Browsing by Author "Schultz, Peter B."

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    2021 Horticultural and Forest PMG - Authors
    Askew, Shawn D.; Baudoin, Antonius B.; Bergh, J. Christopher; Chamberlin, Lori; Dary, Eric R.; Del-Pozo, Alejandro; Derr, Jeffrey F.; Frank, Daniel; Hansen, Mary Ann; Hong, Chuan X.; Johnson, Charles S.; Laub, Curtis A.; McCall, David S.; Nita, Mizuho; Parson, Rachel; Peer, Kyle; Pfeiffer, Douglas G.; Richardson, Robert J.; Salom, Scott M.; Schultz, Peter B.; Wilson, James (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-12)
    Horticultural and Forest Crops 2021 Author Contact List
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    2021 Horticultural and Forest PMG - Floral Crops
    Hong, Chuan X.; Schultz, Peter B.; Day, Eric R.; Del-Pozo, Alejandro; Derr, Jeffrey F. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-12)
    This is a chapter from the 2021 Horticulture and Forest Pest Management Guide. The Virginia Pest Management Guide (PMG) series lists options for management of major pests: diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds. These guides are produced by Virginia Cooperative Extension and each guide is revised annually. PMG recommendations are based on research conducted by the Research and Extension Division of Virginia Tech, in cooperation with other land-grant universities, the USDA, and the pest management industry.
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    2021 Horticultural and Forest PMG - Nursery Crops
    Hong, Chuan X.; Schultz, Peter B.; Day, Eric R.; Del-Pozo, Alejandro; Derr, Jeffrey F. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-12)
    This is a chapter from the 2021 Horticulture and Forest Pest Management Guide. The Virginia Pest Management Guide (PMG) series lists options for management of major pests: diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds. These guides are produced by Virginia Cooperative Extension and each guide is revised annually. PMG recommendations are based on research conducted by the Research and Extension Division of Virginia Tech, in cooperation with other land-grant universities, the USDA, and the pest management industry.
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    Arthropod Pest Management Research on Vegetables in Virginia - 2010
    Kuhar, Thomas P.; Schultz, Peter B.; Doughty, Hélène; Jenrette, James (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2011-02-22)
    Describes arthropod pest management research on vegetable crops including evaluation of federally-labelled and experimental insecticides.
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    Arthropod Pest Management Research on Vegetables in Virginia - 2011
    Kuhar, Thomas P.; Schultz, Peter B.; Doughty, Hélène; Kamminga, Katherine; Jenrette, James (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2012-02-01)
    Describes arthropod pest management research on vegetable crops including evaluation of federally-labelled and experimental insecticides.
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    Arthropod Pest Management Research on Vegetables in Virginia--2013
    Kuhar, Thomas P.; Schultz, Peter B.; Doughty, Hélène; Jenrette, James (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2014)
    This booklet contains arthropod pest management research conducted on vegetable crops in Virginia in 2013.
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    Bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) preference for two Phaseolus beans over soybean
    Shrader, Meredith Edana; Kuhar, Thomas P.; Schultz, Peter B.; Pfeiffer, Douglas G.; Kamminga, Katherine (2014)
    In the eastern and central U.S., bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Förster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a pest of legume crops, on which adults chew holes in leaves, can destroy seedlings, and can injure pods (Smelser and Pedigo 1992a, J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 2408 - 2412; Smelser and Pedigo 1992b, J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 2399 - 2403; Koch et al. 2005, Crop Prot. 24: 734 - 742). The beetle is also a primary vector of bean pod mottle virus, which can further reduce yield and seed quality in soybeans (Giesler et al. 2002, Plant Dis. 86: 1280 - 1289). On the Delmarva Peninsula, snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), are each important crops, and relatively high populations of C. trifurcata occur. To better understand the potential intercrop movement of the beetle and its implications for pest management, we conducted beetle host plant preference experiments...
