Browsing by Author "Stromberg, Erik L."
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- Asian Soybean Rust--Frequently Asked Questions I: Background and General InformationBush, Elizabeth A.; Stromberg, Erik L.; Phipps, Patrick Michael; Holshouser, David L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)Provides general information on Asian Soybean Rust (Phakospora pachyrhizi) and its potential impact on soybean crops in Virginia.
- Asian Soybean Rust--Frequently Asked Questions II: Background and General InformationStromberg, Erik L.; Bush, Elizabeth A.; Holshouser, David L.; Phipps, Patrick Michael (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)Describes Asian Soybean Rust (Phakospora pachirhizi) and its damage to soybean plants.
- Asian Soybean Rust--Frequently Asked Questions III: Background and General InformationPhipps, Patrick Michael; Stromberg, Erik L.; Holshouser, David L.; Bush, Elizabeth A. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)Provides information about treating soybean plants with fungicides to control Asian Soybean Rust (Phakospora pachirhizi).
- Asian Soybean Rust--Frequently Asked Questions IV: Background and General InformationHolshouser, David L.; Phipps, Patrick Michael; Stromberg, Erik L.; Bush, Elizabeth A. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)Discusses planting methods for soybean crops in relation to Asian Soybean Rust (Phakospora pachirhizi).
- Asian Soybean Rust--Frequently Asked Questions V: Background and General InformationHolshouser, David L.; Bush, Elizabeth A.; Phipps, Patrick Michael; Stromberg, Erik L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)Discusses methods and importance of monitoring soybean fields for Asian Soybean Rust (Phakospora pachirhizi).
- Asian Soybean Rust--Frequently Asked Questions VI: Background and General InformationGrisso, Robert D.; Holshouser, David L.; Bush, Elizabeth A.; Phipps, Patrick Michael; Stromberg, Erik L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)Discusses the sprayer and nozzle technology for use in soybean fields that have or are at risk for Asian Soybean Rust (Phakospora pachirhizi.
- Assessing the Distribution and Impact of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) as a Re-emerging Virus, and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) in Soybean Grown in VirginiaMackasmiel, Lucas A. (Virginia Tech, 2004-07-12)Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV, Genus Comovirus, Family: Comoviridae)is an important virus in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), causing quality and yield loss due to seed coat mottling and seed weight reduction. Although BPMV has been known in Virginia since 1958 and has always been regarded as causing negligible losses, its impact is changing as BPMV incidence has increased in many soybean growing areas of Virginia and the USA in general. From 1997 to 2001, a total of five BPMV isolates (V-W1, V-W2, V-S98-1, V-S98-15 and V-S01-10) were collected in Virginia and characterized. In this study, the effects of these isolates were studied, alone or with Soybean mosaic virus (SMV, Genus Potyvirus, Family Potyviridae) strain SMV G1, and isolates S98-51 and S98-52, on selected soybean cultivars. Individual isolates of BPMV showed variable symptom severity, and resulted in yield loss of between 40.4 to 58.1%, while SMV caused 23.7% in the most severe interactions. Up to 100% yield loss was realized from double inoculations of selected BPMV and SMV isolates, BPMV V-S98-1 + SMV S98-52 and BPMV S98-15 + SMV S98-52 on Hutcheson and Hutcheson Roundup Ready® (BC5) soybeans, respectively. Time of inoculation, a critical factor in the impact of many virus diseases, affected seed coat mottling in four cultivars and seed weight in two cultivars, in tests with four BPMV isolates and three stages of soybean development. All BPMV isolates inoculated to plants at vegetative stage V1-V3 severely increased seed coat mottling and reduced seed weight than those inoculated at V4-V6 and reproductive stage R1-R3. Seedlings grown from non-mottled seeds germinated more uniformly had fewer thin-stemmed seedlings and grew faster than those grown from mottled seeds. Inoculation of various cultivars and breeding lines showed that there was no correlation between the severity of virus-induced foliar symptoms, relative accumulation of SMV, and extent of seed coat mottling. Thus, by avoiding the presence of BPMV at an early growth stage through proper timing of planting to avoid vectors, proper cultural practices like weed control, use of SMV free seeds, and chemical control, it is possible to greatly improve seed quality and reduce yield losses in soybean.
