Browsing by Author "Valdespino, Andrew"

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
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    Alexithymia as a Transdiagnostic Precursor to Empathy Abnormalities: The Functional Role of the Insula
    Valdespino, Andrew; Antezana, Ligia; Ghane, Merage; Richey, John A. (Frontiers, 2017-12-21)
    Distorted empathic processing has been observed across multiple psychiatric disorders. Simulation theory provides a theoretical framework that proposes a mechanism through which empathy difficulties may arise. Specifically, introspection-centric simulation theory (IST) predicts that an inability to accurately interpret and describe internal affective states may lead to empathy difficulties. The purpose of this review is to synthesize and summarize an empirical literature suggesting that simulation theory provides insights into a cognitive and neurobiological mechanism (i.e., alexithymia and insula pathology) that negatively impacts empathic processing, in addition to how disruptions in these processes manifest across psychiatric disorders. Specifically, we review an emerging non-clinical literature suggesting that consistent with IST, alexithymia and associated insula pathology leads to empathy deficits. Subsequently, we highlight clinical research suggesting that a large number of disorders characterized by empathy pathology also feature alexithymia. Collectively, these findings motivate the importance for future work to establish the role of alexithymia in contributing to empathy deficits across clinical symptoms and disorders. The current review suggests that simulation theory provides a tractable conceptual platform for identifying a potential common cognitive and neural marker that is associated with empathy deficits across a wide array of diagnostic classes.
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    Attentional control mediates fearful responding to an ecologically valid stressor
    Richey, John A.; White, Bradley A.; Valdespino, Andrew; Ghane, M.; Schmidt, N. B. (Taylor & Francis, 2016-01-02)
    Background and Objectives: Attentional control (AC) is defined as the ability to voluntarily shift and disengage attention, and is thought to moderate the relationship between pre-existing risk factors for fear and the actual experience of fear. Design: This longitudinal study elaborates on current models of attentional control by examining whether AC moderates or mediates effects of an ecologically valid stressor (a college exam), and also whether AC is predictive of state-like fear over longer timescales than previously reported. Methods: Based on previous findings we hypothesized that AC would moderate the relationship between trait anxiety and affective distress in response to the exam stressor. We also tested a competing mediational model based on attentional control theory (Eysenck et al., 2007). These models were tested in two separate samples (Sample 1 N=219; Sample 2 N=129; Total N= 348) at two time points, at the beginning of a college semester in a large undergraduate class, and five minutes prior to a college exam. Results: Mediation but not moderation of anxiety by AC was supported in both samples using multiple dependent measures. Conclusion: We conclude that AC may be useful in predicting affective distress in naturalistic settings, particularly in cases where anxiety is anticipatory.
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    The Impact of Threat on Behavioral and Neural Markers of Learning in Anxiety
    Valdespino, Andrew (Virginia Tech, 2019-08-28)
    Anxiety is characterized by apprehensive expectation regarding the forecasted outcomes of choice. Decision science and in particular reinforcement learning models provide a quantitative framework to explain how the likelihood and value of such outcomes are estimated, thus allowing the measurement of parameters of decision-making that may differ between high- and low- anxiety groups. However, the role of anxiety in choice allocation is not sufficiently understood, particularly regarding the influence of transient threat on current decisions. The presence of threat appears to alter choice behavior and may differentially influence quantitatively derived parameters of learning among anxious individuals. Regarding the neurobiology of reinforcement learning, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been suggested to play a role in temporally integrating experienced outcomes, as well as in coordinating an overall choice action plan, both of which can be described computationally by learning rate and exploration, respectively. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that high trait anxiety would be associated with a lower reward learning rate, a higher loss learning rate, and diminished exploration of available options, and furthermore that threat would increase the magnitude of these parameters in the high anxiety group. We also hypothesized that the magnitude of neural activation (measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy; FNIRS) across dissociable regions of the left and right dlPFC would be associated with model parameters, and that threat would further increase the magnitude of activation to model parameters. Finally, it was hypothesized that reward and loss outcomes could be differentiated based on FNIRS channel activation, and that a distinct set of channels would differentiate outcomes in high relative to low anxiety groups. To test these hypotheses, a temporal difference learning model was applied to a decision-making (bandit) task to establish differences in learning parameter magnitudes among individuals high (N=26) and low (N=20) in trait anxiety, as well as the impact of threat on learning parameters. Results indicated a positive association between anxiety and both the reward and loss learning rate parameters. However, threat was not found to impact model parameters. Imaging results indicated a positive association between exploration and the left dlPFC. Reward and loss outcomes were successfully differentiated in the high, but not low anxiety group. Results add to a growing literature suggesting anxiety is characterized by differential sensitivity to both losses and rewards in reinforcement learning contexts, and further suggests that the dlPFC plays a role in modulating exploration-based choice strategies.