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    Bean Leaf Beetle: Impact of Leaf Feeding Injury on Snap Beans, Host Plant Choice and Role as a Vector of Bean Pod Mottle Virus in Virginia
    Cassell, Meredith Edana (Virginia Tech, 2011-04-12)
    The bean leaf beetle (BLB), Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a pest of commercially produced legumes in eastern Virginia. Field cage and manual-defoliation studies were conducted in Virginia to determine an economic impact of BLB. In the manual-defoliation study, snap bean plants had significant yield loss when > 25% of leaf area was removed. In the field cage experiments, I was unable to establish beetle densities per plant to impact yield. Host plant selection by BLB was done in laboratory and field studies with snap bean, lima bean, and soybeans. Laboratory studies showed that BLB preferred snap bean and lima bean over soybean. Field studies did not showed no preference. A survey was conducted on the Eastern Shore of Virginia determine the epicenter of BPMV. Soybean leaves and beetles were collected and assessed for BPMV by ELISA or TBIA. Beetles at the ESAREC were BPMV-positive upon emergence from overwintering sites, but the virus load was low when tested by ELISA. This suggests acquisition of virus from a source other than infected cultivated legumes. To find the potential inoculum sources of BPMV in eastern Virginia, leguminous weeds and perennial weeds were tested for BPMV. Four weed species gave BPMV-positive tissue blots including: Oxalis stricta, Rumex acetosella, Trifolium pretense, and Trifolium repens. Insecticidal seed treatment of thiamethoxam on soybean seeds was evaluated to test the efficacy. Leaf area eaten and beetle mortality was measured. The thiamethoxam seed treatment protected soybean seedlings from beetle feeding through the V2 stage of growth.
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    Bean Pod Mottle Virus in Virginia Soybeans
    Cassell, Meredith E.; Tolin, Sue A.; Kuhar, Thomas P.; Schultz, Peter B. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-10-09)
    Describes disease cycle of Bean Pod Mottle Virus in soybeans. Also describes symptoms, possible sources of this disease, and management methods.
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    Biology, Ecology, and Management of Nonnative Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Ornamental Plant Nurseries
    Ranger, Christopher M.; Reding, Michael E.; Schultz, Peter B.; Oliver, Jason B.; Frank, Steven D.; Addesso, Karla M.; Chong, Juang Hong; Sampson, Blair J.; Werle, Christopher T.; Gill, Stanton; Krause, Charles (Entomological Society of America, 2016-01)
    Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) and Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are two of the most damaging nonnative ambrosia beetle pests in ornamental plant nurseries. Adult females tunnel into the stems and branches of host plants to create galleries with brood chambers. Hosts are infected with symbiotic Ambrosiella spp. fungi that serve as food for the larvae and adults. Plants can also become infected with secondary opportunistic pathogens, including Fusarium spp. Both X. germanus and X. crassiusculus have broad host ranges, and infestations can result in "toothpicks" of extruded chewed wood and sap flow associated with gallery entrances, canopy dieback, stem and trunk cankers, and plant death. Beetles efficiently locate and preferentially attack living, weakened plants, especially those physiologically stressed by flooding, inadequate drainage, frost injury, or winter injury and low temperature. Maintaining plant health is the foundation of a management plan. Vulnerable hosts can be partially protected with preventive pyrethroid applications in the spring before peak flight and attack, which are monitored using ethanol-based trapping tactics.
