and market opportunities associated with changes in land use. While the combination of both studies will provide important base information to inform a possible negotiation system among stakeholders downstream and upstream to improve watershed management, it remains unclear what their own perceptions are when it comes to understanding relations between land use and water, and what are the main drivers of land use changes according to local history.
  • Silver bullet or fools' gold: A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor
    Landell-Mills, N.; Porras, I. T. (London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2002)
    Market-based approaches to environmental management are increasingly common in all sectors of the economy. Forestry is no exception. Governments around the world have opened the door to private sector participation in all aspects of forestry, typically involving the use of market-based instruments to guide private investment. Of the many tools available to policymakers, by far the most ambitious is the development of markets for previously non-traded forest environmental services, such as recreation, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation and watershed protection. However, little guidance is available on the mechanics of developing and managing markets, or on how to ensure that new markets are equitable as well as efficient. This report sheds new light on the issues through a global review of emerging markets based on 287 cases from both developed and developing countries.
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    The social impacts of carbon markets in Costa Rica: A case study of the Huetar-Norte region
    Miranda, M.; Porras, I. T.; Moreno, M. L. (London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2004)
    This study assesses the impacts of the payments for environmental services (PES) programme in Costa Rica in relation to reforestation activities for the establishment of carbon sinks. The methodology used is the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), which is based on five assets: financial, human, social, physical and natural. The study shows that the PES programme has had a significant impact on financial assets, not so much through the payments themselves but from the income expected from timber sales. The payments have acted as a catalyst for reforestation programmes, covering some of the initial outlay. However, the high transaction costs and obstacles to joining the scheme can preclude access to the PES for some of the most vulnerable groups who are dependent on other government programmes for their survival (e.g., peasants in receipt of housing support). There have been important benefits in terms of human assets through the provision of technical assistance and through 'learning by doing', particularly in relation to reforestation. The PES programme has had a considerable impact on social organisation, encouraging alliances between NGOs and providing the financial and human capital to consolidate objectives in organisations working with small producers. There has been a positive impact on the recovery of forest landscapes in the area, contributing to improvements in natural assets, which in turn has brought benefits for tourism. There have also been negative effects, particularly in relation to physical assets, including the deterioration of existing infrastructure such as roads and bridges, through increased use.
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    The social impacts of the Payments for Environmental Services (PES) Scheme in Costa Rica: A quantitative field survey and analysis of the Virilla watershed
    Miranda, M.; Porras, I. T.; Moreno, M. L. (London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2003)
    In 1996 Costa Rica implemented an innovative programme of Payments for Environmental Services (PES). Through this programme, forest and plantation owners are financially rewarded and legally acknowledged for the environmental services their forests provide to the community, both nationally and globally. By means of a case study of the Virilla watershed in Costa Rica, this report uses the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to analyse the social effects of the PES programme, and examines the effects the programme has had on financial, human, social, physical and environmental capital.