- Assessment and Reaction of Triticum aestivum Genotypes to Fusarium graminearum and effects on Traits Related to Grain Yield and Seed QualityChappell, Matthew (Virginia Tech, 2001-12-14)Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), causal organism of fusarium head blight (FHB), has become a major pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) throughout North America. Since its discovery in the United States, the disease has spread south and east until at present it is an annual threat for growers of winter wheat in the Mid-Atlantic region. Yield losses for soft red winter (SRW) wheat averaged 908 kg ha-1 in the FHB outbreak of 1998 (Griffey et al., 1999). The economic loss from this single FHB epidemic was an estimated 8.5 million dollars. Environmental conditions favorable for FHB development, including above average rainfall and temperatures during anthesis, have become more common in the Upper-Midwestern wheat-growing region over the past decade, leading to substantial losses in wheat and barley crops. This, coupled with low prices being paid for wheat, has prompted research toward solving the problem of FHB across the nation. The majority of labor and financial resources devoted to FHB research are dedicated to incorporating FHB resistance into adapted wheat lines. While this is a prudent method of combating this disease, this process will take many years to complete. We have examined all FHB assessment parameters, which include FHB incidence, FHB severity, FHB index, percentage fusarium damaged kernels (percentage FDK), and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol toxin (DON toxin) accumulation, to ascertain which assessment parameters best quantify FHB resistance levels in addition to grain yield and grain volume weight (GVW) losses. FHB index provides the most reliable in-field assessment of a genotype's resistance level, whereas percentage FDK provides a reliable measure of a genotype's resistance level post-harvest. FHB index and percentage FDK are also the most predictive assessment parameters with regard to grain yield and GVW loss. A wide range in both level and type of resistance was observed among genotypes examined in this study. The cultivars Agripro Patton, Ernie, INW9824, Roane, and the experimental line NY87048W-7388 consistently had lower scores for FHB assessment parameters and lower losses of grain yield and GVW.
- Biology and Control of Pepper AnthracnoseMarvel, Josh K. (Virginia Tech, 2003-12-17)Anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum capsici or C. gloeosporioides) of bell peppers (Capsicum annum) has become a serious problem in recent years on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The purpose of this research was to characterize isolates of the fungus from the Eastern United States, to compare them with the type species from the American Type Culture Collection, and to evaluate fungicides for disease management. Two cultivars of pepper were inoculated with a conidial suspension, and held in a dew chamber. Lesions were counted and measured every 48 hours. The type species was either not pathogenic or only mildly virulent; most of the virulent isolates originated in areas of intensive pepper production. In addition to pathogenicity experiments and traditional morphology, the Biolog® system was used to compare the ability of fungi to utilize different carbohydrate combinations in 96-well plates. Plates were read at 96 and 168 hours. Analysis of data, by Ward's statistical method, could reliably distinguish field isolates if based on 15 or more replications, but species-level identification was inconsistent. Standard fungicides and new compounds were compared in a field test with four replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Fruits were harvested three times, weighed for yield, and the number of marketable and diseased fruit recorded. Aggressive isolates from green pepper were controlled by applications of maneb, or alternation of maneb and strobilurin fungicides.