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    Development and Evaluation of Integrated Approaches for Managing of Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant
    Nottingham, Louis B. (Virginia Tech, 2017-01-31)
    The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, is a major pest of snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the Central Appalachian region of the United States. To develop pertinent research objectives, background information on this pest was gathered from literature sources and personal communications with growers, extension agents and other agricultural professionals. In objective one, Mexican bean beetle preference, developmental success and plant injury were compared among three snap bean and three lima bean cultivars in field and greenhouse trials. The cultivar 'Dragon's Tongue' was the most preferred, suitable for development, and prone to injury. Growers may benefit from growing less susceptible cultivars, or by using 'Dragon's Tongue' in trap cropping or push-pull strategies. In objective two, Mexican bean beetle densities, feeding injury, and yield were compared among snap beans grown on metallized plastic (highly reflective), white plastic, black plastic, and bare soil. Metallized plastic provided the greatest level of control, and resulted in the highest yields. Managing Mexican bean beetle by growing beans on metallized plastic may be used as a stand-alone method, or in a push-pull strategy. In the final objective, the effects of snap beans grown from thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid insecticide)-treated seeds on Mexican bean beetle were assessed in greenhouse and field experiments. Thiamethoxam-treated plants killed 40 to 50% of Mexican bean beetle adults and larvae up to 16 days after planting. In the field, thiamethoxam-treated plants mitigated Mexican bean beetle densities and damage in one out of five experiments, resulting in a yield increase. In none of the five field experiments were differences detected in predatory arthropod species between thiamethoxam and non-insecticide treated beans. In summary, the results of this project suggest that non-chemical management methods, such as cultivar selection and planting beans on reflective mulch, can provide effective control of Mexican bean beetle. Thiamethoxam-treated seed may also provide control of this pest, but only within two to three weeks after planting; otherwise, there is typically no effect on beetles, injury or yield. This doctoral research has laid a foundation for an integrated pest management approach for Mexican bean beetle.
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    Difference in the abundance of scale insect parasitoids among four cardinal directions
    Camacho, Ernesto Robayo; Chong, Juang-Horng; Schultz, Peter B. (Florida Entomological Society, 2016-12)
    We conducted a study to assess the potential differences in the abundances of hymenopteran parasitoids among cardinal directions. Experiments were conducted on scale insect-infested willow oak trees in the urban landscapes of South Carolina and Virginia. The parasitoids captured on yellow sticky cards deployed at the cardinal directions of the trees were identified and counted. We found that there were no significant differences in scale insect and parasitoid abundances among cardinal directions, and parasitoid abundances were weakly correlated with scale insect densities. The results suggest that 1 yellow sticky card could be deployed per tree, regardless of tree quadrant, to sufficiently sample for parasitoid abundance.
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    Ecology, behavior, impact, and an integrated pest management strategy for the orangestriped oakworm, Anisota Senatoria (J. E. Smith), in the urban landscape
    Coffelt, Mark Alan (Virginia Tech, 1992-06-01)
    The biology of Anisota senatoria J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was examined through ecological studies of within-tree distribution and dispersion, and the influence of a tree growth regulator on development and survival. Biological characteristics examined egg mass size and development, pheromone attraction, response to blacklight traps, adult emergence, laboratory development, pupal mortality and comparison of first versus second generation development time, fecundity and amount of infestation. Within-tree distribution of life stages showed significant differences between low (1.7-3.6 min height), middle (3.7-5.5 m) and high (5.6-7.6 m) strata. Dispersion indices generated from Taylor’s power law showed aggregation was greatest among early instars, followed by third instars and late instars. A fixed level precision sampling plan was developed based on the number of eggs and early instars present in low strata. The tree growth regulator paclobutrazol significantly reduced Q. Phellos L., willow oak, growth, especially one and two years posttreatment. One year posttreatment, paclobutrazol treatments significantly slowed development and decreased survival of early instars, but the opposite relationship was found with late instars. Behavior studies showed that increased A. senatoria survival occurred with increased group size. Laboratory and field experiments revealed critical group sizes for survival of 1-3 larvae and between 25-50 larvae. Anisota senatoria defoliation impact and frass were measured. Growth and root starch were significantly reduced with increased defoliation in Quercus palustris Muench., pin oak, but Q. phellos root starch was not reduced. Reduction in starch content in Q. palustris may have been related to additional stress factors. Landscape fabrics were a reliable sampling method for frass. Frass was used as a method for differentiating larval instars and predicted defoliatioonf Q. palustris. An integrated pest management (IPM) program was developed that included information on native parasites, host plant preference, a citizen survey, and aesthetic indicators. Four egg parasite species including an Aprostocetus new species, five larval parasites and eight hyperparasites were collected. Host plant preference experiments indicated that Q. alba L., white oak, was least preferred by A. senatoria. A citizen survey provided a framework for designing an IPM program. Monitoring and establishing an aesthetic injury level of 25% defoliation decreased pesticide volume without an attendant increase in damage. The number of egg masses (threshold) that caused 25% defoliation ranged from one to nine.
