Browsing by Author "Schoch, Conrad L."

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    Diverse Lifestyles and Strategies of Plant Pathogenesis Encoded in the Genomes of Eighteen Dothideomycetes Fungi
    Ohm, Robin A.; Feau, Nicolas; Henrissat, Bernard; Schoch, Conrad L.; Horwitz, Benjamin A.; Barry, Kerrie W.; Condon, Bradford J.; Copeland, Alex C.; Dhillon, Braham; Glaser, Fabian; Hesse, Cedar N.; Kosti, Idit; LaButti, Kurt; Lindquist, Erika A.; Lucas, Susan; Salamov, Asaf A.; Bradshaw, Rosie E.; Ciuffetti, Lynda; Hamelin, Richard C.; Kema, Gert H. J.; Lawrence, Christopher B.; Scott, James A.; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Turgeon, B. Gillian; de Whit, Pierre J. G. M.; Zhong, Shaobin; Goodwin, Stephen B.; Grigoriev, Igor V. (Public Library of Science, 2012-12-06)
    The class Dothideomycetes is one of the largest groups of fungi with a high level of ecological diversity including many plant pathogens infecting a broad range of hosts. Here, we compare genome features of 18 members of this class, including 6 necrotrophs, 9 (hemi)biotrophs and 3 saprotrophs, to analyze genome structure, evolution, and the diverse strategies of pathogenesis. The Dothideomycetes most likely evolved from a common ancestor more than 280 million years ago. The 18 genome sequences differ dramatically in size due to variation in repetitive content, but show much less variation in number of (core) genes. Gene order appears to have been rearranged mostly within chromosomal boundaries by multiple inversions, in extant genomes frequently demarcated by adjacent simple repeats. Several Dothideomycetes contain one or more gene-poor, transposable element (TE)-rich putatively dispensable chromosomes of unknown function. The 18 Dothideomycetes offer an extensive catalogue of genes involved in cellulose degradation, proteolysis, secondary metabolism, and cysteine-rich small secreted proteins. Ancestors of the two major orders of plant pathogens in the Dothideomycetes, the Capnodiales and Pleosporales, may have had different modes of pathogenesis, with the former having fewer of these genes than the latter. Many of these genes are enriched in proximity to transposable elements, suggesting faster evolution because of the effects of repeat induced point (RIP) mutations. A syntenic block of genes, including oxidoreductases, is conserved in most Dothideomycetes and upregulated during infection in L. maculans, suggesting a possible function in response to oxidative stress.
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    Effector diversification within compartments of the Leptosphaeria maculans genome affected by Repeat-Induced Point mutations
    Rouxel, Thierry; Grandaubert, Jonathan; Hane, James K.; Hoede, Claire; van de Wouw, Angela P.; Couloux, Arnaud; Dominguez, Victoria; Anthouard, Veronique; Bally, Pascal; Bourras, Salim; Cozijnsen, Anton J.; Ciuffetti, Lynda M.; Degrave, Alexandre; Dilmaghani, Azita; Duret, Laurent; Fudal, Isabelle; Goodwin, Stephen B.; Gout, Lilian; Glaser, Nicolas; Linglin, Juliette; Kema, Gert H. J.; Lapalu, Nicolas; Lawrence, Christopher B.; May, Kim; Meyer, Michel; Ollivier, Benedicte; Poulain, Julie; Schoch, Conrad L.; Simon, Adeline; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Stachowiak, Anna; Turgeon, B. Gillian; Tyler, Brett M.; Vincent, Delphine; Weissenbach, Jean; Amselem, Joelle; Quesneville, Hadi; Oliver, Richard P.; Wincker, Patrick; Balesdent, Marie-Helene; Howlett, Barbara J. (Springer Nature, 2011-02)
    Fungi are of primary ecological, biotechnological and economic importance. Many fundamental biological processes that are shared by animals and fungi are studied in fungi due to their experimental tractability. Many fungi are pathogens or mutualists and are model systems to analyse effector genes and their mechanisms of diversification. In this study, we report the genome sequence of the phytopathogenic ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans and characterize its repertoire of protein effectors. The L. maculans genome has an unusual bipartite structure with alternating distinct guanine and cytosine-equilibrated and adenine and thymine (AT)-rich blocks of homogenous nucleotide composition. The AT-rich blocks comprise one-third of the genome and contain effector genes and families of transposable elements, both of which are affected by repeat-induced point mutation, a fungal-specific genome defence mechanism. This genomic environment for effectors promotes rapid sequence diversification and underpins the evolutionary potential of the fungus to adapt rapidly to novel host-derived constraints.