Browsing by Author "Swaminathan, S."

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    Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study
    Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration; Kassebaum, N.; Kyu, H. H.; Zoeckler, L.; Olsen, H. E.; Thomas, K.; Pinho, C.; Bhutta, Z. A.; Dandona, L.; Ferrari, A.; Ghiwot, T. T.; Hay, Simon I.; Kinfu, Y.; Liang, X.; Lopez, A.; Malta, D. C.; Mokdad, Ali H.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Patton, G. C.; Salomon, J.; Sartorius, Benn; Topor-Madry, Roman; Vollset, S. E.; Werdecker, Andrea; Whiteford, H. A.; Abate, K. H.; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abreha Damtew, S.; Ahmed, M. B.; Akseer, N.; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa; Alemayohu, M. A.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Abajobir, A. A.; Amare, A. T.; Antonio, C. A.; Arnlov, J.; Artaman, A.; Asayesh, Hamid; Avokpaho, E. F.; Awasthi, A.; Ayala Quintanilla, B. P.; Bacha, Umar; Balem, D.; Barac, A.; Bärnighausen, T. W.; Baye, E.; Bedi, N.; Bensenor, I. M.; Berhane, Adugnaw; Bernabe, E.; Bernal, O. A.; Beyene, A. S.; Biadgilign, S.; Bikbov, B.; Boyce, C. A.; Brazinova, A.; Hailu, G. B.; Carter, Austin; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Catalá-López, F.; Charlson, F. J.; Chitheer, A. A.; Choi, J. J.; Ciobanu, L. G.; Crump, J.; Dandona, R.; Dellavalle, R. P.; Deribew, Amare; deVeber, G.; Dicker, D.; Betsu, B. B.; Ding, E. L.; Dubey, M.; Endries, A. Y.; Erskine, H. E.; Faraon, E. J.; Faro, A.; Farzadfar, F.; Fernandes, J. C.; Fijabi, D. O.; Fitzmaurice, C.; Fleming, T. D.; Flor, L. S.; Foreman, Kyle J.; Franklin, R. C.; Fraser, M. S.; Frostad, J. J.; Fullman, N.; Gebregergs, G. B.; Gebru, A. A.; Geleijnse, J. M.; Gibney, K. B.; Gidey Yihdego, M.; Ginawi, I. A.; Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo; Gizachew, T. A.; Glaser, E.; Gold, A. L.; Goldberg, E.; Gona, P.; Goto, A.; Gugnani, H. C.; Jiang, G.; Gupta, Rahul; Tesfay, F. H.; Hankey, G. J.; Havmoeller, R.; Hijar, M.; Horino, M.; Hosgood, H. D.; Hu, G.; Jacobsen, K. H.; Jakovljevic, M. B.; Jayaraman, S. P.; Jha, V.; Jibat, Tariku; Johnson, Catherine O.; Jonas, Jost; Kasaeian, Amir; Kawakami, Norito; Keiyoro, P. N.; Khalil, Ibrahim; Khang, Y. H.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. A.; Kieling, C.; Kim, D.; Kissoon, Niranjan; Knibbs, L. D.; Koyanagi, Ai; Krohn, K. J.; Kuate Defo, B.; Kucuk Bicer, B.; Kulikoff, R.; Kumar, G. A.; Lal, D. K.; Lam, H. Y.; Larson, Heidi J.; Larsson, A.; Laryea, D. O.; Leung, J.; Lim, S. S.; Lo, L. T.; Lo, W. D.; Looker, K. J.; Lotufo, P. A.; Magdy Abd, H.; El Razek; Malekzadeh, Reza; Markos Shifti, D.; Mazidi, M.; Meaney, P. A.; Meles, K. G.; Memiah, Peter; Mendoza, Walter; Abera Mengistie, M.; Mengistu, G. W.; Mensah, G. A.; Miller, Ted R.; Mock, C.; Mohammadi, A.; Mohammed, S.; Monasta, L.; Mueller, U.; Nagata, C.; Naheed, A.; Nguyen, G.; Nguyen, Q. L.; Nsoesie, E.; Oh, I. H.; Okoro, A.; Olusanya, J. O.; Olusanya, B. O.; Ortiz, A.; Paudel, D.; Pereira, David M.; Perico, N.; Petzold, M.; Phillips, M. R.; Polanczyk, G. V.; Pourmalek, Farshad; Qorbani, Mostafa; Rafay, Anwar; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, M.; Rai, R. K.; Ram, U.; Rankin, Z.; Remuzzi, G.; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Roba, H. S.; Rojas-Rueda, D.; Ronfani, L.; Sagar, R.; Sanabria, J. R.; Kedir Mohammed, M. S.; Santos, I. S.; Satpathy, M.; Sawhney, M.; Schöttker, B.; Schwebel, D. C.; Scott, J. G.; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Shaheen, A.; Shaikh, M. A.; She, J.; Shiri, R.; Shiue, I.; Sigfusdottir, I. D.; Singh, J.; Slipakit, N.; Smith, A.; Sreeramareddy, C.; Stanaway, J. D.; Stein, D. J.; Steiner, C.; Sufiyan, M. B.; Swaminathan, S.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, R.; Tabb, K. M.; Tadese, F.; Tavakkoli, M.; Taye, B.; Teeple, S.; Tegegne, T. K.; Temam Shifa, G.; Terkawi, A. S.; Thomas, B.; Thomson, A. J.; Tobe-Gai, R.; Tonelli, Marcello; Tran, Bach Xuan; Troeger, Christopher; Ukwaja, Kingsley N.; Uthman, Olalekan; Vasankari, Tommi; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert; Gebrehiwot, Solomon Weldemariam; Westerman, Ronny; Williams, Hywel C.; Wolfe, Charles D. A.; Woodbrook, Rachel; Yano, Yuichiro; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yu, Chuanhua; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; Zegeye, Elias Asfaw; Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Vos, Theo (2017-04-03)