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    A Pilot Study of the Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Positive Affect and Social Anxiety Symptoms
    Strege, Marlene V.; Swain, Deanna M.; Bochicchio, Lauren; Valdespino, Andrew; Richey, John A. (Frontiers, 2018-06-01)
    Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is efficacious in reducing residual depressive symptoms and preventing future depressive episodes (Kuyken et al., 2016). One potential treatment effect of MBCT may be improvement of positive affect (PA), due to improved awareness of daily positive events (Geschwind et al., 2011). Considering social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by diminished PA (Brown et al., 1998; Kashdan, 2007), we sought to determine whether MBCT would reduce social anxiety symptoms, and whether this reduction would be associated with improvement of PA deficits. Adults (N = 22) who met criteria for varied anxiety disorders participated in a small, open-label trial of an 8-week manualized MBCT intervention. Most participants presented with either a diagnosis (primary, secondary, or tertiary) of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (N = 15) and/or SAD (N = 14) prior to treatment, with eight individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for both GAD and SAD. We hypothesized participants would demonstrate improvements in social anxiety symptoms, which would be predicted by improvements in PA, not reductions in negative affect (NA). Results of several hierarchical linear regression analyses (completed in both full and disorder-specific samples) indicated that improvements in PA but not reductions in NA predicted social anxiety improvement. This effect was not observed for symptoms of worry, which were instead predicted by decreased NA for individuals diagnosed with GAD and both decreased NA and increased PA in the entire sample. Results suggest that MBCT may be efficacious in mitigating social anxiety symptoms, and this therapeutic effect may be linked to improvements in PA. However, further work is necessary considering the small, heterogeneous sample, uncontrolled study design, and exploratory nature of the study.
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    A Quantitative Neural Biomarker for Rejection Estimation: A Neuroeconomic Approach for Evaluating Theory of Mind
    Valdespino, Andrew (Virginia Tech, 2014-12-10)
    The clinical presentation of social phobia suggests that alterations in theory of mind (TOM) may play a systematic role in the development and maintenance of the disorder. In the current study we leverage a quantitative neuroeconmic approach to probe for neural and behavior markers of cognitive TOM, as well as rejection estimation, with a particular focus on social phobia. Participants comprised a non-clinical sample that was divided into low (N = 10) and high (N = 7) social anxiety groups based on self-report. Participants completed a one-sided uncertainty ultimatum game designed to probe individual differences in cognitive TOM, as well as rejection estimation. Contrary to predictions, there were no behavioral differences between high and low social anxiety groups in terms of rejection estimation. Although no between-group differences emerged in the traditional TOM network, significant differences were observed in subregions of the striatum during formulation of offers, likely corresponding to estimation of reward expectations. As hypothesized, and consistent with past research, imaging results support the existence of a network regions implicated in TOM, including the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the temporal parietal junction (TPJ). In addition to these regions, additional areas, including the caudate and insula, were also active during mentalizing components of the task. Collectively, results suggest a novel role for expected-value computations in the development and maintenance of social phobia.
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    Rural trends in diagnosis and services for autism spectrum disorder
    Antezana, Ligia; Scarpa, Angela; Valdespino, Andrew; Albright, Jordan; Richey, John A. (Frontier, 2017-04-20)
    Rural communities face significant challenges regarding the adequate availability of diagnostic-, treatment-, and support-services for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, a variety of factors, including geographic distance between families and service providers, low reliance on health care professionals, and cultural characteristics, contribute to the diminished availability and utilization of services. Together, these factors lead to risks for delayed ASD screening and diagnosis, yielding lower educational and functional outcomes. The purpose of this review is to outline the specific diagnosis and treatment barriers that affect individuals with ASD and their families in rural settings. Telehealth feasibility and efficacy research is also reviewed, suggesting that telecommunication services may offer an inroad for addressing the specific service barriers faced by rural communities. Together, the current review identifies specific needs for both research and support services that address the specific access barriers characteristic of rural settings.
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    Spatiotemporal dissociation of brain activity underlying threat and reward in social anxiety disorder
    Richey, John A.; Ghane, Merage; Valdespino, Andrew; Coffman, Marika C.; Strege, Marlene V.; White, Susan G.; Ollendick, Thomas H. (Oxford University Press, 2016-10-19)
    Social anxiety disorder (SAD) involves abnormalities in social motivation, which may be independent of well-documented differences in fear and arousal systems. Yet, the neurobiology underlying motivational difficulties in SAD is not well understood. The aim of the current study was to spatiotemporally dissociate reward circuitry dysfunction from alterations in fear and arousal-related neural activity during anticipation and notification of social and non-social reward and punishment. During fMRI acquisition, non-depressed adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD; N¼21) and age-, sex- and IQ-matched control subjects (N¼22) completed eight runs of an incentive delay task, alternating between social and monetary outcomes and interleaved in alternating order between gain and loss outcomes. Adults with SAD demonstrated significantly reduced neural activity in ventral striatum during the anticipation of positive but not negative social outcomes. No differences between the SAD and control groups were observed during anticipation of monetary gain or loss outcomes or during anticipation of negative social images. However, consistent with previous work, the SAD group demonstrated amygdala hyper-activity upon notification of negative social outcomes. Degraded anticipatory processing in bilateral ventral striatum in SAD was constrained exclusively to anticipation of positive social information and dissociable from the effects of negative social outcomes previously observed in the amygdala. Alterations in anticipation-related neural signals may represent a promising target for treatment that is not addressed by available evidence-based interventions, which focus primarily on fear extinction and habituation processes.