- Characterization of Phytophthora Species in Recycled Irrigation Water at a Container Nursery in Southwestern VirginiaBush, Elizabeth A. (Virginia Tech, 2002-05-03)The potential of increasing disease problems through the use of recycled irrigation water in horticultural operations is a serious concern, yet basic research on waterborne plant pathogens in Virginia is lacking. In this work seasonal fluctuations and locations of Pythiaceae in a recycled water irrigation system at a container nursery were determined. Pythium spp. were recovered more frequently and in greater numbers than Phytophthora spp. Species of Phytophthora recovered in filtering assays were identified as P. capsici, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, and P. nicotianae. P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri were the only Phytophthora spp. recovered from baits placed on the surface of the irrigation reservoir, whereas a greater diversity of species was recovered from baits placed at depths. Hymexazol-amended medium was found to have limitations in recovery of Phytophthora spp. In pathogenicity tests, P. cactorum, P. capsici, P. citrophthora, and P. nicotianae caused significant mortality of Salvia officinalis and P. cactorum showed limited pathogenicity on Gerbera jamesonii. Asymptomatic (aboveground) plants were found to harbor inoculum long after Phytophthora-inoculation. Fresh weight analyses of roots and shoots of asymptomatic plants demonstrated that Phytophthora inoculation may either reduce or stimulate plant shoot growth, but little effect is apparent on roots. Irrigation with naturally infested irrigation water reduced plant growth. This research provides data for prioritizing development of detection technology and management practices for plant pathogens in irrigation water. The results may also lead to improvements in conventional water assay protocols for plant pathogens.
- Characterization of Fungicide Resistance in Venturia inaequalis Populations in VirginiaMarine, Sasha Cahn (Virginia Tech, 2012-03-28)Apple scab (causal organism: Venturia inaequalis) is an economically devastating disease of apples that is predominantly controlled with fungicides. Of the chemical classes currently available, the sterol-inhibiting (SI) and strobilurin (QoI) fungicides are the most commonly used. Recent observations indicate that V. inaequalis populations in Virginia have developed resistance to myclobutanil and other SIs. However, little is known about the frequency and distribution of SI and QoI resistance in Virginia's scab populations. The first objective of this research was to evaluate V. inaequalis populations in Virginia for SI and QoI resistance. Fungal isolates were collected from experimental orchards at the Alson H. Smith Jr., Agricultural Research and Extension Center (AHS AREC) and from commercial orchards in Virginia and Maryland. Sensitivities were determined by assessing colony growth at 19°C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0 or 1.0 µg ml-1 of myclobutanil (SI) (N=87) or trifloxystrobin (QoI) (N=25) at 28 days. A range of fungicide sensitivity was observed for both chemical classes. The second objective of this research was to monitor the temporal dynamics of SI resistance over five sequential field seasons. To monitor shoot growth, neon rubber bands were placed over actively growing shoot tips following myclobutanil application or sample collection. Fungal isolates were collected from the same trees from 2007 through 2010 (N=176) and compared with isolates collected from wild apple seedlings (N=3). A continuum of SI resistance was observed for each year, and the V. inaequalis population exhibited a baseline shifted toward reduced sensitivity. The third objective of this research was to examine the spatial distribution of SI fungicide resistance within the tree canopy in a lower-density orchard (less than 150 trees A-1). Leaves collected from larger trees (>8m) in a lower-density orchard at the AHS AREC were analyzed for manganese deposition, pre- and post-mancozeb application. Fungal isolates (N=105) were collected from several locations within the canopy in replicated trees in the same orchard. Weather sensors also monitored the microclimates within those tree canopies. Spray deposition, microclimate and SI resistance were influenced by canopy location. The fourth objective of this research was to investigate potential SI resistance mechanisms. Previously classified isolates were screened for point mutations within the CYP51A1 gene (Appendix C), differences in polymorphic bands (alleles) (Appendix D), and differences in metabolism of myclobutanil (Appendix E). The consensus sequences for the CYP51A1 gene were identical for all isolates tested (N=9), and results from amplified fragment length polymorphism experiment (N=82) were inconclusive. There were, however, significant differences among incubation time and myclobutanil concentration in the bioassay (N=11). Our results indicate that myclobutanil is still an effective compound for control of apple scab in many areas of Virginia.