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    Effects of Thiamethoxam-Treated Seed on Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Nontarget Arthropods, and Crop Performance in Southwestern Virginia Snap Beans
    Nottingham, Louis B.; Kuhar, Thomas P.; Kring, T.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Arancibia, R. A.; Schultz, Peter B. (Oxford University Press, 2017-12-01)
    Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide commonly applied directly to the seeds (seed-treatment) of commercial snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. While previous studies have examined target and nontarget effects of thiamethoxam seed-treatments in snap beans and other crops, to our knowledge, none have been conducted in agroecosystems predominated by the pest Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). This study examined the effects of thiamethoxam-treated snap beans on E. varivestis, other arthropods, and crop performance in southwestern Virginia. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate residual toxicity of treated snap beans to E. varivestis and a key predator, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Treated plants were highly toxic to E. varivestis at 13 d, moderately toxic from 16 to 20 d, and minimally toxic at 24 d. P. maculiventris was unaffected by exposure to treated plants or by feeding on E. varivestis that consumed treated plants. Small plot field experiments in 2014 and 2015 showed no significant effects of thiamethoxam seed-treatments on E. varivestis densities, other arthropods, crop injury, or yield. In 2016, planting was delayed by persistent rain, resulting in early E. varivestis colonization. In this year, thiamethoxam-treated plants had significantly lower densities and feeding injury from E. varivestis, followed by significantly higher yields. Natural enemies were unaffected by seed-treatments in all field experiments. These experiments demonstrated that thiamethoxam seed-treatments provide control of E. varivestis when beetles infest fields within 2 to 3 wk after planting; but otherwise provide negligible advantages. Negative effects from thiamethoxam seed-treatments on nontarget arthropods appear minimal for snap beans in this region.
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    Euonymus Scale
    Day, Eric R.; Schultz, Peter B. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2014-11-21)
    Describes the plants attacked by euonymus scale, the type of damage inflicted, methods of identification, life history, and control tactics to mitigate damage.
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    Euonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock): host preference, and distribution of native and imported natural enemies in Virginia
    Jefferson, David Kirk (Virginia Tech, 1994-04-05)
    Studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to determine which of six Euonymus species and cultivars would sustain the highest populations of Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), as a food source for Chilocorus kuwanae (Silvestri). Analysis of data collected from field-grown plants and container-grown plants indicates that Euonymus japonicus (Thunb.) 'Albo-marginatus' would sustain the highest populations of U. euonymi. In 1992 and 1993, surveys were conducted to determine the presence of existing natural enemies in Virginia as well as to determine the establishment of the imported predator, Chilocarus kuwanae. In 1992, C. kuwanae and parasites from the genera Aspidiatiphagus and Encarsia was found at several locations in Virginia Beach. In 1993, C. kuvanae was recovered in seven of the twelve Virginia counties surveyed. Either Aspidiotiphagus or Encarsia were found in nine of the twelve counties. A single specimen of Cybocephalus sp. was recovered from a sample taken in Fredericksburg.