    Importance: Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health. Objective: To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion. Evidence Review: Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss. Findings: Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries. Conclusions and Relevance: Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.
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    Role of bacille Calmette-Guérin in preventing tuberculous infection
    Adinarayanan, S.; Culp, Rachel K.; Subramani, R.; Abbas, Kaja M.; Radhakrishna, S.; Swaminathan, S. (2017-04-01)
    SETTING: Rural community in South India. OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in preventing tuberculous infection in children. DESIGN: A prevalence survey was undertaken in 1999-2001 in a representative rural population in Tiruvallur District in South India using cluster sampling. Tuberculin testing was performed among all children aged <15 years, and all adults aged 15 years were questioned about chest symptoms and underwent radiography, followed by sputum examinations, if indicated. RESULTS: In children living in households with a tuberculosis case, the proportion with evidence of tuberculous infection was 35.5% of 200 in the absence of a BCG scar and 27.0% of 100 in its presence, a reduction of 24% (P = 0.14). In very young children (age <5 years), the corresponding proportions were 29.1% of 55 and 11.9% of 42, a reduction of 59%; the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION: There is a possible role for BCG in preventing tuberculous infection in very young children.
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    Three-dimensional nonequilibrium viscous shock-layer flows over complex reentry vehicles
    Swaminathan, S. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1983)
    A computer program for predicting the three-dimensional nonequilibrium viscous shock-layer flows over blunt spherecones, straight. and bent mul ticonics at angle-of-attack has been developed. The method used is the viscous shock-layer approach- for nonequilibrium, multi-component ionizing air. A seven species chemical reaction model with single ionizing species and an eleven species chemical reaction model with five ionizing species are used to represent the chemistry. The seven species model considers 7 reactions whereas the eleven species model considers 26 reactions and the results obtained using these models are compared with perfect gas and equilibrium air results. This code is capable of analyzing shock-slip or no-shock-slip boundary conditions and equilibrium or non-catalytic wall boundary conditions. In this study the diffusion model is limited to binary diffusion. A sphere-cone-cylinder-flare with moderate flare angle, a straight biconic, and a bent biconic with seven deg. bend angle and a sphere-cone at various flight conditions are analyzed using this method. The bent biconic has been analyzed up to an angle-of-attack of 20 deg. with respect to the aft-cone axis and sample results are compared with inviscid and viscous results. The surface pressure distribution computed by this code compares well with that from a parabolized Navier-Stokes method. The diffusion heat transfer is about 15% of the total heat transfer for most cases. The aerodynamic forces and moments at the base of the body and computing time required for all cases are presented. The shock layer profiles at a streamwi se location of 8. 8 nose radii for one case computed using seven and eleven species models compare very well with each other.