Browsing by Author "Walker, B. N."

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  • An angry driver is not the same as a fearful driver: Effects of specific negative emotions on risk perception, driving performance, and workload
    Jeon, Myounghoon; Yim, J. B.; Walker, B. N. (ACM, 2011-12-01)
    Most emotion detection research starts with a valence dimension-positive and negative states. However, these approaches have not discriminated the effects of distinct emotions of the same valence. Recent psychological findings have proposed that different emotions may have different impacts even though they belong to the same valence. The current study consists of a simulated driving experiment with two induced affective states that are important in driving contexts, to investigate how anger and fear differently influence driving-related risk perception, driving performance, and perceived workload. Twenty four undergraduates drove under three different road conditions with either induced anger or fear. Anger led to more errors than fear, regardless of difficulty level and error type. Also, participants with induced fear reported greater workload than participants with induced anger. Results are discussed in terms of the cognitive appraisal mechanism and design directions for the in-vehicle emotion detection and regulation system. Copyright © 2011 ACM.
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    Auditory menus are not just spoken visual menus: A case study of "unavailable" menu items
    Jeon, Myounghoon; Gupta, S.; Davison, B. K.; Walker, B. N. (ACM, 2010-06-09)
    Auditory menus can supplement or replace visual menus to enhance usability and accessibility. Despite the rapid increase of research on auditory displays, more is still needed to optimize the auditory-specific aspects of these implementations. In particular, there are several menu attributes and features that are often displayed visually, but that are not or poorly conveyed in the auditory version of the menu. Here, we report on two studies aimed at determining how best to render the important concept of an unavailable menu item. In Study 1, 23 undergraduates navigated a Microsoft Word-like auditory menu with a mix of available and unavailable items. For unavailable items, using whisper was favored over attenuated voice or saying "unavailable". In Study 2, 26 undergraduates navigated a novel auditory menu. With practice, whispering unavailable items was more effective than skipping unavailable items. Results are discussed in terms of acoustic theory and cognitive menu selection theory. © 2010 Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).
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    Enhanced auditory menu cues improve dual task performance and are preferred with in-vehicle technologies
    Jeon, Myounghoon; Davison, B. K.; Nees, M. A.; Wilson, J.; Walker, B. N. (ACM, 2009-11-09)
    Auditory display research for driving has mainly focused on collision warning signals, and recent studies on auditory invehicle information presentation have examined only a limited range of tasks (e.g., cell phone operation tasks or verbal tasks such as reading digit strings). The present study used a dual task paradigm to evaluate a plausible scenario in which users navigated a song list. We applied enhanced auditory menu navigation cues, including spearcons (i.e., compressed speech) and a spindex (i.e., a speech index that used brief audio cues to communicate the user's position in a long menu list). Twentyfour undergraduates navigated through an alphabetized song list of 150 song titles-rendered as an auditory menu-while they concurrently played a simple, perceptual-motor, ball-catching game. The menu was presented with text-to-speech (TTS) alone, TTS plus one of three types of enhanced auditory cues, or no sound at all. Both performance of the primary task (success rate of the game) and the secondary task (menu search time) were better with the auditory menus than with no sound. Subjective workload scores (NASA TLX) and user preferences favored the enhanced auditory cue types. Results are discussed in terms of multiple resources theory and practical IVT design applications.
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    Enhanced auditory menu cues on a mobile phone improve time-shared performance of a driving-like dual task
    Moskovitch, Y.; Jeon, Myounghoon; Walker, B. N. (2010-12-01)
    The growing trend of using mobile phones and other in-vehicle technologies (IVT) while driving has spurred research on driver distraction, its effects and alleviation (Ashley, 2001; Young & Regan, 2007). The present study used a dual task in which 21 undergraduates navigated a mobile phone contact list fora target name (secondary task) while playing a computer game representative of driving (primary task). The phone menu was enhanced with two audio navigation cues: traditional text-to-speech (TTS) and spearcons (i.e., compressed speech). These cues were tested with and without visual display of the contact list. Spearcons in conjunction with TTS enhanced performance on the primary task while having no negative effect on the secondary task. Auditory menus reduced perceived workload and increased subjective ratings. Results are discussed in terms of multiple resources theory and practical mobile phone menu design. Copyright 2010 by Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Spearcons improve navigation performance and perceived speediness in Korean auditory menus
    Suh, H.; Jeon, Myounghoon; Walker, B. N. (SAGE Publications, 2012-12-01)
    For decades, auditory menus using both speech (usually text-to-speech, TTS) and non-speech sounds have been extensively studied. Researchers have developed situation-optimized auditory menus involving such cues as auditory icons, earcons, spearcons, and spindex. Spearcons have generally outperformed other cues in terms of providing both contextual information and item-specific information. However, little research has been devoted to exploration of spearcons in languages other than English, or the use of spearcon-only auditory menus. In this study, we evaluated the use of spearcons in Korean menus, as well as the use of spearcons alone. Twenty-five native Korean speakers navigated through a two-dimensional auditory menu presented via TTS, with or without spearcon enhancements. Korean spearcons were successful. Participants also rated the spearcon-enhanced menu as seeming speedier and more fun than the TTS-only menu. After a short learning period, mean time-to-target in the auditory menu was even faster with spearcons alone, compared to traditional TTS-only menus. Copyright 2012 by Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Spindex (speech index) improves auditory menu acceptance and navigation performance
    Jeon, Myounghoon; Walker, B. N. (ACM, 2011-04-01)
    Users interact with mobile devices through menus, which can include many items. Auditory menus have the potential to make those devices more accessible to a wide range of users. However, auditory menus are a relatively new concept, and there are few guidelines that describe how to design them. In this paper, we detail how visual menu concepts may be applied to auditory menus in order to help develop design guidelines. Specifically, we examine how to optimize the designs of a new contextual cue, called "spindex" (i.e., speech index). We developed and evaluated various design alternatives for spindex and iteratively refined the design with sighted users and visually impaired users. As a result, the "attenuated" spindex was the best in terms of preference as well as performance, across user groups. Nevertheless, sighted and visually impaired participants showed slightly different responses and feedback. Results are discussed in terms of acoustical theory, practical display design, and assistive technology design. © 2011 ACM.
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    To Customize or Not to Customize-Is That the Question?
    Scott-Sharoni, S. T.; Fereydooni, N.; Walker, B. N.; Jeon, Myounghoon; Riener, A.; Wintersberger, P. (ACM, 2021-09-09)
    As automated vehicles become more prevalent, designing interfaces that best fit all users, especially ones in minority populations, is a pressing but difficult goal. System-driven adaptation is a commonly used approach as it is easier and created by experts but, has innate flaws. Customization, on the other hand, allows users to consciously alter the interface to appear and operate in a manner most suited to their needs and wants. However, various components of the interface have different constraints, capabilities, and requirements with the amount of customization appropriate. In this workshop, we will dissect an expansive taxonomy for customization and develop a series of levels in order to get the full benefits from customization, which in turn can help engineers and designers in creating more user-centered systems.