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    Evaluating the performance of Orius insidiosus as a predator of thrips in greenhouse-grown geraniums
    Epes, Chris M. (Virginia Tech, 2021-07-16)
    Thrips are among the most common and economically damaging greenhouse pests in the world. Due to the demanding nature of chemical control programs in greenhouses for thrips, biocontrol strategies are growing in popularity in greenhouse pest control programs. Geraniums are common in spring annual greenhouse production programs, and like many other crops demand thrips management strategies. This project lays the groundwork for exploring the performance of minute pirate bug, Orius insidiosus, to reduce thrips densities in greenhouse geraniums. In a laboratory, Orius and thrips were released into controlled, no-choice predation arenas using both geranium leaves and flowers, and thrips mortality was assessed. Orius and thrips were then released onto finished potted geranium plants under no-choice conditions in insect cages under greenhouse conditions, after which thrips mortality was assessed. The cumulative results show that Orius prey upon thrips on geranium leaves and florets, and could be used as a tool to help reduce thrips populations in greenhouse-grown geraniums.
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    Flood Stress as a Technique to Assess Preventive Insecticide and Fungicide Treatments for Protecting Trees against Ambrosia Beetles
    Ranger, Christopher M.; Schultz, Peter B.; Reding, Michael E.; Frank, Steven D.; Palmquist, Debra E. (MDPI, 2016-08-18)
    Ambrosia beetles tunnel into the heartwood of trees where they cultivate and feed upon a symbiotic fungus. We assessed the effectiveness of flood stress for making Cercis canadensis L. and Cornus florida L. trees attractive to attack as part of insecticide and fungicide efficacy trials conducted in Ohio and Virginia. Since female ambrosia beetles will not begin ovipositing until their symbiotic fungus is established within the host, we also assessed pre-treatment of trees with permethrin, azoxystrobin, and potassium phosphite on fungal establishment and beetle colonization success. Permethrin reduced attacks on flooded trees, yet no attacks occurred on any of the non-flooded trees. Fewer galleries created within flooded trees pre-treated with permethrin, azoxystrobin, and potassium phosphite contained the purported symbiotic fungus; foundress’ eggs were only detected in flooded but untreated trees. While pre-treatment with permethrin, azoxystrobin, and potassium phosphite can disrupt colonization success, maintaining tree health continues to be the most effective and sustainable management strategy.
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    Freeze stress of deciduous trees induces attacks by opportunistic ambrosia beetles
    Ranger, Christopher M.; Schultz, Peter B.; Frank, Steven D.; Reding, Michael E. (2019-05)
    A broad host range and the utilization of living but weakened trees contribute, in part, to the invasion success of ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). The present study assessed the capability of freeze stress to induce attacks by ambrosia beetles. Freeze stress predisposed Cercis canadensis L., Cornus florida L., Malus pumila Mill. and Styrax japonicus Sieb. to attack under field conditions, although no attacks occurred on untreated trees. More attacks occurred on freeze-stressed versus flood-stressed M. pumila in Virginia but not for S. japonicus in Ohio. Attacks on flooded trees were skewed towards the base of the trunk, whereas attacks on freeze-stressed trees mainly occurred around the upper regions of the trunk and into the branches. The predominant species recovered were Anisandrus maiche Stark and Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) in Ohio, and Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) in Virginia. Ethanol emissions from trunks of S. japonicus were detected by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at 1 day after imposing freeze stress, peaking 4 days after injury. Trees with an intolerance of freeze stress are predicted to be vulnerable to attack, especially when subjected to mild winter temperatures followed by late-spring freezes. Freeze stress could thereby facilitate the destructiveness of exotic ambrosia beetles.
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    Home Grounds and Animals: 2022 Pest Management Guide
    Aćimović, Srđan G.; Askew, Shawn D.; Bergh, J. Christopher; Bush, Elizabeth A.; Day, Eric R.; Del-Pozo, Alejandro; Derr, Jeffery F.; Frank, Daniel; Hansen, Mary Ann; Hong, Chuan X.; McCall, David S.; Miller, Dini M.; Nita, Mizuho; Parkhurst, James A.; Paulson, Sally L.; Pfeiffer, Douglas G.; Rideout, Steven L.; Schultz, Peter B.; Wilson, James M.; Wycoff, Stephanie Blevins (2022-02-11)