- Characterization, development of a field inoculation method, and fungicide sensitivity screening of the Pythium blight pathogen of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)Harrison, Leigh Ann (Virginia Tech, 2011-03-08)New Jersey, Georgia, and the Eastern Shore of Virginia (ESV) are important snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growing regions, but profitability is threatened by Pythium blight. Causal agents of Pythium blight on snap bean were identified using morphological characterization and sequence analysis of the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of 100 isolates. Most isolates were Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (53%), and also included Pythium deliense Meurs (31%; all from Georgia), Pythium ultimum Trow (12%), Pythium myriotylum Drechsler (2%), Pythium catenulatum Matthews (1%), and unknown Pythium sp. (1%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. deliense in Georgia and on common bean and squash (Cucurbita pepo L.); as well as the first report of P. catenulatum on lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and in New Jersey. Fungicide labeling and cultivar selection for Pythium blight management is hindered by difficulties associated with conducting successful trials, because the disease occurs sporadically and clustered in the field. Three P. aphanidermatum-infested inoculum substrates were evaluated at three concentrations. The vermiculite/V8 juice (5:3 weight to volume) inoculum (10,000 ppg/0.3 m) consistently caused at least 50% disease in 3 field trials. Sensitivity of the Pythium blight pathogens was determined in vitro against five fungicides. Twenty-two Pythium isolates representing P. aphanidermatum, P. deliense, P. ultimum, and P. myriotylum were inoculated to media amended with each active ingredient at 0, 100μg/ml, the concentration equivalent to the field labeled rate if applied on succulent beans at 187 L/ha, and the equivalent if applied at 374 L/ha. All isolates were completely sensitive (100% growth reduction, or GR) to all active ingredients at the labeled rates, except azoxystrobin. At 100μg/ml azoxystrobin, one P. deliense isolate had 8.9% GR. All isolates had 100% GR to copper hydroxide at 100μg/ml, and the lowest GR on mefenoxam-amended medium was 91.9%. At 100μg/ml cyazofamid, all P. deliense isolates were completely sensitive and variation was observed in P. aphanidermatum isolates. At 100μg/ml potassium phosphite, significant GR similarities were recorded within isolates of the same species, and less than 50% GR was observed in all P. deliense isolates.
- Common Diseases of Soybean in the Mid-Atlantic RegionPhipps, P. M.; Koenning, Steve; Rideout, Steven L.; Stromberg, Erik L.; Bush, Elizabeth A. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2010)Describes some common diseases of soybean plants, symptoms and types of damage, and methods of control.
- Diallel analysis of diplopodia ear rot resistance in maize and an assessment of the genetic variability of Stenocarpella maydis through isozyme analysisDorrance, Anne E. (Virginia Tech, 1995-12-05)Diplodia ear rot (DER) of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by the fungus, Stenocarpella maydis (Berk.) Sutton has increased in incidence in localized fields over the past decade. My research focused on screening for resistance by examining the development of DER following inoculations prior to flowering, analyzing a diallel cross for DER resistance, and examining the genetic variability of the fungus from isolates collected from the U.S. and the Republic of South Africa. DER developed in maize following inoculations with a spore suspension prior to flowering in both greenhouse and field evaluations. A spore suspension gave a better differentiation of resistance responses than dried preparations of colonized millet, colonized ground popcorn, or kernels from a diseased maize ear, all applied in the whorl 10 to 15 days prior to flowering (V12 for inbreds), and natural occurrence of disease. General combining ability was significant for both 1994 and 1995 growing seasons in an analysis of the F₁ of the diallel cross, indicating that additive gene action may be responsible for resistance and could be introduced into commercial cultivars. Specific combining ability was significant in 1995 and indicates that dominant gene action or epistasis may play role in DER resistance. There were minimal numbers of isozyme polymorphisms found in my S. maydis collection. Two isolates were polymorphic for esterase, two isolates were polymorphic for hexokinase and malate dehydrogenase and one isolate was polymorphic for hexose kinase. Fungi that have limited isozyme polymorphisms often are biotrophs or fungi with formae speciales which are usually limited to one host. These groups of fungi usually have races and this may indicate that a gene-for-gene interaction exists. These findings suggest that i) the whorl inoculation separates genotypes into resistant, intermediate, and susceptible groupings; ii) additive gene action is predominant form of inheritance, and iii) there are few isozyme polymorphisms in the population of S. maydis sampled.
- Effect of postemergence johnsongrass control on MCDV and MDMV incidence and severity in field cornEberwine, John Wright (Virginia Tech, 1996-04-05)In the summers of 1989 and 1990, researchers in Va. and Md. began to observe lateseason reductions in com vigor in areas treated with nicosulfuron or primisulfuron for postemergence johnsongrass control. Symptoms observed included chlorosis, reddening of the leaves and shortening of the internodes. The nature and time of symptom expression were consistent with those caused by maize chlorotic dwarfvirus (MCDV) and maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) infection of com. It was hypothesized that postemergence johnsongrass control increased the incidence and severity of MCDV and MDMV in virus-susceptible corn hybrids due to increased feeding by vectors of these viruses on treated corn. Field experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the effect of postemergence johnsongrass control with broad casted nicosulfuron, postemergence directed imazethapyr, mechanical control and no control on virus disease incidence and severity in a virus-susceptible ('Southern States 565') and a virus-tolerant ('Southern States 844) corn hybrid. Visual injury evaluations taken 10 weeks after treatment showed that the virus-susceptible com hybrid sustained significantly more injury, averaged across johnsongrass control methods, than did the virus-tolerant corn hybrid. Within the virus-susceptible com hybrid, where johnsongrass was controlled, regardless of method, significantly more injury was observed relative to the nontreated check. Further, averaged across johnsongrass control treatments, the virus-tolerant corn hybrid yielded significantly higher compared to the virus-susceptible com hybrid. Experiments conducted in 1993 and 1994 utilized cages as a means of preventing insect movement from the infected johnsongrass to the crop. Blackfaced leafhopper evaluations suggested that the cages significantly reduced leafhopper movement from the infected johnsongrass to the corn, however complete exclusion was not achieved. Results of corn tissue assays showed that MCDV and MDMV were being transmitted, however no treatment differences were detected. Two experiments were conducted in 1994 to analytically test the hypothesis and to determine the time course of MCDV and MDMV double infection of corn tissue. Johnsongrass control treatments evaluated included broadcast nicosulfuron and no treatment. Postemergence johnsongrass control increased MCDV and MDMV incidence 9 to 21 days after treatment. Further, significantly more double infections of MCDV and MDMV were observed 14 to 21 days after treatment in experimental units receiving the nicosulfuron application.
- Genetic Characterization and Linkage Mapping of Barley Net Blotch Resistance GenesO'Boyle, Patrick Daniel (Virginia Tech, 2009-05-05)Net blotch is one of the most devastating diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and occurs in two distinct forms, net-type net blotch (NTNB) and spot-type net blotch (STNB), caused by the fungal pathogens Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres Smedeg. and P. teres f. sp. maculata Smedeg., respectively. Several sources of resistance have been previously reported, however, few barley cultivars with high levels of resistance have been developed from these sources. Efficient utilization of available resistance sources is dependent upon successful characterization of genes governing resistance in each resistant parent. Five net blotch resistant parents and one susceptible parent were crossed to identify novel resistance genes, postulate gene number and mode of inheritance, and conduct linkage mapping of novel genes for net blotch resistance. Results indicate that the highly resistant spring barley lines CIho 2291 and CIho 5098, and the winter barley cultivar Nomini each have single dominant genes for NTNB resistance. Resistance to NTNB in CIho 5098 is controlled by the same dominant gene conferring resistance in Nomini. Resistance to NTNB in CIho 2291 is controlled by one dominant gene which putatively is the same gene conferring resistance in ND B112, but differs from the resistance genes carried by the other parents in this study. An F2 population of 238 individuals derived from a cross between Nomini and the susceptible parent "Hector", and an F2 population of 193 individuals derived from a cross between CIho 2291 and Hector were used to map the genes governing NTNB resistance in Nomini and CIho 2291. The dominant gene governing resistance in Nomini, temporarily designated Rpt-Nomini, was mapped to a 9.2 cM region near the centromere of barley chromosome 6H between the flanking microsatellite markers Bmag0344a (r2=0.70) and Bmag0103a (r2=0.90), which were 6.8 cM and 2.4 cM away from Rpt-Nomini, respectively. The dominant gene governing resistance in CIho 2291, temporarily designated Rpt-CIho2291, was mapped to the distal region of barley chromosome 6H between the flanking microsatellite markers Bmag0173 (r2=0.65) and Bmag0500 (r2=0.26), which were 9.9 cM and 24.4 cM from Rpt-CIho2291, respectively. Previous studies have reported genes governing net blotch resistance in this region; however, allelism tests have not been conducted to determine the relationship between these genes. Identification of the chromosomal location of Rpt-Nomini and Rpt-CIho2291 will facilitate future efforts in pyramiding multiple independent genes for net blotch resistance.
- Gray Leaf Spot Disease of CornStromberg, Erik L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)Describes Gray Leaf Spot Disease (Cercospora zeae-maydis) in corn plants, noting that it is one of the most serious diseases to corn worldwide. Describes the life cycle and the symptoms. Discusses methods of control emphasizing integration of several practices, including tilling, crop rotation, silage production, and the planting of hybrid varieties that are less susceptible to this disease.
- Gray leaf spot of corn: yield loss and evaluation of germplasm for resistanceCarter, Michele R. (Virginia Tech, 1992-06-06)Gray leaf spot (GLS) of corn (Zea mays L.), caused by the fungus Cercospora zeaemaydis (CZM) (Tehon and Daniels) has increased in incidence and severity with increasing use of no-tillage and continuous corn practices. This disease can be yield limiting. Corn hybrids were evaluated under natural disease pressure for three years (1989, 90, and 91) at two locations (Montgomery and Wythe Co., VA). Yield losses ranged from 2127.4 kg/ha (Wythe Co., 1991) to 4242.2 kg/ha (Wythe Co., 1990). It was estimated that 77% of the variability in yield was due to GLS. Fungicides were evaluated for the control of GLS over three years on a susceptible hybrid, Pioneer Brand 3320. All fungicides, with the exception of mancozeb, provided significant control over nontreated check in all years. Benomyl, propiconazole and terbutrazole were the most effective fungicides. As much as 93% of the variablilty in yield was attributed to blighting. Reduction in blighting also increased the kernel weight. The toxin, cercosporin, produced by CZM was evaluated for its ability to elicit differential responses in corn germplasm by three methods, ie., vein inoculation, root, and shoot uptake. No consistant differential reponses were found with vein inoculation, but 31-day old plants were significantly more sensitive to the toxin than 21-day old plants, as measured by lesion width. Root and shoot uptake of the toxin by inbred germplasm produced lesions that resembled those produced by CZM in the field. Microscopic, yellow fluorescing crystals were found associated with necrotic tissue from toxin-treated inbreds. Significantly more injury occurred to toxin-treated inbreds exposed to light than to darkness. By chromatographic analysis, 407.1-1076.7 ng of toxin/g of tissue was recovered from leaf lesion extracts of plants exposed to light. Five inbreds (B73, H99, Va59, NC250a, and NC264) showed consistent and differential responses to the toxin. H99 and NC250a showed differential responses to the same concentration of toxin, thus suggesting that some germplasm are more sensitive to the toxin than others. Tests using the toxin as a means to identify resistant germplasm did not provide reliable predictions of germplasm response to CZM in the field.
- Growing Bread Wheat in the Mid-Atlantic RegionThomason, Wade E.; Griffey, Carl A.; Alley, Marcus M.; Stromberg, Erik L.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Hagood, Edward Scott (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009)Discusses growing bread wheat in the U. S. Mid-Atlantic Region. Discusses varieties of wheat, including types that may be best suited to this region, cultivar selection, seeding schedules, fertilizers, insect management, weed control, disease management, and harvest.
- Growing Bread Wheat in the Mid-Atlantic RegionThomason, Wade E.; Griffey, Carl A.; Alley, Marcus M.; Phillips, Steven B.; Stromberg, Erik L.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Hagood, Edward S. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2019-03-20)Discusses growing bread wheat in the Mid-Atlantic Region, including wheat varieties best suited for the region, cultivar selection, seeding schedules, fertilizers, weed control, disease management, and harvest.
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